- 01/07/2025
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00:00Between 1945 and 1954, France waged a remote war more than 9,000 kilometers from Paris.
00:21It was a horrific war, marked by bargaining and betrayal, idealism and disillusionment.
00:30It was a war of liberation and servitude, of hope and hell.
00:48This war devastated a country, caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, and initiated the collapse of the French colonial empire.
01:00It was a war with many facets, a colonial war, a war of independence, a cold war, and a long forgotten war.
01:12The French were living happily in their colony of Indochina, which included Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.
01:41After the Second World War, a communist leader, Ho Chi Minh, declared Vietnam's independence.
01:50A war ensued.
01:54Although the French army initially scored a series of victories, it gradually became overwhelmed by the guerrilla warfare waged by Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh troops.
02:02In 1949, the communists seized power in China.
02:10It was a turning point.
02:13Mao Zedong offered Ho Chi Minh logistical and military support.
02:17The colonial war turned into a Cold War conflict.
02:20Although public opinion was critical of this distant war, French leaders wanted to continue the fight.
02:29To keep fighting, Paris needed to find fresh inspiration.
02:32In 1951, Paris sent its most prestigious general to Indochina, Jean de Latte de Tassigny, hero of the Second World War.
02:46As soon as he arrived, De Latte summoned his officers.
02:52I've come to save you because you're the ones getting killed.
02:56No more surrendering.
02:58From now on, you will be under my command.
03:04De Latte traveled through Indochina, dismissing people, making rules and adjustments in his wake.
03:09The army wanted a leader.
03:12They had found one.
03:14The man lacked neither talent nor panache.
03:18De Latte was harsh, but respected, especially as his son Bernard fought in Indochina too.
03:28King Jean, as he was nicknamed, had everything at his disposal.
03:32He summoned up tremendous enthusiasm.
03:34Too bad for anyone tired and weary.
03:37Journalist Lucien Bordard concluded,
03:39I've never seen anyone make an entrance like De Latte did into Indochina.
03:50De Latte's arrival left the Viet Minh unimpressed.
03:54On December 25th, 1950, General Jap launched a general offensive into the north of the country
04:00with the aim of taking Hanoi.
04:02Five divisions, armed and equipped by China, attacked the French defenses,
04:19which were ill-prepared and weakened.
04:21The situation was critical.
04:28The situation was critical.
04:32As soon as he arrived, De Latte personally assumed control of operations.
04:40He hurled all his forces into the battle.
04:43He requisitioned civilian aircraft to reinforce the garrisons under attack.
04:47For the first time in their lives, soldiers and riflemen were offered business-class travel by the army.
04:54The general purchased a new weapon, special shells supplied by the Americans.
05:05Napalm.
05:09This jellied gasoline spread death and panic among the enemy.
05:13Gauvin Xu, a Viet Minh fighter, remembered.
05:33The planes dive and all hell breaks loose before my eyes.
05:37An immense flame spreading for hundreds of meters,
05:40sowing terror in the ranks of the combatants.
05:42Napalm, fire falling from the sky.
05:47The men are fleeing, and I can't hold them back any longer.
05:52Napalm would ravage Vietnam for three decades.
06:06Lucien Bordard testified.
06:08The flames ran faster than the Viettes,
06:11overtaking and engulfing hundreds, perhaps thousands of them.
06:21De Latte never shied away from employing this terrifying weapon in the name of advancing peace.
06:26He was not afraid of international criticism, and for good reason.
06:30The use of napalm by the Americans in Korea had provoked no reaction whatsoever.
06:35There is no such thing as a just war.
06:43De Latte dealt a crushing defeat to the Viet Minh, who lost more than 8,000 men in the battle.
06:59He also handed France its first major victory since the start of the war.
07:03The French soldiers were revitalized.
07:08From that point on, the troops, led by a prestigious leader,
07:12no longer fought for the small world of the colonists.
07:15They were fighting under the banner of the free world.
07:201951 had been shaping up to be a great year for the Viet Minh,
07:23but it turned out to be a difficult one.
07:25But one of their attacks shook De Latte to the core.
07:35On May 30th, 1951, Viet Minh columns struck the Hoi Hac Peak,
07:40commanded by Bernard, his only son.
