- anteontem
Categoria
😹
DiversãoTranscrição
00:00.
00:02.
00:04.
00:06.
00:08.
00:10.
00:12.
00:14.
00:16.
00:18.
00:20.
00:22.
00:24.
00:26.
00:28.
00:30.
00:32.
00:34.
00:36.
00:38.
00:40.
00:42.
00:44.
00:46.
00:48.
00:50.
00:52.
00:54.
00:56.
00:58.
01:00.
01:02.
01:04.
01:06.
01:08.
01:10.
01:12.
01:14.
01:16.
01:18.
01:20.
01:22.
01:24.
01:26.
01:28.
01:30.
01:32.
01:33.
01:34.
01:36In the 1930s France controlled an immense empire of nearly 40 territories,
01:39spanning Asia, Africa, America, and Oceania. It ruled over nearly 100 million people, covering 12 million kilometers.
01:52French Indochina, marido de Laos, Cambodias e três partes do Vietnã, Tonkin, Nam e Cochín,
02:02foi rencorada como a medalha do empire.
02:04A França de São Paulo lia a sinal de lá durante o setemio de 80 anos.
02:08Na rua de Saigon, Hanoi e Hue, as mesmas escenas foram jogadas de novo e de novo.
02:38Most of the colonists lived well in these cities, which combined European living standards with exotic charms.
02:52Businessmen negotiated lucrative deals on café terraces, while their wives busied themselves in a world designed for their gratification.
03:06A paradise, considered by many to be a model colony.
03:36But while the bulk of the 36,000 colonists enjoyed the gentle tropics, daily life for the vast majority of the 23 million Indo-Chinese under French rule was much bleaker.
03:52Vaccination campaigns reduced mortality rates, and a middle class benefited from the French presence.
03:59But many Vietnamese still worked in mines, fields and factories.
04:04Decades after the abolition of slavery, brutal forms of exploitation were still present.
04:12The colonizers exploited the country's immense natural resources, ore, wood, coal, tea, rice, and above all, rubber trees, which brought in huge profits.
04:34These resources generated the fortunes of major industrial groups like Riveau Hallet and Michelin.
04:44As the popular song goes, the rubber leaf is a magnificent green.
04:50Each tree is nourished by the corpses of the workers.
05:05In this society, where the colonists and the indigenous people rarely saw one another, other than in the huge brothels in Saigon's Xolong district, independence movements were already making noise.
05:19They were all violently suppressed by the colonial authorities.
05:23Woe to anyone who dared to raise their voice.
05:28But an incident was about to disrupt this situation.
05:42In June 1940, France was completely annihilated by Nazi Germany in less than six weeks.
05:48The empire was stunned.
05:51The empire was stunned.
05:56Go Van Xu, a young man from Vietnam, recalled.
06:01Back home we used to say, what fools the Germans are attacking such a great empire.
06:07The defeat of 1940 was so unexpected that some people refused to believe it.
06:11There was something distorted in our ideas.
06:14While the Germans paraded through Paris, their Japanese allies entered Indochina.
06:29Japan moves in to protect Indochina.
06:38Weak French administrators supinely accept Japanese occupation and the fiction of Japanese protection.
06:47Imagine the feelings of French officers betrayed by the government at Vichy and forced to facilitate the plans of those who are working against France and her former ally.
06:56The Japanese army moved into the area.
07:05They recognized the sovereignty of Vichy France over the region, but they plundered the country and established control over it.
07:11For the Indochinese, it was a double blow.
07:14They were being exploited by their former rulers as well as their new ones.
07:20Shackles that the Vietnamese nationalists could not accept.
07:27An outspoken activist, Win Icock, was at the forefront of the struggle.
07:33The man was an experienced revolutionary.
07:37Born in 1890, a member of the Socialist Party and then the French Communist Party,
07:42he cut his teeth in Paris, Moscow and Beijing before founding the Vietnamese Communist Party.
07:50This committed communist changed his name a hundred times to evade the authorities.
07:55He was nevertheless registered by the French security services.
08:00Win Icock, known as Win Tatan.
08:04Win Vantan, known as Win Sinkung, or Win Bicon, known as Litui.
08:09Often changes his name, carefully conceals his true origin, forges his accent.
08:17The pseudonyms he adopted reflected his ambition.
08:20First, he christened himself Win Icock.
08:24Win the Patriot.
08:25Then in 1941, he took the name he would bear for the rest of his life, Ho Chi Minh.
08:31Ho of enlightened will.
08:33That same year, he founded the League for the Independence of Vietnam, better known as Viet Minh.
08:41At the age of 50, Ho Chi Minh was looking for the right opportunity to gain independence for his country.
08:50It didn't take long for the opportunity to present itself.
08:55In March 1945, Germany and Japan knew they were going to lose the war.
