- 06/05/2025
A vida e a obra de Hitler refletem-se de forma singular na interação com a imagem da sociedade nos anos de 1889 a 1945.
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00:00Adolf Hitler não terminou a escola nem teve qualquer formação profissional.
00:11Viveu ocasionalmente em centros de acolhimento para sem-abrigo ou na rua.
00:16Recusou-se a ter um emprego regular.
00:19Até hoje parece inexplicável que ele tenha chegado ao poder.
00:23Do nada Hitler tornou-se o Führer, o líder do Reich alemão, um dos homens mais poderosos do século XX,
00:34que levou o mundo à beira da catástrofe e à morte de milhões de pessoas.
00:42A nação venerava-o e seguia-o cegamente para o abismo.
00:48Mas durante a sua vida, manteve as suas origens e a sua vida em segredo.
00:54Ninguém devia saber como ou quem ele era.
00:58Os contemporâneos de Hitler, desde o seu nascimento até à sua morte, desenvolveram a pergunta.
01:05Quem era Hitler?
01:06A REAL ONLINE
01:28Ele conseguiu capturar a sua população usando uma mística band
01:36que não é dependente do Partido Nacional Socialista que ajudou ele em poder.
01:42Eu tenho a oportunidade de experimentar isso,
01:45em todos os circunstantes sociais.
01:50Robert Coulondre, French ambassador de Berlim, 1938 e 1939.
01:58A Trapau está perto da Alemanha.
02:09Quando nós chegamos na Alemanha,
02:11alguns dos grupos deram,
02:13eles foram deslizados,
02:14e amados a terra de Alemanha.
02:18Depois, eu aprendi que esses filhos eram Alemanha,
02:21que foram criados para amar Alemanha.
02:24Rod Elias, Czech Jew
02:29Diary, Monday, September 12, 1938
02:44In the evening, we heard the close of the party convention in Nürnberg.
02:49Adolf Hitler called on President Menesch.
02:52If the Sudeten Germans are not protected, we know what we have to do.
02:58God preserve the existing peace.
03:03Diary, Tuesday, September 27, 1938
03:07Hitler spoke to the German people last night.
03:11If Menesch doesn't accept his offer, we'll move in on October 1.
03:17That means war.
03:18Diary, Wednesday, September 28, 1938
03:25Tomorrow, a meeting in Munich between Hitler, Daladier, Chamberlain and Mussolini.
03:32Diary, Friday, September 30, 1938
03:43The negotiations in Munich have had a happy ending.
03:47The Czechs have to pull out of the Sudetenland tomorrow.
03:51Hitler, our Prince of Peace
03:53Henriette Schneider, Housekeeper, East Prussia
03:59The genius of the Führer and his determination not to shrink, even in the face of war,
04:08have again achieved victory without the use of force.
04:13Alfred Jogel, Major General
04:15In spite of the harshness and ruthlessness I thought I saw in his face,
04:23I got the impression that here was a man who could be relied upon when he had given his word.
04:28On Monday, November the 7th, 1938, the stateless 17-year-old Jewish boy, Grunspahn, goes to the German embassy,
04:47demands to speak with one of the councillors,
04:49is taken to the duty councillor from Rat and shoots him.
04:53Grunspahn describes the motive for the act as wanting to take revenge for his fellow believers,
05:00for the Polish Jews, forced out of Germany.
05:05Walter Tausk, German Jew
05:07Wroclaw, Diary
05:09In Munich, the failed Putsch of 1923
05:20was celebrated with great pomp.
05:23The SS marched through all over the city.
05:27The radio announced the death of the diplomat.
05:34Edgar Frustwanger
05:36The holidays on November 9th in Munich
05:38were held to the end of the siege of the SS-adwriters
05:42on the place before the Feldherrn Hall
05:43in the presence of the captain.
05:44The
06:12A CIDADE NO BRASIL
06:42A CIDADE NO BRASIL
07:12Após a tradicional marcha para até ao Fédern Hall,
07:28durante uma noite de confraternização entre dirigentes do Partido Nacional Socialista
07:32e antigos camaradas,
07:33Joseph Goebbels anuncia a morte de Ernest von Rath.
07:37I go to the party reception in the Old Town Hall.
07:42Very busy.
07:43I report the matter to the Führer.
07:46He orders,
07:47Withdraw the police.
07:49The Jews should for once feel the people's anger.
07:53Joseph Goebbels, Diary.
07:55Diary, November 1938.
08:02In the night that brings the news of the death,
08:05a pogrom breaks out all over Germany.
08:08All the synagogues are on fire,
08:11windows are smashed in all the Jewish shops,
08:13the wares destroyed,
08:15apartments are broken into,
08:16thousands of Jewish men are arrested and locked up in concentration camps.