07:44The young officer was mortally wounded.
07:55Del Latte joined his wife in France to bury their son's body.
08:05The whole nation mourned their terrible loss.
08:20The general explained.
08:22Bernard didn't die for France.
08:24Bernard died for Vietnam.
08:38Del Latte did not give up.
08:41As soon as his son was buried, he returned to the field.
08:44His mission was not over.
08:48King Jean met with the leaders of the French Indochina states.
08:51King Norodom Sienuk of Cambodia and Sissivang Vatana,
08:56Prime Minister of Laos, to assure them of France's support and to keep them out of the conflict.
09:04In a show of support for the emperor,
09:06Biao Dai, he made a public appearance with him.
09:11The Latte wanted to include the Vietnamese in the fight against communism.
09:15He said about building a Vietnamese national army.
09:18Tens of thousands signed up to fight alongside France against the Viet Minh.
09:27In 1949, Vietnamese nationalist troops numbered 25,000 men.
09:32They soon exceeded 130,000, trained and instructed by French officers.
09:39Young recruits received four-star training.
09:41Yuckian
09:44L'apprentissage est rude.
09:45Il faut des muscles d'acier pour courir la montagne ennemie et surprendre l'adversaire.
09:49Il faut des nerfs d'ontés pour le guetter jour et nuit et l'abattre sans bruit au bon moment.
09:53Il faut du souffle pour tenir des jours et des nuits de durs efforts.
09:58On adochine l'élément liquide est souvain.
10:01Il faut y disparaître pour pouvoir le couteau aux dents venir surprendre le guetteur ennemi
10:05and surveille the digue and loyais sans un souffle.
10:17In September 1951, a tireless de Lat flew to the United States
10:22because the war was costing France a billion francs a day.
10:27His aim was to persuade the powerful United States to contribute funds.
10:31I want to thank you also for this nice weather that you brought with you.
11:01I want to thank you very much for being able to explain and in the logical consequences
11:05that they will be able to take with their spirit so friendly for France
11:10that they have always given the most indisputable and most generous.
11:16And I am happy that the sun comes this morning to give a good start to this visit.
11:22I say all right, thank you to America, thank you to my comrades, the American armies.
11:32General de Lat gave countless interviews.
11:35He had to be persuasive, but English was not his strong point.
11:39I am very pleased to be here.
11:41No, I'm kidding.
11:43In Korea, there is a war against Communists.
11:50In Indochina, there is a war against Communists.
11:54In Korea and Indochina, there is the same war.
11:57There is one war in Asia.
12:03Despite his disastrous accent, the general had good press.
12:07President Truman was won over and welcomed him to the White House.
12:13His mission was accomplished.
12:15The United States increased its support considerably.
12:18From then on, it would finance 40% of the war.
12:22A share that would grow throughout the conflict.
12:33A jeep carrier from the U.S. brings a flight deck load of cheer
12:36for French and Vietnam forces in Indochina.
12:39Grumman Bearcats that once flew for Uncle Sam's Navy
12:42now fight freedom's battle in another theater of war.
12:45The reinforcements from across the sea
12:47have helped General de Tassigny throw back
12:49the Communist Ho Chi Minh
12:51until Ho abandoned his frontal warfare
12:53and ordered his Reds to return to guerrilla tactics.
12:56It's a victory of sorts.
12:58A psychological lift for the free world.
13:00Just as the sight of these fighter planes
13:02is a psychological lift for the citizens of Saigon.
13:07These Bearcats are not too little or too late.
13:10De Laet's gamble paid off.
13:17He managed to contain the Viet Minh
13:19and curb the prevailing defeatism in the Army.
13:22Uncle Sam showered him with dollars
13:25and a French-supported Vietnamese National Army
13:28finally entered the fray.
13:29Brilliant results.
13:39But the lad kept a cool head.
13:41Jap still had the Chinese outpost at his disposal.
13:44The General warned.
13:48There may be disasters in Indochina,
13:53but there are no miracles.
13:55The lad would not be there to see either of them.
14:02After months of suffering from hip cancer,
14:06he returned to France in November 1951.
14:09King Jean died two months later following an operation.