09:05After occupying Indochina for five years, the Japanese wanted to expel the French from the Asian continent.
09:11They attacked the colonists.
09:14The majority of French soldiers were interned in camps.
09:18Those who dared to resist were tortured, shot, or beheaded.
09:26In Lang Son, in northern Vietnam, the mass graves of hundreds of civilians and soldiers killed by the Japanese were discovered.
09:43To put an end to French sovereignty, Tokyo granted independence to the three Indochinese states.
09:58In Cambodia, the young King Norodom Sianuk declared independence.
10:03King Sisevang Vong took over in Laos.
10:08And Emperor Bao Dai, forever sporting his sunglasses, declared independence in Vietnam.
10:15But while these rulers may have won their thrones, they didn't have any power.
10:20The Japanese remained the rulers.
10:23French Indochina ceased to exist.
10:28In May 1945, after five years of bloodshed and tears, the Third Reich laid down its arms.
10:42The war in Europe was finally over.
10:47The war is over was the message in every country where victory was being celebrated.
10:57But in the Pacific, the Second World War continued.
11:01The Japanese were putting up fierce resistance.
11:04To win, the Americans needed intelligence on the Japanese troops occupying Indochina.
11:11As Ho Chi Minh was opportunistic, he approached the Americans.
11:20He was looking for legitimacy.
11:23He placed his few men at the service of agents from the OSS, the forerunner of the CIA, which operated in the Far East.
11:30They provided invaluable information on the occupying forces.
11:35In return, the United States trained around 200 Viet Minh militants.
11:40Grenade throwing, rifle marksmanship, operating a rocket launcher.
11:46When the time came, they would be able to rise up against the Japanese invaders.
11:53Major Archimedes Patti, in charge of the OSS in Indochina, confessed.
11:58Although they were Marxist, the real aim of these Viet Minh guerrillas was to fight the Japs.
12:04And that was the primary objective of our plan.
12:07A few photos captured this unusual collaboration.
12:14Ho Chi Minh can be seen among the American officers.
12:18These smiling men are unaware that 20 years later, they would clash in the Vietnam War.
12:32A few months later, in August 1945, the atomic bombs rained down on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
12:39Like Germany, Japan capitulated.
12:43For Ho Chi Minh, it was the perfect opportunity.
12:46The Japanese troops were leaving the country, and the French troops had not yet returned.
12:51The road was clear.
12:55Ho Chi Minh called on his supporters to take over the official buildings.
13:00On September 2nd, 1945, he entered Hanoi's Baden Square and gave a speech that would go down in history.
13:07On September 26th, the American officials give us a goodjudgment of the nostalgic elements.
13:12Of the French policemen.'
13:31Quando Ho Chi Minh
13:46raised the flag of independence,
13:48he won the hearts
13:49of the Vietnamese people
13:50who called him Uncle Ho.
13:54The popular momentum
13:56was immense.
13:57The battle was not yet won,
13:59but the fight was on.
14:01A schoolboy remembered.
14:08After 60 years
14:09of carrying the dishonor
14:10of being under foreign domination,
14:12we had our president
14:13and a declaration of independence
14:14like every other free country
14:16in the world.
14:21A young Vietnamese man
14:22wrote in his diary.
14:25Today we are free.
14:27Free to laugh,
14:28to sing,
14:29to live independently.
14:30Free to cry and suffer
14:33for the country
14:33of our fathers.
14:40In mainland France,
14:42this coup de force
14:43was unacceptable.
14:45For de Gaulle,
14:46then president
14:47of the provisional government,
14:49Paris did not have to obey
14:50the dictates
14:51of this rebel.
14:53France had to reestablish
14:55its reputation
14:55with blood and steel
14:58if necessary.
14:59La France fixe,
15:03comme l'un des buts principaux
15:05de son activité
15:07dans sa puissance renaissante
15:09et dans sa grandeur retrouvée,
15:12le développement
15:12de l'union indochinoise.
15:16C'est pourquoi,
15:18dans l'union indochinoise,
15:20elle est
15:21et elle restera
15:23sa propre mandataire.
15:25Restoring the empire
15:33was a priority.
15:38De Gaulle sent
15:38General Leclerc,
15:39a hero of the Second World War,
15:41to Indochina immediately.
15:45The country had to be
15:47taken back
15:47from the Viet Minh.
15:49Leclerc's 45,000 men
15:51quickly began
15:52on the reconquest.
15:53But de Gaulle
15:54didn't think
15:54about any diplomatic solutions.
15:56It was up to the guns
15:57to provide the answers.
16:01Ho Chi Minh
16:02could not afford a war.
16:04He was pragmatic,
16:05negotiating with the French
16:06and allowing their troops
16:07to return to Vietnam.
16:16Leclerc had conquered
16:17Kufra, Paris,
16:19and Strasbourg.
