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00:12심리학 전공자였던 그는 다중지능 이론을 발표하며 교육계 슈퍼스타로 떠올랐죠
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00:44RQ 말고 다른 지능을 찾고 싶다면 이 강의를 추천합니다
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01:06관중駒으로 돌아가며 교육계 슈퍼스타로
01:11관중 financiER
01:26관중 국제그룹
01:36I'm Howard Gardner. I'm a research professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.
01:42And I'm best known for work on what's called the theory of multiple intelligences,
01:48which is the claim that we don't just have one computer inside our skull.
01:53We have a number of relatively independent computers, which I call the multiple intelligences.
01:58The notion that a single number can talk about how smart you are doesn't withstand scrutiny.
02:06And so a lot of my work has been in discovering and defining the intelligences.
02:10But I also began to be posed questions for which I didn't have ready answers.
02:15Was what does it mean to be a leader? And what are the intelligences of leaders?
02:20And when I was first asked that question, I had no idea.
02:23But then I realized I've always been very interested in the news, in politics,
02:28from a very young age, from when I was just a kid.
02:32And so, in fact, I knew a lot about leaders, but I never thought about what leadership was like in a systematic way.
02:39So what I did, rather like what I did with creativity, is I decided to study some leaders who I found impressive,
02:47mostly from the West, and try to understand who they were, what they did, how they did it.
02:54What does it mean to be a good leader?
02:58And I came up with a definition of leader, which is, I think, original with me,
03:03and which I think still works, though leadership has become much, much more difficult
03:09to understand in the 21st century than the 20th century.
03:12And that is, leaders are people who tell stories, and those stories cause other people,
03:22we call them followers, to think differently, to change their minds,
03:26and to really think differently, not because they're forced to,
03:30or because they're given lots of money for doing it,
03:33but because the story that's told by the leader is convincing to them.
03:37But the story cannot just be a good story.
03:42The leader has to embody the story.
03:44So if the leader talks, as Abraham Lincoln did,
03:48about the possibility of starting with very few resources
03:51and then becoming a major political figure,
03:55the fact that he did this in his own life was very important.
03:59Lincoln embodied the story that he told.
04:02So my definition of leaders, again, are leaders are individuals
04:06who change other people's minds voluntarily, they don't force it,
04:12and they do so by telling the story,
04:17but not just telling the story, embodying the story
04:19in the way in which they live and work.
04:24In a sense, we might think, well, isn't that what creative people do?
04:28Well, the creative people do things which change the other ways that people think.
04:35That's what a creative poet or a scientist or musician does.
04:39But the creative individual doesn't talk about what he or she is doing,
04:45doesn't tell the story.
04:46The creative person creates symbols,
04:49symbols like mathematical strings or musical scores or poetry in text,
04:56and that's what brings about the change.
04:57So, let me talk about three leaders whom I studied
05:02just to give this story aspect to make it a bit more concrete.
05:10And I'm picking somebody from the 19th century, Abraham Lincoln,
05:16somebody from the early 20th century, Mahatma Gandhi,
05:21and somebody from the late 20th century, Margaret Thatcher.
05:27Lincoln, who I've already mentioned,
05:30was a person who himself had developed from having very few resources
05:35to being an incredibly good speaker and writer.
05:39But the reason he's honored so much
05:42is because he was able to preserve the United States
05:45when it looked like those states were falling apart
05:48and could not be brought back together again.
05:53And the way he acted, the way he spoke, the way he wrote
05:59embodied the message of the importance of the states being united
06:02and ultimately realizing that it could not be united as long as there was slavery.
06:10So, emancipating the black population
06:22and eventually leading to Reconstruction
06:25and ultimately, though we're still working on that today,
06:29giving people who were once enslaved
06:32and were often mistreated an equal chance in the world.
06:37And Lincoln had these powerful stories and embodied them.
06:42Gandhi lived in India, went to England to study law,
06:49then went to South Africa,
06:51and there he realized that non-Brits and non-Dutch
06:57were being treated very unfavorably,
07:00and that needed to be stopped,
07:02but he knew it wasn't going to work by weapons.