08:22Peter Kolwitz, Painter and Sculptress.
08:31When that segment of the population that had not taken part,
08:41either as police or S.A.,
08:43awoke after the fatal night
08:45and saw the destruction that had taken place,
08:47a sequence unfolded that its instigators had not expected.
08:51An unmistakable, deep sense of depression and shame seized the public.
08:56People said,
08:57I'm ashamed to be a German.
09:01Rudolf Bing, German-Jewish businessman, Nuremberg.
09:05Diary, December 6th, 1938.
09:32A boycott has been issued against Jews throughout the Reich.
09:39The ban against Jews in Berlin applies to all theatres,
09:42cinemas, cabarets,
09:44concert and lecture halls,
09:45museums,
09:46fairs,
09:47the radio tower,
09:48the Deutschlandhalle and the Sportpalast.
09:51In addition, all outdoor and indoor swimming pools,
09:54as well as from Willemsstraße and Vossstraße
09:57to the Reich Monument and the Zeughaus.
10:02Erich Ebermeier, writer.
10:04Perante a crescente repressão por parte das autoridades,
10:11cerca de 120 mil judeus alemães e austríacos
10:15conseguem abandonar o seu país no início da Segunda Guerra Mundial.
10:26Diary, January 1st, 1939.
10:29A 13 de fevereiro de 1939,
10:47Hitler revela a alguns dos seus confidentes
10:49a intenção de agir contra a Checoslováquia
10:51até meados de março.
10:53A propaganda alemã
10:54é rapidamente adaptada
10:56a esta nova diretriz.
10:57Diary, Berlin, March 14, 1939.
11:06Nighttime.
11:09Foreign broadcasters are reporting
11:10that the Czechoslovak president Hacha
11:12arrived in Berlin today
11:13and was received by Hitler.
11:15Does this mean war, after all?
11:20Erich Ebermeier.
11:21In the meantime,
11:30I dealt with the transcription
11:31of the statement of just a few lines,
11:34reading,
11:34the Czechoslovak president
11:36has declared
11:36that he has trustingly placed
11:38the fate of the Czech people
11:39and country
11:40in the hands of the Führer
11:42of the German Reich.
11:44The Führer accepted this declaration
11:46and expressed his intention
11:48of taking the Czech people
11:49under the protection
11:50of the German Reich
11:51and guaranteeing them
11:52autonomous development
11:53of their ethnic life
11:55suited to their character.
11:58Paul Otto Schmidt,
12:00Interpreter for Adolf Hitler.
12:04For three hours,
12:06Hitler conducted a discussion
12:07with the president
12:08of Czechoslovakia.
12:10We all knew
12:10that it was about war or peace.
12:13Suddenly the door opened,
12:14Hitler rushed out
12:15and proclaimed,
12:17So, people, good news.
12:18Hacher has signed the agreement.
12:20I will go down
12:21as the greatest German
12:22in history.
12:26Christa Schröder,
12:27Hitler's private secretary.
12:31Letter to Elizabeth Wagner,
12:33March the 15th, 1939.
12:35Evening.
12:36The Führer drove to Prague
12:38at four o'clock this afternoon.
12:40He is staying in Prague Castle.
12:42In the morning,
12:43there will be a parade.
12:45His dream is thus fulfilled.
12:46Edward Wagner,
12:51artillery general.
12:59Secret report
13:00to Ambassador
13:01Josef Lipsky
13:02in Berlin.
13:05Everyone is awaiting
13:06further steps from Hitler.
13:08It is generally assumed
13:09that after the annexation
13:10of Memel,
13:11he has to move on
13:11to the settlement demands
13:12with Poland,
13:13primarily the takeover
13:14of Danzig
13:15and the Corridor.
13:16The solution to these questions
13:18will meet with understanding
13:19and recognition
13:19by the German people.
13:24Felix Ticewski,
13:26Polish General Consul.
13:27Letter to his wife,
13:38Vita Sackville-West,
13:40April 20th, 1939.
13:42There is a break in the crisis,
13:45which makes me uneasy.
13:47That is one of the worst things
13:48with this tension.
13:49If Hitler doesn't do anything,
13:51we all become uneasy.
13:53And if he does do something,
13:54we all get frightened.
13:55Harold Nicholson,
13:58Member of Parliament,
14:00National Labour Party.
14:07The summer was winding down.
14:10The weather was warm and sultry,
14:12and Danzig's numerous cafés,
14:13beer and wine gardens
14:15were filled with Germans
14:16enjoying themselves,
14:18despite all the talk
14:19of imminent war.
14:20It was difficult to conceive
14:23of such folks going to war
14:25or causing war
14:26to break out over them.