16:19Now he had added
16:21Saigon and Hanoi
16:23to his list of victories.
16:26The French colonists
16:27could breathe
16:27a sigh of relief.
16:29Three months earlier,
16:30they had been massacred
16:31by the Japanese
16:32and feared for their future.
16:34They were relieved
16:35and welcomed their liberators
16:36with jubilation.
16:41It reminds us of Paris,
16:43said the veterans
16:43of the 2nd Armored Division.
16:46Colonial order
16:46was restored.
16:49But this recapture
16:51did not bring peace.
16:53To halt the gunfire,
16:55negotiations in France
16:56had to begin.
16:57A few months later,
17:09on May 31st, 1946,
17:12Ho Chi Minh
17:12flew back to France.
17:18The timing was bad.
17:20The Fourth Republic
17:20was in the middle
17:21of a political crisis.
17:23De Gaulle had left office
17:24a few months earlier,
17:25and Felix Guan's government
17:27had just fallen.
17:29But no matter,
17:31the Viet Minh leader
17:31was urged to be patient
17:33and to explore the riches
17:34of the Basque region.
17:41He visited Biarritz
17:43and Saint-Jean-de-Luz
17:44and learned to play pelota
17:46until a government
17:48was finally formed.
17:56After three weeks
17:57of forced tourism,
17:59Ho Chi Minh finally arrived
18:00at Le Bourget,
18:01full of hope
18:02to the cheers
18:02of a delegation
18:03of compatriots.
18:06He addressed his hosts
18:08in French.
18:08Frères Français,
18:11laissez-moi vous dire
18:12que Français
18:14et Vietnamiens,
18:15nous avons
18:16le même idéal,
18:18liberté,
18:19égalité
18:19et fraternité.
18:21Nous poursuivons
18:22le même but,
18:24la démocratie
18:24et la paix.
18:26C'est pourquoi
18:26je suis sûr
18:28que Français
18:29et Vietnamiens,
18:31nous arriverons
18:31à l'entente
18:33et à la collaboration
18:34égale,
18:36loyale
18:36et fraternité.
18:40Two weeks later,
18:42negotiations opened
18:43in Fontainebleau
18:43on July 6, 1946.
18:47Georges Bideau,
18:48the new prime minister,
18:50welcomed
18:50the Vietnamese leader.
18:53But things got off
18:54to a bad start.
18:56Ho Chi Minh
18:56had barely left Saigon
18:57when the high commissioner
18:59in Indochina,
19:00Thierry Darjean-Lieu,
19:02proclaimed the creation
19:03of an autonomous republic
19:04in Cochin, China,
19:05a prosperous region
19:07in southern Vietnam
19:08where most of the colonists
19:09and their businesses
19:10were concentrated.
19:12Darjean-Lieu
19:13acted without
19:14consulting Paris.
19:16The move constituted
19:17a betrayal
19:17as Ho Chi Minh
19:18had laid claim
19:19to the entirety
19:20of Vietnam.
19:22It was a serious blow
19:23to the negotiations.
19:24The conference
19:29ended in failure.
19:33A Vietnamese negotiator
19:35acknowledged,
19:36We agreed on just one thing
19:39and that was
19:41that we agreed on nothing.
19:49However,
19:50Ho Chi Minh
19:50did not return
19:51with nothing.
19:51The negotiations
19:53had given him
19:54an international stature
19:55that enhanced
19:55his prestige.
19:57He announced,
19:59If we have to fight,
20:01we'll fight.
20:02You'll kill ten of us
20:03and we'll kill
20:03just one of you
20:04and in the end,
20:05you'll be the one
20:06who gets tired of it.
20:07The unthinkable
20:20quickly happened.
20:24On November 23rd,
20:251946,
20:27after clashes
20:28following the seizure
20:29of a Viet Minh junk
20:30carrying weapons,
20:31the French Navy
20:32bombed the port
20:33of Haiphong.
20:33The young
20:38Phantom Tan
20:39remembered.
20:41I was 14.
20:44Haiphong was known
20:44as the city
20:45of red blazes.
20:47In May,
20:48the trees bloomed.
20:50But it was November.
20:53The red colour
20:54came not from the flowers,
20:56but from the fires.
20:57The death toll,
21:03between 300
21:04and 6,000,
21:05depending on the sources.
21:22Ho Chi Minh
21:23decided to fight back.
21:24A month later,
21:25on December 19th,
21:271946,
21:28he called on
21:28the Vietnamese people
21:29to rise up.
21:32He who has a gun,
21:33let him use his gun.
21:34He who has a sword,
21:35let him use his sword.
21:37Let everyone
21:38fight colonialism.
21:40In the north,
21:41Hanoi went up in flames.
21:46French nationals
21:47were massacred
21:47and buildings ransacked.