14:18The General joined his son.
14:24All of France was in mourning.
14:39They mourned a leader whose reputation had fueled their hopes.
14:44His death stripped away the veil of illusions.
15:03Ever since the guns began firing,
15:17the nature of the war was in a constant flux of change.
15:22Bao Dai's French-trained Vietnamese National Army
15:25now confronted Ho Chi Minh's People's Army of Vietnam.
15:33The Cold War had degenerated into civil war.
15:38Hundreds of thousands of people were torn apart on both sides.
15:42Never had the country been so divided.
15:51In the communist camp, radicalization was underway.
15:54With China as a guiding example,
15:59the movement was strengthening its grip on the populations under its control,
16:03whether willingly or by force.
16:10Its Department of Public Security encouraged denunciation
16:13and arrested, tortured and murdered anyone who stuck out their head.
16:20To win the support of the peasant masses,
16:22an agrarian reform was adopted.
16:25Behind the propaganda images promoting the fair redistribution of land,
16:31an immense purge was taking place.
16:34Any citizen whose loyalty was under suspicion was eliminated.
16:38Nguyen Con Loan, a Vietnamese man, explained.
16:47Poor peasants were brought in and forced to denounce the crimes of landlords
16:49before the People's Court.
16:52The court had the power to pronounce death sentences
16:54and a platoon carried out the executions on the spot.
16:57In some places, the condemned were stoned, hanged, left to die of thirst and hunger,
17:04or even buried alive.
17:06thousands died in the purge.
17:12Nearly 100,000 Vietnamese were sent to camps,
17:16many never to return.
17:18a fratricidal confrontation that the colonists ignored.
17:33They generally resided in the cities.
17:36In Hanoi and Saigon, they were still able to enjoy the sunny days in the midst of the chaos.
17:42The savviest, the most affluent, quietly began to pack up.
17:49Major companies were leading the way.
17:52An illusion of tranquility.
17:56Soldier Albert Merglin wrote in his diary.
18:01At 20 or 30 kilometers from Hanoi,
18:04we only leave the road with our companies, weapons in hand.
18:06It's clear proof that behind the front there's nothing but emptiness, bluffs and incompetence.
18:12Even if we win this war, we will have to leave Indochina.
18:17A kind of lucidity that political leaders were woefully lacking.
18:29By 1953, France was in the throes of crisis.
18:32On the military front, the war proved unwinnable, even with American aid.
18:40On the political front, Bao Dai had failed to win over his people.
18:45Intelligent but tactless, it seemed obvious that Bao Dai was an idle leader in the service of the French.
18:51He may have the suit, but he lacked the substance.
18:55The political deadlock was obvious.
18:57Back home, the French were impatient.
19:01Between the chronic instability of governments and the cost of the war, the public were weary.
19:07All the more so when a new scandal broke out.
19:12An official exposed the extent of the trafficking of piastres.
19:16Settlers and soldiers were pocketing the difference between the official and actual exchange rates.
19:26But they weren't the only ones.
19:28Ministers, members of parliament, civil servants and bankers all helped themselves.
19:33Worse still, the investigation revealed that the Viet Minh took advantage of the system to buy weapons on the international market.
19:39It was the last straw.
19:42The political and military crisis was turning into a crisis of confidence.
19:47The French didn't want to hear another word about this bloody war, which was ruining the country and only benefiting the profiteers.
19:55As for the soldiers, after Delat's successes, they were thoroughly disgusted.
20:00Yves Arbelot wrote,
20:02We are suffering morally from this abandonment by the French people.
20:07We do not accept that our sacrifices are in vain.
20:10I have lost some very dear friends.
20:13Sometimes, when I think of them, tears come to my eyes.
20:23After seven years of blindness and indecision, France's leaders finally understood that they had to negotiate.
20:28But they wanted to do so from a position of strength.
20:34The government was placing its hopes on Henri Neuval.
20:38The brilliant but arrogant general knew nothing about Indochina, and he was chosen for that very reason.
20:45He would bring a new perspective to the situation.
20:49His mission was to inflict such heavy losses on the enemy that France would be able to dictate the conditions during negotiations.