07:05And so, he developed, first in South Africa,
07:11and then in India,
07:14peaceful resistance or non-obedience,
07:18and he risked his life numerous times
07:22by fasting or leading marches
07:26where people campaigned for certain things
07:29but did it non-violently.
07:31Gandhi was not only, to my mind,
07:37the most important figure in centuries,
07:41but he had enormous influence on Martin Luther King
07:44in the United States,
07:45on Nelson Mandela,
07:47and Bishop Tutu in South Africa.
07:51So, the story he told
07:53that you can disobey,
07:56but you have to do it in a civil way,
07:58not in a confrontational way,
08:01and you can eventually change people's minds,
08:03which is what he was able to do.
08:06So, Margaret Thatcher,
08:08most of you will know
08:08that she was the prime minister in England
08:11from roughly 1979 to 1990.
08:17And when I started to study Margaret Thatcher,
08:22my wife said,
08:22well, why are you studying Margaret Thatcher?
08:24She's such an awful person.
08:25I said, well, you don't know Margaret Thatcher,
08:27and she may not be an awful person,
08:29but she is a very effective leader.
08:32She was able to lead England, Britain,
08:35for quite a few years.
08:37Even now, 30 years after she left office,
08:40people are still arguing about
08:41the issues that she was arguing about.
08:43What's the relationship between Britain
08:47and the European Union?
08:51To what extent should Britain be
08:53a neoliberal capitalist society
08:56as opposed to a more socialist society?
08:58She defined the issue,
09:00and once again, she embodied it.
09:04She came from a very impoverished home.
09:07Her father had a grocery store,
09:09and they lived above the grocery store.
09:10She got through college
09:12and got higher degrees
09:14by winning fellowships,
09:17and she was able to change
09:19the conversation in Britain.
09:21It happens that Reagan,
09:23President Reagan and Margaret Thatcher
09:26were very close,
09:27and they basically told the same story
09:30with great effectiveness in both countries.
09:33What they've left 30 years afterwards,
09:35in my mind, is not so healthy,
09:38but we'll get to that in a moment.
09:41So all three of these people,
09:44though they're certainly different
09:45from one another,
09:47Lincoln and Gandhi and Thatcher
09:49are individuals who told powerful stories,
09:53who embodied them,
09:55and who were able to change the minds,
09:58whether it was Americans
10:00in the middle of the 19th century,
10:02or Indians and people
10:04in the rest of the world
10:05in the early 20th century,
10:07or people in England,
10:10and also in the United States.
10:14So let me talk about
10:15a few other features of leaders.
10:19One is that,
10:20as with creative people,
10:23they're not afraid to confront.
10:24They're not afraid to take chances.
10:26They're not afraid to lose.
10:27My favorite story
10:29is of George Marshall,
10:31who was in the Army,
10:32and he was also part
10:34of President Franklin Roosevelt's cabinet.
10:39And one day there was a meeting,
10:43and whenever Roosevelt said something,
10:48George Marshall argued with him.
10:50He didn't argue viciously,
10:51but he pointed out
10:52where Roosevelt was wrong.
10:53And as they left the meeting,
10:57the Secretary of Treasury
10:58said to George Marshall,
11:02well, goodbye,
11:03you're not going to be here again
11:04because you're not supposed
11:05to challenge the leader.
11:07But in fact,
11:08the opposite happened.
11:10Roosevelt was very impressed
11:11by General Marshall's leadership,
11:14and eventually,
11:15you know,
11:15he was put in charge of the Army
11:17during the Second World War,
11:18and I believe he was both
11:20Secretary of Defense
11:22and Secretary of State thereafter.
11:23So the ability to confront,
11:28but in the way
11:29that doesn't destroy other people
11:31is a very important part
11:32of being an effective leader.
11:36Another thing,
11:37which I hadn't thought of,
11:39but it became clear to me,
11:41is that leaders have to master
11:43the media of their time.
11:46Roosevelt mastered the fireside chat.
11:50It's well for us to remember
11:52that this America of ours
11:54is the product of no single creed
11:58cannot afford to fall out of our fellow.
11:59And you could walk down the street
12:01in the United States
12:02in the 1930s,
12:04from one house to another,
12:05you'd hear Franklin Roosevelt
12:06on the radio.
12:06in wide areas,
12:08and you've never known.
12:09I think you can be.