21:51A chain of escalating violence
21:53was set in motion.
21:54The French army
21:56shelled Hanoi
21:57day and night.
22:03In February 1947,
22:06French troops
22:06finally regained control
22:08of the Indochinese capital.
22:10Ho Chi Minh
22:11and his men
22:12had gone underground
22:13in the north of the country,
22:14in Tonkin.
22:18This was just the beginning
22:19of the Indochina war.
22:21The French people
22:31remained indifferent
22:31to the drama unfolding
22:33so far from their borders.
22:36Two years after
22:37the end of the liberation,
22:38many towns
22:39remain in ruins.
22:41The citizens of France
22:42were still trying
22:43to keep warm,
22:44feed themselves,
22:45and find shelter.
22:46The difficulty
22:47of daily life
22:48eclipsed
22:49any opposition
22:50to the war.
22:51Only a handful
22:52of intellectuals
22:53and pacifist activists
22:54spoke out.
22:57As Jean-Paul Sartre
22:58wrote in his journal
22:59Les Temps Modernes,
23:02It's unimaginable
23:03that after four years
23:04of occupation,
23:05the French
23:05don't recognize
23:06the face
23:07that is now theirs
23:07in Indochina.
23:09Don't they see
23:09that it's the face
23:10of the Germans
23:11in France?
23:11A declaration
23:14which,
23:15at the time,
23:16resembled a lone cry
23:17in the wilderness.
23:22Especially as there
23:23was no clear
23:24head of state.
23:25Since de Gaulle's
23:26resignation,
23:27there had been
23:27five successive
23:28governments.
23:30Five governments
23:30within two years.
23:33These repeated crises
23:34prevented any meaningful
23:35decisions from being
23:36taken.
23:38General Leclerc warned,
23:39You need 500,000 men
23:43to win.
23:43Otherwise,
23:44we might as well
23:44settle the matter now.
23:46Grant independence
23:46and save ourselves
23:47a war.
23:47We can't win.
23:49Leclerc was not
23:50listened to.
23:52In 1947,
23:54Paul Ramadier's
23:54government finally
23:55decided on a strategy.
23:57It announced,
23:58We will end the war
23:59as soon as there is
24:00order and security.
24:02It was a way
24:03of buying time
24:04because no government
24:05wanted to give up
24:06Indochina.
24:07It was essential
24:07to the greatness
24:08of the empire.
24:09It was time
24:10for a confrontation.
24:26The Far East
24:27Expeditionary Force
24:28numbered 100,000
24:29soldiers.
24:31They enlisted
24:31because they wanted
24:32adventure,
24:33to defend the flag
24:34or to earn
24:35a few stripes.
24:36Po Chi Minh
24:44had only 60,000
24:45motivated
24:46but poorly equipped
24:47men.
24:52As a result,
24:54in less than a month,
24:55the French regained
24:56partial control
24:57of the territory.
24:57A soldier wrote
25:00to his brother,
25:02My old friend,
25:03incredibly,
25:04the enemy
25:04has almost vanished
25:05into thin air.
25:06It's a perfect
25:07military expedition.
25:16But Ho Chi Minh,
25:17like all the
25:18Viet Minh leaders,
25:19eluded the French.
25:20His fighters refined
25:23their strategies.
25:25At their head
25:26was a former
25:27history teacher,
25:29General Jaap.
25:31This Napoleon
25:32enthusiast
25:33had a tenacious
25:34hatred of the colonizers.
25:36And with good reason.
25:37His first wife
25:38had died in French prison
25:40and his sister-in-law
25:41was executed
25:42for her communist activism.
25:45These wounds
25:46continued to sting.
25:47Since the Battle of Hanoi,
25:53Jaap understood
25:53that his men
25:54had no chance
25:55of defeating
25:55the French army
25:56in regular confrontations.
25:59Their only advantage
25:59was guerrilla warfare.
26:02They would exploit
26:02their knowledge
26:03of the terrain
26:03to force their opponents
26:05into a war of attrition.
26:08Ho Chi Minh compared
26:09his army to a tiger
26:10facing an elephant.
26:13If the tiger
26:14doesn't move,
26:15the elephant
26:15will pierce it
26:16with its powerful tusk.
26:17But the tiger
26:19is always on the move,
26:21striking fast and hard
26:22before disappearing.
26:26From then on,
26:28the Viet Minh
26:28would attack,
26:29escape,
26:30and withdraw
26:30into impenetrable areas.
26:39The enemy
26:40was invisible.
26:41The French army
26:42had to flush them out.
26:43The military stroll
26:48of the earlier days
26:49was transformed
26:50into a living hell.
26:58Every path,
26:59every jungle,
27:00every rice field
27:01became a trap
27:02for an ambush.
27:03a corporal confided.