20:56René Maéa, the 17th Prime Minister since the start of the conflict, gave him only one instruction.
21:08Find an honorable way out.
21:09Neuval chose a modest air base used during the Second World War, located right in the middle of Viet Minh territory, a plain of 65 square kilometers surrounded by mountains, Dien Bien Phu.
21:23Neuval planned to build an HQ in the center. Fortified outposts, christened with feminine names, would guarantee its protection.
21:35General Neuval was assisted by General Conny.
21:42General Neuval was assisted by General Conny.
21:45The Dien Bien Phu base would be commanded by Colonel de Castry.
21:48In November 1953, thousands of paratroopers were dropped to take over the basin.
22:05Despite a few casualties, the operation went off without a hitch.
22:25Shortly afterwards, a runway was built. A steady stream of planes dropped off soldiers, cannons and engineers.
22:46The modest base became a huge camp, complete with trenches, bunkers and a hospital. Nothing was lacking. Not even a military field brothel.
22:57Navarre wanted to construct a formidable base in the hope that General Jap, captivated by the tempting challenge, would simply engage in combat.
23:17But some soldiers were not at ease with this idea. Lucien de Boudèque wrote.
23:26At Dien Bien Phu, we tethered ourselves like a goat to its post. We're the prey attracting the Viet Minh tiger. I don't really like this situation.
23:35But Neuval had no doubts about his plan. For seven years, the French had sought out the enemy.
23:44This time, it was the enemy who would come to them for a true, fair fight.
23:51As Dien Bien Phu was being built, General Jap decided to take up the challenge.
24:04As Dien Bien Phu was being built, General Jap decided to take up the challenge.
24:17Years of struggle had transformed the history teacher into a seasoned strategist. He marshaled his army in the jungle.
24:30The Viet Minh fighters were eager to fight. They probably had no choice in the matter.
24:42A huge network of 260,000 men transported supplies and equipment over a distance of almost 700 kilometers.
24:53But it was mainly Chinese and Soviet trucks that brought weapons and food supplies close to the hills.
24:59Roads were dug through the jungle to ensure that what was needed arrived on time.
25:05In January 1954, the French waited confidently for the assault.
25:28The base was ready. Victory was beyond doubt.
25:35The camp leader, Colonel de Castrie, even dropped leaflets to provoke General Jap.
25:41General, why are you waiting to start this battle? Do you doubt your success?
25:49Have you lost faith in the value of your generals and the enthusiasm of your troops?
25:55Come on. I'm waiting for you.
26:01But General Jap kept a cool head.
26:04He preferred to meticulously prepare for the battle, knowing that a defeat would be devastating.
26:10And Ho Chi Minh had given him orders.
26:14Don't fight unless you're sure you're going to win. Otherwise, refrain.
26:19Don't fight until you're going to win.
26:37Time was on the Viet Minh side.
26:42Twenty-seven thousand tons of material were transported around the base.
26:47While Soviet trucks were mobilized, men and bicycles joined in the effort.
26:55Japp claimed ironically that, thanks to these bicycles exported en masse since the 1930s,
27:01Peugeot had been the most decisive soldier in the battle.
27:11The French people were neither deaf nor blind.
27:14They knew it was coming, thanks to their intelligence services.
27:19Faced with the influx of Viet Minh reinforcements, General Navarre began to have doubts.
27:24He wrote to Paris. No one replied.
27:28Yet, the French general did not back down.
27:34Soon, 50,000 Vietnamese fighters were encircling the 12,000 soldiers of the French army.
27:44While the knives were being sharpened, the diplomats were keeping busy.
27:56In Geneva, the superpowers prepared a high-level conference at the Palais des Nations to discuss Korea and Vietnam.
28:03The Battle of Dien Bien Phu came at just the right time.
28:10Both the Viet Minh and France wanted to win, so they could sit at the negotiating table as victors.
28:16At Dien Bien Phu, on March 13, 1954, Japs' army was ready.
28:32At 5.15 p.m., all hell broke loose.
28:35The Beatrice strongpoint, 2.5 kilometers away from headquarters, exploded.
29:02The post commander was killed, and the radio links destroyed.
29:13The defenses collapsed during the night.
29:15The Viet Minh artillery was more powerful than expected.