14:31William Shira,
14:32correspondent for the
14:33Columbia Broadcast System
14:34in Berlin.
14:38August the 13th, 1939.
14:41Oberselzberg.
14:43Paul Otto Schmidt,
14:44interpreter of Adolf Hitler.
14:45Hitler was completely set on war.
14:50The British are guilty
14:51of everything.
14:52The Poles have a serious
14:53lesson to learn.
14:55The democracies are inferior
14:56to Germany
14:57and will never fight.
14:59Was the recurring keynote
15:00of the German dictator's speeches.
15:07The next day,
15:08the Italian foreign minister
15:09Channell was received
15:10at the Berghof.
15:13Hitler spoke the following sentence
15:14at this event.
15:16I am firmly convinced
15:17that neither England
15:18nor France will enter
15:19into a general war.
15:28No dia 19 de agosto,
15:30Keita e Erich Hossa,
15:32recém-casados de Leipzig,
15:34iniciam a lua de mel
15:35com um passeio de canoa
15:36no rio Oder,
15:37em Ratibor,
15:37na Alta Silésia.
15:39Levaram consigo
15:39a máquina fotográfica
15:40de Erich.
15:41Durante 12 dias,
15:42remaram juntos
15:43pelas águas do rio.
15:44Enquanto isso,
15:46longe dali,
15:47Adolf Hitler
15:47empurra o continente europeu
15:49para o abismo da guerra.
15:50No final de julho,
16:11com a aprovação
16:12da Hitler,
16:12o ministro dos negócios
16:13estrangeiros,
16:14Von Ribbentrop,
16:15e o secretário de Estado,
16:17Von Weizsäcker,
16:18estabelecem as bases
16:19para um acordo
16:20com a União Soviética,
16:21o qual incluiria
16:22a divisão da Polónia
16:23e dos Estados Bálticos.
16:25Hitler tem pressa,
16:27pois acredita
16:27que as chuvas do outono
16:28poderão travar
16:29uma guerra rápida
16:30na atrasada
16:31infraestrutura da Polónia.
16:32On august 19,
16:36Stalin accepted
16:37Hitler's offer
16:38with both hands
16:39after Hitler
16:39had suggested
16:40splitting the Baltic
16:41into spheres
16:42of influence.
16:44I noted,
16:45but if Ribbentrop
16:46travels to Moscow,
16:47it means Russia
16:48is inviting Hitler
16:49to invade Poland.
16:50Ernst von Weizsäcker,
16:55Secretary of State
16:56at the Foreign Office,
16:57Memoirs.
17:04Telegram to the German
17:05Chancellor,
17:06Herr A. Hitler,
17:07August 21, 1939.
17:09I thank you
17:12for your letter.
17:13I hope that
17:14the German-Soviet
17:14Non-Aggression Pact
17:15will be a turning point
17:17and a serious improvement
17:18in political relations
17:19between our countries.
17:23J. Stalin
17:24Addressed to the
17:29Commanders-in-Chief
17:30of the military,
17:31August 22, 1939.
17:34It was becoming clear
17:35to me that a dispute
17:36with Poland
17:37might take place
17:38at an unfavorable time.
17:41Here is the basis
17:41for this finding.
17:43It depends essentially
17:44on me,
17:45on my existence,
17:46on my political ability,
17:48for it is a fact
17:49that probably no one
17:50will ever have the trust
17:51of the entire German people
17:53as I do.
17:54In the future,
17:55there will probably
17:56never be a man
17:57who has more authority
17:58than I.
17:59My presence, therefore,
18:00is of great value,
18:02but I can be eliminated
18:03at any time
18:04by a criminal
18:04or by an idiot.
18:06Adolf Hitler
18:07Suffocatingly humid days
18:13full of fear
18:13and expectations.
18:17Very calm,
18:18now only a few cars,
18:20but trains, trains,
18:21almost without a brake,
18:23whistling shrilly.
18:25You can't do anything,
18:26can't think,
18:27can't feel anything
18:28other than
18:29no war.
18:31Marie-Louisa Kaschnitz,
18:36author,
18:37notes.
18:41A 30 de agosto,
18:43Keita e Erich Hossa
18:44chegam ao delta
18:45do Rio Oder
18:46em Stettin.
18:47No porto,
18:48os navios de cruzeiro
18:49do governo
18:49estão ancorados
18:50sob a proteção
18:51da Cruz Vermelha
18:52convertidos
18:53em navios hospitalares.
18:56Dois dias depois
18:57da chegada
18:57do casal
18:58a Stettin,
18:59começa a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
19:01A 1 de setembro,
19:02Erich é chamado
19:03para o exército.
19:08Diary.