27:07A corporal confided.
27:10These hidden traps
27:11that pierce the foot
27:12have become
27:12our worst fear.
27:14Every time it's a wound
27:15that gets infected,
27:17a blow to morale,
27:17and then two or three
27:19of us are called upon
27:20to transport
27:21the injured person.
27:22This war without
27:29a battlefront
27:30was unsettling
27:31the officers.
27:32One captain confessed,
27:34Here we're finding it hard
27:36to control
27:36this unpredictable opponent.
27:38It's not much like
27:40what we were taught
27:40at Saint-Cyr.
27:42As for our material superiority,
27:44it doesn't help us much
27:45in this terrain
27:46where tanks and lorries
27:47get bogged down.
27:48The stalemate
27:53was just beginning.
28:00Pictures received
28:01from Indochina
28:02certainly underline
28:03the difficulties
28:04in which France
28:05is involved
28:05in the Far East.
28:13As always
28:14in such conflicts,
28:15the resulting hardship
28:16for many people
28:17in the country
28:17is very great.
28:18French difficulties
28:20too are very real.
28:22Interrogations
28:23play a big part
28:23in the struggle.
28:24It's hard to know
28:25who is friend
28:25and who is foe.
28:27Here, for example,
28:27is an eight-year-old boy,
28:29innocent enough perhaps
28:30that he'd been used
28:30by the Vietnam
28:31as a spy.
28:45Badgered
28:45and isolated
28:46in the midst
28:47of a population
28:47they distrusted,
28:48the French soldiers
28:50sometimes gave in
28:51to violence
28:51or became embroiled
28:53in bloodthirsty
28:54acts of revenge.
28:55Sergeant Jean-Claude Messerman
29:06wrote to his future wife.
29:10The first village
29:11we came across
29:11was sacked
29:12and gutted.
29:14We didn't want them
29:15to start
29:15so we burnt down
29:16the village.
29:18The men were taken
29:19prisoner
29:20and the women
29:20were all given
29:21fur frock coats.
29:22What I've just
29:26recounted for you
29:26is just a simple
29:27anecdote
29:27from the war here.
29:33On November 29th,
29:351947,
29:36the French army
29:37entered the village
29:37of Cao Hô
29:38in South Vietnam.
29:42286 inhabitants
29:42were massacred.
29:46Far from winning
29:47over the people,
29:48the expeditionary force
29:49alienated them.
29:50Win Kong Hong,
29:59then a young teenager,
30:01was hit
30:01by a French bullet.
30:03He described
30:04his experience.
30:06I don't know
30:07what I was thinking
30:08about except
30:08killing the French.
30:10I was obsessed
30:10with that,
30:11but everyone
30:12was thinking
30:12about that.
30:14That's what we do
30:15when we grew up,
30:16kill the French.
30:17The acts of reprisal
30:24by the colonial army
30:25and the brutalization
30:27of Vietnamese society
30:28drove thousands
30:29of recruits
30:30into the arms
30:31of Ho Chi Minh.
30:31of Ho Chi Minh.
30:50A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:20A CIDADE NO BRASIL
31:50Seem to appreciate the extent of the war raging in the bush
31:53The soldiers on leave were attempting to escape the miserable times
31:58They gambled at the casino, experimented with opium
32:02And socialized with the women
32:03Sometimes these women were part of Ho Chi Minh's love brigades
32:07Providing valuable intelligence
32:09The war was atrocious
32:15But it made a lot of people rich
32:17Prostitutes, gunrunners, merchants, shopkeepers
32:20They were all involved in trafficking
32:22Not least with the Viet Minh
32:25Opium, weapons, everything could be bought and sold
32:29They bought Indochinese piastres for 10 francs
32:33And sold them in France at the official rate of 17 francs
32:36Pocketing the difference on the way
32:38War had its benefits
32:42A Frenchman in the import-export business confided
32:49How many more good years do you think there'll be in Indochina?