29:18Concealed on hillsides and in caves, it was undetectable.
29:27On March 15, it was Point Gabrielle's turn to fall.
29:32General Piroth, head of the French artillery, didn't believe that the Viet Minh would be able to position their guns on the slopes.
29:41He committed suicide after realizing his mistake.
29:50By the fifth day, four French battalions were out of action.
29:55The valley was pounded with shells.
29:57Firepower was supposed to be the French's trump card, but it was the Vietnamese who had it.
30:08No more planes could land.
30:23The entrenched camp was virtually unsupplied, except by parachute drops.
30:28Even so, Viet Minh anti-aircraft defenses prevented any accurate airdrops.
30:44The Viet Minh launched wave after wave of assaults, even if it meant dying by the hundreds.
30:49The ultimate sacrifice for their country were simply to save themselves.
31:00One of them said,
31:01The deluge of fire from the enemy continues to fall.
31:06The only way out is to charge forward.
31:09We'll die if we stay down anyway.
31:13We must leap from our shelters, running at full speed towards the barbed wire.
31:18In front of the breach, the dead and wounded are piling up.
31:23Half our battalion is dead or wounded.
31:24In this epic battle, who were the fanatics?
31:35Who were the patriots?
31:36The French forces also died en masse for the cause.
31:56More than 4,000 men parachuted down from the sky.
32:02These volunteers knew the battle was lost.
32:04Some had never jumped before.
32:11They sacrificed themselves in solidarity with their buddies.
32:17The initially silent descent ended in the deafening roar of flack and machine gun fire.
32:28Private Pierre Lattin recounted,
32:30When I landed, I saw shell impacts raising earthen sprays and men flailing about.
32:37Everything exploded around me.
32:40I felt as if I had fallen into another world.
32:45Another soldier said,
32:47The further down I went,
32:49the more the smell of corpses caught in my throat.
32:52Faced with fierce resistance from the French,
33:09the Viet Minh resorted to slowly strangling the camp.
33:13Every night, their fighters dug trenches and nibbled away.
33:17The base was shrinking.
33:19A Vietnamese soldier explained,
33:27We were encircling the enemy on all sides.
33:30The galleries dug by our infantry men
33:32were so close to the barbed wire of the French posts
33:34that they joined their own trenches.
33:36The French forces were overwhelmed by the attackers.
33:45In what remained of the bunkers,
33:47resistance continued.
33:49There was a rumor that the Americans would support the war effort.
33:53The free world would hold out.
33:55After all, it was during this time
33:59that Paris dispatched its chief of staff to Washington.
34:08France's chief of staff with President Eisenhower and Admiral Radford.
34:12General Paul A. Lee here for conferences on the Indochina war
34:15to which the U.S. allocated $1,200,000,000 last year.
34:19Chief topic of conversation, Indochina's critical battle at Dien Bien-Fu.
34:25General I. Lee negotiated an intervention by American bombers
34:29from the Pacific Fleet to save Dien Bien-Fu.
34:34But President Eisenhower and the Congress were reluctant.
34:38The operation never took place.
34:39The French were left on their own.
34:50In the lowlands, the wounded lay dying, unable to be evacuated.
34:56One soldier, Lucien de Boudec, recalled,
35:00The living and the dead mingle in the mud.
35:02The air stinks.
35:04Nothing to eat.
35:06Twenty hours of nightmares.
35:07My friend was cut in half by a shell.
35:12It took two hours for him to die.
35:21At the medical center,
35:23doctors sorted out the men they could save.
35:26Dr. Gourouin reported.
35:30The complaints, the screams, the calls, the groans,
35:34the ringing of the telephone,
35:35all mixed with the din outside,
35:38filled my ears and obliterated my thoughts.
35:41And from that moment on,
35:41I wasn't sure whether it was night or day,
35:43whether I was hungry or thirsty,
35:45whether I was alive or a character from a nightmare.
35:47Geneviève de Galat, the courier whose plane was hit,
35:59was present at the scene.
36:01She helped the dozens of dying men as best she could.
36:05She was assisted by the brothel's prostitutes,
36:08who acted as nurses.
36:10She explained,
36:11They were remarkable.