19:09Wednesday,
19:10Augusto 30, 1939.
19:12In the afternoon,
19:14troops equipped for war
19:15passed for hours
19:17heading for the border.
19:18Poland has declared
19:19mobilization.
19:23Henrietta Schneider,
19:25East Prussia.
19:25Private war diary,
19:32General Franz Halder.
19:34Demands of the Führer
19:36on the military leadership.
19:37Destruction of Poland
19:39equals elimination
19:40of its living power.
19:42It is not about
19:42achieving a specific line
19:44or a new border,
19:45but about destroying
19:46the enemy.
19:48The means
19:49are of little concern.
19:50It is disturbing
19:55to see the amount
19:56of responsibility
19:57that he bears
19:58and accepts.
20:01Eduard Wagner.
20:02Message from commander
20:14of Westerplata Peninsula
20:15to Polish Navy
20:16headquarters in Gdynia,
20:17September the 1st,
20:181939,
20:190450.
20:20At 0445,
20:24the armored cruiser
20:25Schleswig-Holstein
20:26opened fire
20:27on the Westerplata
20:28with all its guns.
20:30The barrage continues.
20:34Henrik Zuckarski,
20:35Major of the Polish Army.
20:40Morning,
20:4110 a.m.,
20:42Reichstag session.
20:44Hitler appears,
20:45deadly serious.
20:47For the first time
20:48in field gray uniform,
20:49members of parliament
20:50rise silently.
20:52Then Hitler speaks
20:53without notes,
20:54describing the events
20:55of the last days.
20:57Then comes a sentence.
20:59Since 5.45 a.m.,
21:01we have been
21:02returning fire.
21:03Rudolf Jordan,
21:05provincial NSDAP leader.
21:09Addressed before
21:09the Reichstag,
21:11September the 1st,
21:121939.
21:13I have once more
21:14put on that coat
21:15that was most sacred
21:17and dear to me.
21:18I will not take it
21:19off again
21:19until victory is secured
21:21or I will not survive
21:23the outcome.
21:28In the early hours,
21:304 a.m.,
21:30of September the 3rd,
21:32I was accordingly
21:33instructed by
21:34His Majesty's Government
21:35to arrange for a meeting
21:37with the Minister
21:37for Foreign Affairs
21:38at 9 a.m.
21:39I accordingly handed
21:41the final ultimatum
21:42from His Majesty's Government
21:43to Dr. Schmidt
21:44at precisely 9 a.m.,
21:46pointing out that
21:47unless satisfactory
21:49assurances were received
21:50by His Majesty's Government
21:51before 11 a.m.
21:53British summertime
21:54of the suspension
21:55of all the German forces
21:56from Poland,
21:57a state of war
21:58would exist
21:59between our two countries
22:00as from that hour.
22:03Neville Henderson,
22:04British Ambassador
22:05to Germany.
22:05Paul Otto Schmidt,
22:10Chief Interpreter
22:11at the Foreign Ministry,
22:12experiences.
22:13Then I took the ultimatum
22:15to the Chancellery.
22:16Hitler's most prominent people
22:17were gathered in the room
22:18in front of his office.
22:20What news?
22:21asked anxious voices.
22:23I answered with a shrug.
22:25Schools cancelled
22:26and entered the next room
22:27where Hitler was sitting
22:28at his desk
22:29while Ribbentrop
22:30stood at the window.
22:30I remained some distance
22:34from Hitler's desk
22:35and slowly translated
22:36the ultimatum
22:37of the British government.
22:38When I finished,
22:39there was total silence.
22:40Hitler sat as though
22:41turned to stone
22:42just looking straight ahead.
22:44After a while,
22:44he turned to Ribbentrop.
22:46What now?
22:48Ribbentrop replied
22:49with a quiet voice.
22:51I suppose the French
22:52will issue an identical ultimatum
22:53within the hour.
22:54As my job was now finished,
22:56I left
22:56and told those waiting outside
22:58in two hours
22:59a state of war
22:59would exist
23:00between England
23:00and Germany.
23:02Göring turned to me
23:03and said,
23:04If we lose this war,
23:06then may heaven
23:07have mercy on us.
23:08and we'll see you next time.
23:11We'll see you next time.
23:13We'll see you next time.
23:13We'll see you next time.
23:13We'll see you next time.
23:13We'll see you next time.
23:14We'll see you next time.
23:15We'll see you next time.
23:15We'll see you next time.
23:16We'll see you next time.
23:17We'll see you next time.
23:17We'll see you next time.
23:18We'll see you next time.
23:19We'll see you next time.
23:19We'll see you next time.
23:19We'll see you next time.
23:20We'll see you next time.
23:21We'll see you next time.
23:21We'll see you next time.