32:53Let's hope the war lasts
32:54Despite some attacks by the Viet Minh
33:02The authorities were reassuring
33:04As the Minister for War declared in 1947
33:06I believe that there's no longer a military problem in Indochina
33:12The success of our weapons is total
33:14Terrible blindness
33:17In Bombay, the farewell to Britain's last troops to leave
33:26The departure of the Somersets from Bombay
33:29Together with the farewell already said by the Black Watch at Karachi
33:32Meant that the British Army had now left both dominions
33:35Great friendliness had marked the final leave-taking
33:37And strict ceremony was the order of the day
33:40For our men, it must have been a moment of mixed feelings
33:42For Indians, a new era had begun
33:44Throughout the world, colonial empires were crumbling
33:50The British crown had already given up India, Ceylon and Burma
33:55The Netherlands was beginning to let go of Indonesia
34:00French leaders were not blind
34:05They recognized that sooner or later
34:08They would have to make concessions
34:09But France clung to its empire
34:11In 1947, it crushed a bloody revolt in Madagascar
34:16And was striving to hold on to its African colonies
34:19The deadline had to be postponed for as long as possible
34:30Between investments by French companies
34:34Raw materials
34:35And the desire to maintain its stature
34:37There seemed to be too much at stake
34:40To abandon the crown jewel of the empire
34:42To prevent the loss of its territory and crush communism
34:53Paris devised a political strategy
34:56It had to deprive Ho Chi Minh of popular support
35:00By relying on a nationalist figure recognized by all Vietnamese
35:04The lucky man was none other than Bao Dai
35:11The ex-emperor with sunglasses
35:13Who had been supported by the Japanese in 1945
35:16The French had confidence in this sophisticated bourgeois
35:46Who had also been brought up in France
35:48But his lordship preferred a life of leisure
35:51With occasional buffalo hunting
35:52Rather than take on the role of head of state
35:55His nickname, the emperor of casinos
35:58Paris urged him to lead an independent Vietnam
36:03That would remain in the bosom of France
36:05But he hesitated
36:07Paris lost precious time
36:10And controlling the population had become a crucial issue
36:14While the French were banking on Bao Dai
36:19Ho Chi Minh was banking on the masses
36:21In 1948
36:29The Viet Minh launched their first major patriotic campaign
36:33A well-established propaganda tool in the communist world
36:37The goal, to strengthen their hold on the peasantry
36:42The party organized competitions to identify the villages
36:49That donated the most rice, clothing or meat
36:51To Viet Minh fighters
36:53In order to obtain a certificate of patriotism
36:56Viet Minh political commissars traveled the countryside
37:02Encouraging crowds to spread the word
37:04The Viet Minh soon boosted its ranks to 400,000 men
37:10Membership was often seen as an honor
37:14The young Phan Thanh Thanh wrote
37:19This is one of the happiest days of my life
37:22I'm no longer alone
37:23I now belong to the 2,000-strong E-34 regiment
37:26Whose motto is
37:27We are certain of our victory
37:30The indoctrination worked all the better
37:35As opponents were murdered in cold blood
37:37Beneath his seemingly unassuming appearance
37:40Ho Chi Minh was a true warlord
37:42Nothing diverted him from his two objectives
37:45Independence
37:46And the establishment of a communist regime
37:49While the French were committing atrocities
37:53The communists were waging a bloody crackdown
37:56On rival nationalist movements
37:58Thousands of rival militants were murdered
38:05Intimidation, torture, and death
38:12Were part of the toolkit of both sides
38:15The influx of volunteers gave communist leaders
38:27The opportunity to switch from guerrilla warfare
38:29To more ambitious operations
38:31On March 1, 1948
38:33They attacked a convoy
38:35Escorted by 150 soldiers
38:37On the Saigon-Dalat Road
38:39The toll was dramatic
38:46Almost 100 dead
38:48And over 200 hostages
38:49A disaster
38:52Despite the press coverage of the event
39:00The French public were still largely indifferent
39:02The reason
39:04Only professionals and volunteers
39:06Were fighting in Indochina
39:08And many of the troops
39:10Were recruited from within the French Empire
39:12Algerians, Moroccans
39:17And soldiers from sub-Saharan Africa
39:19Colonized people
39:21Fighting other colonized people
39:23As a result
39:25The vast majority of the population
39:27Overlooked the drama unfolding
39:30In this far-flung battleground
39:32A soldier told his story
39:42It's an ignored war
39:44It hurts my heart
39:46When I think of the heroism
39:47Of many of my comrades
39:48My lieutenants killed
39:50Yet criticism about the war
39:57Was starting to emerge
39:59At the time
40:01The Communist Party
40:02Was one of France's strongest parties
40:04It denounced the Foul War
40:06Which, it said
40:07Served the interests of finance
40:09And big business
40:10Its slogan
40:12Not one man
40:14Not one penny
40:15For the Vietnam War
40:16This was during the Cold War
40:18And Moscow's influence
40:20Was felt far and wide
40:21In the ports
40:23Dockers went on strike
40:25To prevent arms
40:26Being shipped to Indochina
40:28To stir up public opinion
40:36Communist militants
40:38Secretly filmed
40:39What no one wanted to see
40:40The dozens of coffins
40:43Of French soldiers
40:44Being unloaded every day
40:45In the greatest secrecy
40:47The French leaders
40:50Became increasingly worried
40:51Confidence had to be restored
40:53At all costs
40:54At the end of 1949
41:13After three years of war
41:15France had failed to crush
41:17The Viet Minh
41:18Despite the superiority
41:19Of its army
41:20In the absence
41:21Of a military solution
41:23The authorities
41:24Finally granted
41:24Independence to Vietnam
41:26And placed Emperor
41:27Bao Dai
41:28At its head
41:28Who had finally agreed
41:30To assume the position
41:31The French
41:31The French
41:33The French
41:34Alive
41:34La France
41:37A été le pays
41:39De ma jeunesse
41:40Je la savais
41:41Trop soucieuse
41:43De liberté
41:44De justice
41:45Pour ne pas souhaiter
41:46Avec moi
41:47Une solution pacifique
41:49Du conflit
41:50J'ai donc
41:51accepté
41:52L'appel
41:53Du peuple vietnamien
41:54Mas a independência foi totalmente simbólico.