36:15These women,
36:17these prostitutes,
36:18were transformed into angels of mercy.
36:21They enabled me to help the others.
36:24They supported our wounded in their misery.
36:27They made them eat,
36:29drink,
36:29hope against hope.
36:30Great agitation this week at Genève,
36:47where Mr. Bidou has been accueilli
36:48by a smile.
36:48With the conference about to open,
37:17John Foster Dulles,
37:19the American Secretary of State,
37:21met his counterpart,
37:22Georges Bidou.
37:24Without really thinking,
37:26he suggested the use of two atomic bombs.
37:29The French foreign minister objected.
37:31The bombs would cause too many French casualties
37:33and could plunge the world into an abyss.
37:37Diembeamfu was one of the most heated moments
37:39of the Cold War.
37:47While talks continued,
37:50the final offensive began on May 1st
37:52in the mud of the basin.
37:56Hold up in his shelter,
37:58Dicastrie was powerless.
38:01On May 7th,
38:03he telephoned General Cogni.
38:05Their last conversation was recorded.
38:07The French foreign minister,
38:10the British foreign minister,
38:12Dicastrie was almost done in the mud.
38:14Well,
38:14so,
38:14we're going down as a pied.
38:17Well,
38:17I'll never stay here here
38:20for a long time possible.
38:21With what remains,
38:23in general.
38:23Yes,
38:24okay,
38:24my old man.
38:25There's no bulletproof munitions,
38:27there's things to recover.
38:28It's not,
38:30it's too bad,
38:30I have a record?
38:31I have to have a record.
38:33I have to record all?
38:34Yes,
38:35my old man.
38:35After 56 days of siege, on May 7th, 1954,
38:39the Kass Street was in the middle of the war.
39:00After 56 days of siege, on May 7th, 1954,
39:05the army ordered a cease-fire.
39:09Diem Bien Phu had fallen.
39:15A French soldier remembered,
39:18Sudden silence.
39:20I felt like I was deaf.
39:28Diem Bien Phu was supposed to be a dazzling Verdun.
39:33It became another Waterloo.
39:36The trap set to capture the Viet Minh was sprung on French troops.
39:43France suffered a humiliating defeat.
39:45Their citizens grieved for the more than 3,500 dead and missing,
39:51and more than 10,000 prisoners.
39:57As for the Vietnamese, they lost over 20,000 men, but were victorious.
40:01The French leaders made several mistakes.
40:08The most fatal?
40:11They underestimated their adversary.
40:16Contrary to the popular myth,
40:17General Navarre was not defeated by an army of barefoot soldiers.
40:22This story was cleverly manufactured.
40:26But it ignores the fact that the Viet Minh were armed by Beijing
40:30and supported by Moscow.
40:31It was the first time in Moscow.
40:32The first time in Moscow,
40:33it was the first time in Moscow.
40:34It was the first time in Moscow.
40:35In Geneva, the announcement of the loss
41:00could not have come at a worse time.
41:02Diane Benfou was supposed to put France in a position of strength, but instead it put
41:07her in a position of weakness.
41:09Georges Bideau, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, who is negotiating at the Palais des Nations
41:14wrote,
41:16France enters the negotiations with a two of clubs and a three of diamonds.
41:22The consequences of this disaster were felt in France.
41:26The fall of the entrenched camp brought down the 20th government of the Fourth Republic
41:30and propelled Pierre Mendez-France into the limelight.
41:39The MP had been advocating negotiations since 1950.
41:43His time had finally come.
41:45On June 18, 1954, a highly symbolic date, Pierre Mendez-France went to Geneva to negotiate.
41:55I am quite happy to be able to achieve the object that we are all following, that is
42:04the establishment of peace in the Orient.
42:07Mendes-France put his resignation on the line, if an agreement was not reached within 30 days,
42:26he would step down.
42:29Reinforcements from mainland France would be called in, and the war would continue.
42:33This prospect allowed him to negotiate under better conditions.
42:37Zhu Enlai, the Chinese negotiator, and Molotov, the Soviet negotiator, knew that he was their ideal interlocutor.
42:45They put enormous pressure on Fan Van Dong, the negotiator delegated by Ho Chi Minh.