23:22We'll see you next time.
23:22We'll see you next time.
23:23We'll see you next time.
23:23We'll see you next time.
23:24We'll see you next time.
23:25O que é isso?
23:56Gerhard M. Soldier, Flensburg.
24:05Na campanha da Polónia, em 1939, estima-se que cerca de 16 mil soldados alemães tenham morrido e 30 mil tenham ficado feridos.
24:15Do lado polaco, as perdas foram ainda mais pesadas. 68 mil mortos e 130 mil feridos.
24:22Dezenas de milhares de civis também perderam a vida durante as cinco semanas de conflito.
24:27Diary, September 28, 1939.
24:35Warsaw has finally fallen. Mountains of corpses have to be removed.
24:40The Russians are marching into Poland and are moving up to an agreed demarcation line.
24:47Scattered Polish divisions are leading a heroic, desperate struggle.
24:50Udo from Alvensleben. Captain, 16th Tank Division.
24:58The next day in Warsaw, troops paraded in front of Hitler.
25:05The Lanchner brothers filmed him.
25:07I was standing near Hitler and saw how the troops looked at him, mesmerized.
25:12Without exception, they appeared ready to do anything for him.
25:15If he were to give the order, they would die for him.
25:21Leni Riefenstahl, director and actress.
25:34Führer spoke at length and in detail about the ongoing incorporation of the former provinces of Posen and West Prussia.
25:42The social strata, thought to be racially valuable, could be Germanized.
25:48In principle, they would have to look racially pure and have the right hereditary disposition.
25:54A special cultural heritage group would be created.
25:58Here, language would be the most important factor.
26:01He said he wasn't interested in the Polish intelligentsia, as they were the supporters of Polish nationalism.
26:07Gerhard Engel, army adjutant to Hitler, memoirs in diary form.
26:15At lunchtime on May the 9th, we left Berlin in great secrecy and traveled at first light towards Hamburg.
26:25Turned the train around and arrived in Aachen at 3 a.m.
26:29Under a beautiful starry sky, we went by car to the command post of the Führer's headquarters,
26:34the Felsennest or Rocky Erie.
26:37Wilhelm Keitel, Supreme High Commander of the Armed Forces, memoirs.
26:48In the first Armed Forces report at noon on May the 10th, I had recorded the sentence,
26:54The Führer has personally taken over supreme command of the German army operating in the West.
27:01I wrestled with him for half an hour over the approval of this publication.
27:05He declared he wanted to remain anonymous and not diminish the glory for the generals.
27:10I did not let up, and in the end he gave in.
27:17Wilhelm Keitel.
27:18Hitler took the credit for the success of the Western campaign.
27:29Albert Speer, Memoirs.
27:41Diary, Friday, May the 10th, 1940.
27:44Now the war has really begun.
27:48Chamberlain has stepped down and Churchill replaced him.
27:53One bad person has left, and a much worse one has come.
27:59Henrietta Schneider.
28:05Thus then, on the night of the 10th of May, at the outset of this mighty battle,
28:11I acquired the chief power in the state.
28:14I cannot conceal that I was conscious of a profound sense of relief.
28:20I felt as if I were walking with destiny,
28:23and that all my past life had been but a preparation for this hour and for this trial.
28:33Winston Churchill.
28:34The Second World War.
28:36May the 23rd, 1940.
28:44We've done it.
28:46The Air Force is destroying the English on the beach.
28:48I was able to persuade Hitler to stop the army.
28:52The Fuhrer wants this to be a lesson for them.
28:54Hans Jeschonek, chief of the general staff of the Air Force to Erhard Milch,
29:01state secretary of the Aviation Ministry.
29:03Diary, Friday, June the 14th, 1940.
29:13News at one o'clock at night.
29:16Paris, occupied by our troops without a fight.
29:20Flag raised for three days.
29:24Henrietta Schneider.
29:25France offered a ceasefire on June the 17th.
29:34I've never seen Hitler as happy as on that day.
29:40Heinz Linger.
29:41Valet to Adolf Hitler.
29:47France's peace offer was submitted to him while he stood surrounded by his officers.
29:52He slapped his thigh in a lively gesture.
29:55We were to one side and observed the scene that Walter France also filmed.
30:02Christa Schröder.
30:04He was my boss.
30:10Heinrich Hoffmann.
30:11Photographer.
30:13Keitel, who was carried away by an outburst of emotion,
30:17coined the fatal phrase,
30:18My Fuhrer, you are the greatest military commander of all time.
30:30Franz Halder, chief of the general staff.
30:34Part of Hitler's growing self-deification after the first military successes
30:39involved believing it himself.
30:41Hitler was at the height of his power.
30:48He was the master of Europe.