42:04Paris retained control
42:06de defesa,
42:07de currency,
42:07de diplomacia,
42:08e de trade.
42:12A French autoridades
42:13felt this gesture
42:14would calm things down.
42:17Minister de War
42:18Coste Flore
42:19declared,
42:21We're finally out of the tunnel.
42:24But it was too late.
42:32The Viet Minh
42:32had consolidated
42:33its hold on the country,
42:35above all in the north.
42:37Jap and Ho Chi Minh
42:38developed their armies.
42:40Companies became battalions.
42:43Battalions, regiments.
42:45For the previous three years,
42:47France had always been
42:48a step behind.
42:50By refusing to give up anything,
42:52France would end up
42:53losing everything.
42:54And another event
42:56would further shift
42:57the balance of power.
43:04On October 1st, 1949,
43:07the Communists seized power
43:08in China.
43:10Mao Zedong
43:11proclaimed the People's Republic.
43:12to win the war.
43:13From then on,
43:16the Viet Minh
43:16could count on the help
43:17of their big red brother
43:18to win the war.
43:22For Ho Chi Minh,
43:24this was an immense relief.
43:26Communist China
43:26supplied weapons
43:27and dispatched experts.
43:36It also offered
43:37General Jap,
43:38a sanctuary
43:38where he could train
43:39his troops
43:40far from French guns.
43:43The repercussions
43:43were enormous.
43:45In the era
43:45of the Cold War,
43:46the United States
43:47became alarmed
43:48at the red wave
43:49sweeping across Asia.
43:53After conquering China,
43:55communism turned
43:56to the land
43:57of the morning calm.
43:58In June 1950,
44:00North Korea's red troops
44:01attacked South Korea.
44:06American President
44:08Harry Truman,
44:09returning for a second term,
44:11set himself a goal.
44:13To contain the expansion
44:15of Soviet influence
44:16in the world.
44:16We are united
44:19in detesting
44:20communist slavery.
44:22We know
44:23that the cost
44:23of freedom is high,
44:25but we are determined
44:26to preserve our freedom
44:27no matter
44:29what the cost.
44:31Like Roosevelt
44:32before him,
44:33the American president
44:34had always opposed
44:35colonialism.
44:37But due to the involvement
44:39of communist China,
44:40he reconsidered
44:41his position.
44:42The nature
44:43of the Indochina War
44:44had changed.
44:45From a colonial war
44:46it became a hot front
44:48in the Cold War
44:49pitting the communist camp
44:50against the free world.
44:52Truman pledged
44:53to support France.
44:59Mao's victory
45:00came as a shock
45:01to the French.
45:02Their strategists
45:03decided to abandon
45:04several fortified points
45:05in northern Indochina
45:07along the Chinese border.
45:09These garrisons
45:10on Colonial Route 4
45:11were too exposed
45:12to enemy threats
45:13and proved difficult
45:14to resupply.
45:16on October 3rd, 1950,
45:24just as the evacuation
45:25of the Kaobang outpost
45:26had begun,
45:27General Jap launched
45:28a full-scale attack
45:30with more than
45:3030,000 men.
45:40Trapped on a narrow road,
45:41the French forces
45:42suffered a terrible assault.
45:44even the reinforcements
45:51were caught off guard.
45:53Forced to abandon
45:54their wounded comrades
45:56in the jungle,
45:57the survivors
45:57were severely shaken.
45:59a soldier reflected.
46:07They were shooting
46:08from above,
46:09to the left
46:10and to the right.
46:11Men were dropping
46:11like flies.
46:14I must have left
46:15dozens of wounded behind,
46:17calling out for their mothers
46:18in every language.
46:23Viet Minh soldiers
46:24captured thousands
46:25thousands of prisoners.
46:37French leaders
46:38fell into a state
46:39of panic.
46:41Bases were abandoned
46:42even though they were
46:43in no way threatened.
46:44tons of equipment
46:50was surrendered
46:50to the enemy
46:51without a fight.
46:53It was a horrendous blunder.
46:57The Viet Minh
46:57gained control
46:58of the northern border.