42:54On July 21, 1954, a few hours before the end of the ultimatum, at 3.20 a.m., an agreement
43:01was finally reached.
43:02Au Palais des Nations, au cours d'une tressabre cérémonie, le Général Del Tei signait au nom
43:11de la France les documents mettant fin aux hostilités au Vietnam, et au nom du Viet Minh,
43:15M. Tha Quang Bu les parafaites à son tour.
43:19Certes, l'accord contraint la France à des sacrifices douloureux, mais pouvait-il l'être
43:24davantage que la perte des 92 000 combattants de l'Union française tombait dans cette guerre
43:30sans espoir.
43:31Mendez-France showed real political courage.
43:36He enabled France to withdraw from the conflict.
43:39La raison et la paix l'ont emporté.
43:44Songeons ensemble.
43:46A ceux qui, hélas, ne reviendront pas.
43:50A ceux qui sont restés meurtris, dans leur chair ou dans leur cœur.
43:55Je n'ai pas besoin d'exprimer les sentiments que j'éprouve,
43:59car ce sont les beaux.
44:00A ceasefire was finally signed.
44:07Like the two Germanies, the two Berlins, and the two Koreas, Vietnam was temporarily
44:12divided into two zones on either side of the 17th parallel.
44:19The north fell to the Viet Minh, while the south became a republic under American protection.
44:26The sovereignty of Cambodia and Laos was also recognized.
44:32The French prisoners, who had been languishing in camps for several months, were gradually exchanged.
44:49Of the 10,000 French prisoners, a third perished.
44:56A terrible slaughter committed by the Viet Minh in defiance of the rules of war.
45:02A terrible counter.
45:03Au revoir.
45:04C'est parti.
45:05A terrible slaughter.
45:06A terrible slaughter.
45:37Eight years after the start of the war, Ho Chi Minh had won. His supporters celebrated this resounding victory.
46:07Ho Chi Minh gave himself a Soviet-style parade, but the victory came at a price.
46:22While the population had gained independence, it was also burdened with new chains.
46:42Ho Chi Minh established a communist regime, closely aligned with Soviet Russia and the People's Republic of China.
46:48A huge exodus led to nearly a million Vietnamese fleeing to the south to escape poverty and intolerance.
47:12They liquidated their assets and left as quickly as they could.
47:21French troops were also evacuating. French legionnaires, mainland and colonial troops, all left for other places.
47:41The Vietnamese who fought in the French army were abandoned.
47:54One officer, Elie de Saint-Marc, wrote...
47:57Most Vietnamese people don't say anything. They just look at us.
48:04We're ashamed.
48:06If they'd killed us then, we'd have thought it right.
48:08One of them said to me, so, Captain, you're giving up on us.
48:18I said nothing.
48:22The settlers left the country, leaving the lives they had built there behind.
48:27Some Vietnamese civilians were evacuated to France, quickly forgotten, they symbolized what France wanted to conceal, its defeat.
48:43In the end, the Indochina war resulted in the death or disappearance of 100,000 men on the French side.
48:56The Viet Minh lost between 300,000 and 500,000 souls, civilians and soldiers alike.
49:04A terrible waste.
49:05Like a Greek tragedy, both sides lost.
49:16France wanted to maintain its empire, but it collapsed.
49:20And its defeat sparked an uprising in Algeria.
49:27The Vietnamese had won the war and gained independence.
49:31But those living in the north now had to live under the yoke of a harsh regime.
49:41The Americans would replace the French in the region.
49:44They were to make exactly the same mistakes, cause an even greater slaughter, and suffer an even deeper trauma.
49:54The Indochina war was followed by the Vietnam war.
50:01The Middle East, a European
50:12The American MiddleAH
50:13The Within West, a李 instance, the paz did not allow the President Sungover
50:14And the Japanese in the South, a human waste.
50:16The snipers and the开始 of the lining
50:19And believe itt Bain
50:21The Mari Shabolts
50:21And the newly washed inびqûnu
50:22And the French in the French beginning
50:23The French and Australian
50:24The French will all engage
50:25And treffen
50:27The German and English
50:28The French are a savage
50:29The French叫 Mint
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