30:52Gustav Möderheim, field marshal of Finland.
30:59Germany had air supremacy over Europe.
31:02An invasion of Great Britain seemed to be in the offing.
31:06Ernst von Weizsäcker.
31:07A stay of a few days in the English capital was all that was needed
31:18to recognize the difference between London and Paris.
31:22Here, no one was considering capitulation.
31:27Julius Deutsch, Austrian socialist of Jewish descent, in exile.
31:32Memoirs.
31:32It was only after France had been flattened out
31:39that Britain, thanks to her island advantage,
31:42developed out of the pangs of defeat
31:44and the menace of annihilation
31:46a national resolve equal to that of Germany.
31:54Winston Churchill.
31:55Hitler spoke in the Reichstag, made an offer of peace to England.
32:11Henrietta Schneider.
32:15Memoirs in diary form.
32:17November the 4th, 1940.
32:20Reich Chancellery.
32:20An unpleasant meeting at headquarters,
32:24attended by Göring von Brauchitsch-Keitel.
32:28Due to English and other press reports,
32:30Führer for the first time doubts the successes of the Luftwaffe
32:33and the strike figures.
32:36Führer visibly depressed.
32:39Have the impression that he doesn't know how to proceed.
32:44Gerhard Engel.
32:45The Führer and the supreme commander of the German army,
32:56the Führer headquarters,
32:57absolutely top secret,
32:59for officers only,
33:01nine copies,
33:02second copy,
33:03order number 21,
33:05Operation Barbarossa.
33:06Even before the end of the war against England,
33:09the German army has to be prepared
33:11to overthrow Soviet Russia in a quick campaign,
33:14Operation Barbarossa.
33:15The bulk of the Russian army in Western Russia
33:17should be destroyed in bold operations
33:20via tank pincer movements
33:22in order to prevent the withdrawal of strong combat units
33:25into the expanses of the Russian interior.
33:29Adolf Hitler.
33:35Memoirs in diary form.
33:37December the 18th, 1940.
33:41The order for Barbarossa has been issued.
33:45The army supreme commander has ordered us to find out
33:48whether the Führer wants armed engagement
33:50or is just bluffing.
33:51In my opinion,
33:53the Führer himself still doesn't know how to proceed.
33:57He hopes the English will capitulate
33:58and doesn't believe the USA will enter the war.
34:03Gerhard Engel.
34:04Diary, Monday, June the 9th, 1941.
34:11There's a big operation here.
34:16The streets are full of military of every kind
34:18on their way to the border.
34:20Henrietta Schneider, East Prussia.
34:29When he decided on the Eastern campaign in the summer of 1941,
34:33he told Eva Braun he had to travel to Berlin for a few days.
34:36When Adolf heard the music of Wagner, he was transformed.
34:52Then he lost his fierceness.
34:54He became quiet, flexible, manageable.
34:58The unease disappeared from his face.
35:00What had moved him during the day, vanished.
35:06August Kubitschek, childhood friend.
35:12Wagner's music became second nature to him.
35:17Ernst Hamfstein, until 1937,
35:20head of the NSDAP Foreign Press Bureau.
35:22He loved the Wagner opera the most.
35:32Other than that, symphonies by Beethoven and Bruckner
35:35are songs by Richard Strauss.
35:38Of the light entertainment pieces,
35:40he appreciated the bat.
35:42And the merry widow, Bormann,
35:44proved his musical knowledge
35:45just by changing the records.
35:50Heinrich Hoffmann.
35:51It was almost always the same repertoire
36:00that Hitler had them play.
36:04The only popular song Hitler allowed
36:07was the donkey's serenade,
36:09which often concluded the concert.
36:17Gertraud Traudeljunge,
36:18Hitler's private secretary.
36:21You'll be hearing that a lot in the near future.
36:38It'll be the victory fanfare
36:40for our Russian campaign.
36:42How do you like it?
36:42Adolf Hitler to Albert Speer
36:46after listening to the first powers of New Prélude
36:48by Frank's List.
36:51The Russian fan film.
36:52June 21st, 1941.
36:54Diary, Saturday, June 21st, 1941.
37:06Wild rumors are coming from the border.
37:10Henrietta Schneider.
37:13War diary of the Army Group North,
37:16June 22nd, 1941.
37:18Beginning of the invasion, 3.05 a.m.
37:23The entire front of the Army Group crossed the border.
37:28Robert Freiherr von Griesenbeck, Major.
37:31Is he mad, this Hitler?
37:39He could have allied himself with England's Chamberlain
37:41against communist Russia
37:43or with communist Russia
37:45against the Anglo-Saxon capitalist world.
37:47But he invaded both.
37:50Yes, he is mad.