47:01Nothing could stop
47:02the flow of Chinese
47:03weapons and equipment.
47:04In two weeks,
47:10the French army
47:11had lost almost
47:115,000 of its best fighters.
47:15The troops
47:15were disgusted.
47:25A dejected young soldier,
47:27Bernard de Latre de Tassigny,
47:29wrote to his father.
47:31Without wanting
47:32or being able
47:33to criticize,
47:33I think we're being
47:34bossed around
47:35by arseholes.
47:40The French news
47:42continued to report
47:43that the situation
47:43was under control.
47:47Les mesures militaires
47:48prises à la suite
47:49du désastre de Kaobank
47:50sont en cours
47:51et l'offensive communiste
47:53semble stopper.
48:00Mais il appartient
48:01au gouvernement
48:01de préciser définitivement
48:03dans les jours qui viennent,
48:04la politique
48:05adoptera la France
48:06dans le douloureux
48:06drame indochino.
48:17The disaster at Kaobank
48:19shook up public opinion.
48:22In 1950,
48:24the French
48:24finally understood
48:25that their soldiers
48:26were fighting
48:27on the other side
48:27of the world
48:28and dying
48:29by the thousands.
48:34The French
48:35Communist Party
48:36increased its
48:37demonstrations.
48:37The Marseille docker strike,
48:59which began
48:59in November 1949,
49:01soon spread
49:02to the railroads.
49:09The movement
49:10saw its first martyrs,
49:11like Raymond Diens,
49:13a 20-year-old typist
49:15who was imprisoned
49:16for lying down
49:17in front of a train
49:17carrying military equipment
49:19to the Far East.
49:21But above all else,
49:22it was the case
49:23of Henri Martin
49:24that mobilized
49:25public opinion.
49:27A volunteer
49:27in the French Navy,
49:29he was a communist activist
49:30who had witnessed
49:31the bombing
49:31of the port
49:32of Haiphong.
49:34He was arrested
49:35in March 1950
49:36and sentenced
49:37to five years
49:38in prison
49:38for distributing
49:39leaflets and newspapers
49:41in Toulon Harbor,
49:42five years
49:43for daring to protest.
49:46In Paris
49:47and the provinces,
49:48defense committees
49:49were formed
49:49on the initiative
49:50of the Communist Party.
49:57Raymond Diens
49:58and Henri Martin,
49:59both convicted,
50:00became emblems
50:01of the cause.
50:03They symbolized
50:04the struggle
50:05of the French people
50:06against the bloody war
50:07in Indochina.
50:11From Jean Cocteau
50:12to Jean-Paul Sartre,
50:14the political,
50:15intellectual,
50:15and artistic world
50:16mobilized.
50:20Fernand Léger
50:21and Pablo Picasso
50:22each immortalized
50:23the features
50:24of the young sailor.
50:25The Communist Party
50:37brought the protest
50:38to the National Assembly.
50:40In the autumn
50:41of 1950,
50:42the radical deputy
50:43Pierre Mendez France
50:44advocated negotiations.
50:47In an emotional moment,
50:48he announced,
50:49We simply don't have the means
50:52to implement
50:53the military victory
50:54we've been hoping for
50:55for so long.
50:57Have the courage
50:58to face the truth.
51:01Have the courage
51:02to tell the country.
51:04His visionary speech
51:06caused a sensation,
51:07but one little support.
51:08For René Plaivin,
51:12the 11th French
51:13Prime Minister
51:13since the start
51:14of the war,
51:15the very idea
51:16of a compromise
51:17with the Viet Minh
51:18was unthinkable.
51:20Negotiations would mean
51:21a victory of communism,
51:23which would therefore
51:23be a betrayal
51:24by France
51:25of its allies
51:26fighting the Reds
51:27in Korea.
51:28The shock of Cao Bang
51:30should have opened
51:31the eyes
51:31of France's leaders,
51:32but the Cold War
51:34blinded them.
51:35They decided
51:36to continue fighting.
51:38To restore
51:38the leader's reputation
51:39and the morale
51:40of the troops,
51:41Paris desperately needed
51:42to find new inspiration.
51:44for more sponsor.
51:48The crosshage
51:48of August
51:49and the
51:52future
51:53used as
51:54a
51:54sport
51:55and
51:55against
51:56around
51:58and
52:01Reich
52:02of March
52:02and
52:03ute
52:05strings
52:05and
52:05and
52:06they
52:07would not allow
52:07to be able
52:08against new
52:08and
52:09the
52:10maintains
52:10and
52:11would not allow
52:11to be able
52:12Legenda Adriana Zanotto
Recomendado
50:45
|
A Seguir
1:28
58:57
21:25
47:00
1:43
21:33
59:28
59:30
1:55:04
1:33:55
1:00:44
1:34:14
52:27
52:00
58:13
1:15:40