12:11John Kennedy,
12:12many of you will know him,
12:13mastered television.
12:14He was made for television,
12:16and the way he debated
12:17on television
12:18was part of the reason
12:20why he became president.
12:21It's all constitutional rights.
12:25Obama
12:26was the person
12:28who first understood
12:29the importance of the Internet
12:30and tweeting
12:31and things like that.
12:32Back in 2015,
12:37when not that many people
12:38knew him,
12:40Donald Trump decided
12:41to run for president.
12:44And the media asked me,
12:47what kind of intelligence
12:48does Donald Trump have?
12:52And I didn't know him,
12:55and I still don't know him,
12:57and so I don't know
12:58how he would do in music
13:00or in logic or math,
13:02but I said he has
13:03media intelligence
13:04because he understood
13:06how to use
13:07both the conventional media,
13:10which was television,
13:11and rallies,
13:12which are a kind of media.
13:13And we
13:14are going to make
13:17America
13:19great again.
13:22Believe me.
13:24And even though
13:25I don't think he has
13:26insight into
13:27individuals' personality,
13:29he understands
13:30the personality
13:31of the crowd.
13:32He knows how to deal
13:33with a riot,
13:35so to speak.
13:39And so Trump,
13:41who I don't admire at all,
13:43does, you know,
13:44he is a,
13:45for better or for worse,
13:45a leader.
13:48And so
13:48being able to
13:50master the medium,
13:51you have to be able
13:52to tell stories
13:53in the media
13:54of your time.
13:55So what intelligences
13:56are involved
13:57in being a leader?
14:00I think there are
14:01basically two,
14:03linguistic
14:04and interpersonal.
14:06If leaders are
14:07storytellers
14:07in whatever medium
14:08is available,
14:10leaders are not going
14:10to be very effective
14:11unless they can tell
14:12a story.
14:13And I used to joke
14:14that President George W. Bush
14:17in the United States
14:18had Secretary of State
14:20Condoleezza Rice
14:21as his linguistic
14:23intelligence
14:24because she often
14:25put into words
14:26what he wasn't
14:27very articulate at.
14:29Interpersonal
14:29is extremely important
14:31because if you want
14:31to convince
14:32an audience of something,
14:34you have to be able
14:34to empathize
14:35with the audience
14:36and see what it is
14:37that they listen to,
14:38what it is that they like,
14:40how you can connect
14:40with them.
14:42I said that
14:43leadership is much
14:45more difficult
14:46in the 21st century
14:47than it was before.
14:49And that is because
14:51we don't just have
14:53one or two newspapers
14:55which people read
14:56or one or two
14:57television channels
14:58which they follow.
15:00There's a 24-hour
15:01news cycle.
15:03Things are being said
15:04and claimed
15:04all the time.
15:06And it's harder
15:08and harder to know
15:08what is the true
15:10and what's not true
15:11because we simply
15:12don't have the facilities
15:14as human beings
15:16to be able to assess
15:17everything that's tweeted,
15:18everything that's
15:19on somebody's
15:20Facebook page.
15:21As a result,
15:23knowing how to become
15:24an effective leader,
15:26how to tell a story
15:27which people can connect to
15:29and how to bring them
15:31to think differently
15:32about things
15:32because you embody
15:33that story
15:34is much, much more
15:36difficult now
15:37than it would have been
15:38even 20 years ago.
15:40That said,
15:41we still need leaders
15:42and those of you
15:45who are watching this
15:46will think about
15:47who leads in the school
15:49that you go to
15:50or your children go to,
15:51who leads in the business
15:52that you're working in,
15:54who leads in the community
15:56that you belong to
15:57and the religion
15:58if you belong to
15:59some kind of
15:59a religious group.
16:01And there,
16:01I think that
16:02the ideas that I developed
16:04about having a story,
16:06finding a medium
16:07in which to express it,
16:08and doing it in a way
16:11which helps people
16:12to think and behave differently,
16:15I think that still
16:16has validity
16:16and we'll need to have
16:18somebody who has
16:19more multiple intelligences
16:20than I
16:21to figure out
16:22how to be an effective leader
16:23as we go through
16:25the 21st century.
16:26Thanks very much
16:27for your attention.
16:38We'll see you next time.
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