37:53Thank God.
37:53Klaus Mann, a life's report.
38:05Christa Schröder.
38:07It all began so promisingly.
38:09In the first two days in the Wolfschanze,
38:12we experienced the bus standing in front of a large map of Europe
38:16and pointing to Moscow, saying...
38:18In a few weeks we'll be in Moscow.
38:20There's no doubt about that.
38:22And then I'll erase Moscow to the ground.
38:25I'll build a reservoir there.
38:27The name Moscow has to be erased completely.
38:42Wilhelm Keitel,
38:44Chief of the Armed Forces High Command,
38:46to Field Marshal,
38:47fed off on Bock on July 25th, 1941.
38:52The speedy collapse of Russia is vital for German interests,
38:56since Russia cannot be subjugated.
38:58The Führer was concerned about this situation
39:00and asked, worriedly,
39:02how much time do I have left to finish off Russia?
39:05And how much time do I still need?
39:13Russia, Army Group South, letter, 1941.
39:17It is our war.
39:19Not, as the enemy propaganda likes to call it,
39:21Hitler's war.
39:22They don't know that Hitler is one of us,
39:25a soldier like us.
39:26We know that he would do everything in his power for us.
39:30That gives us unlimited trust.
39:32The Führer leaves no comrade in the lurch,
39:34and when he doesn't help,
39:36it's because there was something more important.
39:38Horst Rochel, regimental doctor from Kassel.
39:46Diary, October the 10th, 1941, 11.30pm.
39:52It's snowing in Russia now,
39:54something we can't deal with well.
39:59Edward Wagner, quartermaster general.
40:01There is a winter, you know, in Russia.
40:08For a good many months,
40:09the temperature is apt to fall very low.
40:12There is snow, there is frost, and all that.
40:16Hitler forgot about this Russian winter.
40:18He must have been very loosely educated.
40:21We all heard about it at school,
40:24but he forgot it.
40:28Winston Churchill.
40:29Diary, Thursday, December the 11th, 1941.
40:37Around three o'clock,
40:38we listen to the Führer from the Reichstag.
40:40The war with America is also official now.
40:44The Führer will make sure everything turns out well.
40:50Henriette Schneider.
40:51When the German army,
40:56surprised by the terrible winter of 1941-42,
41:00got stuck in the Russian ice and snow,
41:02Hitler was frequently depressed.
41:05But as before,
41:07he hoped for a quick victory.
41:08There is only a very thin veil
41:11that we have to penetrate.
41:12We have to be patient.
41:15The Russian resistance will not hold.
41:19Christa Schröder.
41:20On December the 17th,
41:27I visited the generals
41:28commanding the 14th and 47th Tank Corps,
41:31as well as the 7th Army Corps,
41:33to again learn about the condition of the troops.
41:37The three generals reported
41:39that the troops were beginning to have doubts
41:41about the high command.
41:43Black ice making all movement difficult.
41:45The Russians are prepared and equipped for winter,
41:49and we have nothing.
41:54Heinz Guderian,
41:55Colonel General.
42:01Franz Halder.
42:02War Diary.
42:03December the 17th, 1941.
42:08Midnight.
42:09Summoned to the Führer.
42:12Disengagement is out of the question.
42:14The enemy has only made deep incursions
42:16in a few places.
42:18Setting up a rear echelon is illusory.
42:20The front is suffering in only one respect.
42:23The enemy has more soldiers.
42:25He has no more artillery.
42:26He is much worse off than we are.
42:35Adolf Hitler.
42:36Oral order to Army Group Centre,
42:38December the 16th, 1941.
42:42Commanders,
42:42unit leaders and officers
42:44are to take personal steps
42:45to force troops
42:46to engage in fanatical resistance
42:48to hold their position,
42:50without regard to enemy breakthroughs
42:51on the flank or in the rear.
42:53Only with this kind of warfare
42:55can we gain the time necessary
42:56to get reinforcements from the homeland
42:58and the West that I have ordered.
43:02Diary.
43:03January the 11th, 1942.
43:06How meek our military communiques have become.
43:12Friedrich Kellner, court employee,
43:15Laubach, Hesse.
43:16But the burden of work
43:23and increasing concerns
43:25from setbacks in the course of the war
43:27eroded Hitler's health.
43:29From the winter of 1941, 1942 onwards,
43:34Morell monitored him day and night.
43:36In the end,
43:37Hitler began having mysterious injections
43:39almost every day.
43:40Christa Schröder.
43:48Diary Berlin, March the 3rd, 1942.
43:51The hallmarks of the situation,
43:56further erosion of the German forces in Russia,
43:59slow, further deterioration
44:01of the economic and food situations in Germany.
44:05Ulrich von Hassel,
44:07diplomat and member of the German resistance.
44:10From Rostov on Don,
44:13several waves of retreat rolled through our area
44:15in the summer of 1942.
44:18The oil tanks were opened,
44:19wheat fields torched,
44:20also that they wouldn't fall
44:22into the hands of the enemy.
44:27On August the 3rd, 1942,
44:29German scouts surfaced on motorbikes.
44:32Within three days,
44:33German troops moved into Privolnöhe.
44:36Soviet troops were scattered.
44:40But beyond Nalczyk,
44:42barrier units worked to carry out
44:44order number 227 from Stalin.
44:48Not one step back.
44:49Mikhail Gorbachev, schoolboy.
44:59War Diary, July the 30th, 1942.
45:03Day 404.
45:06In the bow of the river Don,
45:08west of Stalingrad,
45:09the 6th Army of Army Group B
45:11is engaged in a fierce battle,
45:13and the situation is at present unclear.
45:19Franz Halder.
45:25I wanted to come to the Volga,
45:28to a specific place and a specific city.
45:32Adolf Hitler,
45:33addressed at the traditional gathering
45:34in the Munich Bürgerbräuerkeller,
45:36November the 9th, 1942.
45:46On September the 11th,
45:48I was ordered to report
45:49to the frontline staff under Khrushchev.
45:52They told me to take over the 62nd Army.
45:55My orders were,
45:56defend Stalingrad.
45:57After I accepted the order,
46:00Nikita Khrushchev asked me,
46:02how do you see this?
46:03I said,
46:04I understand the order very well.
46:06I'll try to carry it out.
46:07Either I defend Stalingrad,
46:09or I die doing so.
46:12I got in the car
46:13and drove to Stalingrad.
46:14The high point of the war
46:26had been reached.
46:27Something unimaginable
46:29overpowered the wildest dreams.
46:31The North Cape,
46:32Pyrenees,
46:33Sahara and Volga
46:34formed the boundaries
46:35of a sphere of influence
46:37created overnight.
46:42For sure,
46:43there were bigger empires,
46:44but this one included
46:45Europe and its nations.
46:46There was no reason for joy.
46:49You knew what lay ahead for us
46:50because the disproportion
46:51of forces was obvious.
46:56Udo from Alvensleben,
46:58Army Captain,
46:59Diary.
47:04We knew that Hitler
47:05wouldn't stop
47:06and would keep throwing
47:07military forces at the front.
47:09But he sensed
47:10that it was not a battle
47:11for life being fought here,
47:13but rather a battle
47:14to the death.
47:18Vasily Chuikov.
47:25I feel entitled
47:26to demand
47:27that every German soldier
47:28should sacrifice his life.
47:32Adolf Hitler
47:32to Heinz Guderian
47:34on December 20th, 1940,
47:363.30 p.m.
47:43Diary.
47:44Sunday,
47:45November 8th, 1942.
47:49The Führer spoke
47:50from the Munich
47:50Hofbräukeller.
47:53He laid into
47:54the war criminals again.
47:57The Americans
47:57landed in Algiers
47:58during the night.
47:59Henrietta Schneider.
48:04Dr. Theo Morel,
48:06Adolf Hitler's
48:06personal physician.
48:08Diary.
48:09December 15th, 1942.
48:13Patient A.
48:14Sleeping badly
48:15because of the military situation.
48:18Profundal.
48:19Up until the very end,
48:24the soldiers believed
48:25Hitler's promise
48:26that he would get them
48:27out of the encirclement.
48:28I knew that this
48:29was a terrible lie.
48:33Bernd Freitag
48:33von Loenghofen.
48:35Major.
48:36Flown out
48:36of the Stalingrad siege.
48:41Interrogation protocol
48:42of prisoner
48:43Hermann Struttmann,
48:45lieutenant,
48:46adjutant
48:46of the 1st Battalion
48:47of the 79th Panzer
48:49Grenadier Regiment,
48:51all 1918 in Munster,
48:53Catholic.
48:54Men reached the limits
48:56of their endurance
48:57and this limit
48:58was reached
48:59on February 2nd.
49:01We surrendered spontaneously.
49:03Around 6 o'clock
49:04in the morning,
49:05I was told
49:06that Russian tanks
49:06had arrived.
49:11I began to cry,
49:13walked out of the shelter
49:14and laid down my weapon.
49:16at what point
49:38is one allowed
49:39to view the war
49:40as lost?
49:41As I see it,
49:42very late.
49:46Albert Speer,
49:47the Kranzberg protocols.
49:48.
49:50.
49:53.
49:54.
49:55.
49:58.
50:05.
50:05.
50:06.
50:08.
50:09.
50:11.
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