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01:10전 세계에 흩어져 있는 위대한 생각들을 모았습니다
01:13어떤 생각은 우리를 저 먼 곳으로 데려갑니다
01:26빨려갑니다
01:28이 시각 세계였습니다.
01:57question,
02:09That's the question I want to discuss now.
02:14Now there's a very quick and easy argument that attempts to show, no, suicide is never
02:20morally permissible. It goes like this. It says, it's wrong to kill people. I'm a person
02:26and so if I kill myself, I'm doing something wrong.
02:30As I said, that's a fairly simple argument.
02:33And if that argument really did work,
02:35it would show that suicide is wrong.
02:37Period.
02:38End of the discussion.
02:40But I think that argument really is too simple.
02:44There are cases of killing yourself
02:46where most of us think this is a permissible thing to do,
02:49maybe even a praiseworthy thing to do.
02:51So here's an example.
02:52Imagine that I'm a soldier
02:57and we're on the battlefield
02:59and a hand grenade gets thrown towards us.
03:03It's about to explode.
03:05And I size up the situation.
03:07I look around and I see
03:09I'm probably far enough away from the hand grenade
03:13that even if it explodes, I'll be okay.
03:15But nobody else seems to have noticed the hand grenade.
03:18And I don't have time to warn any of my buddies.
03:22because all I can do, my only choice,
03:26is to throw myself on the hand grenade.
03:33But I know that if I do that,
03:35well, the hand grenade will blow up,
03:37my body will absorb the explosion.
03:40What will happen is I'll get killed,
03:42I will die,
03:44but my buddies will be saved.
03:45We, at the very least,
03:47think it's morally permissible to do it.
03:51But what makes it morally permissible
03:54to throw myself on the hand grenade like that?
03:57Now, you might say,
03:58well, you know, look,
03:59when I kill myself,
04:00when I throw myself on the grenade,
04:02I'm saving the lives of several other people,
04:04and that's what makes it okay.
04:05But that really probably isn't an answer
04:08that's going to satisfy most of us.
04:10After all, imagine that we vary the story slightly.
04:13Suppose that I size up the situation,
04:20realize the grenade's about to go off
04:22and it's going to kill 5, 6, 10 of my buddies,
04:26and instead of throwing myself on the hand grenade,
04:29I throw you on the hand grenade.
04:32The hand grenade blows up,
04:34you get killed,
04:35but the rest of the group gets saved.
04:38That doesn't seem to be okay
04:43in the same way as it seemed to be
04:46in the case where I threw myself on the hand grenade.
04:50And, of course, this connects to a point
04:51that we've raised in some of the previous discussions.
04:54It has to do with the fact
04:55that we are autonomous beings.
04:57We are beings that are capable of,
05:00and have the right to,
05:01make decisions about
05:03what we want to have happen in our life.
05:05And so when I throw myself on the grenade,
05:09I'm exercising my autonomy,
05:11my own choice,
05:13I'm consenting to my death.
05:16So shouldn't we say,
05:18given the power of autonomy,
05:20given the power of consent,
05:23all cases of suicide are permissible
05:26because the person has given their consent,
05:30given their permission.
05:31So far from saying suicide is never okay,
05:34maybe we should say suicide is always okay.
05:38But I think that's not quite right either.
05:41Because although consent is important
05:43and can often turn actions
05:45that would be immoral
05:47into morally permissible actions,
05:50it won't do it always.
05:53It depends on whether certain relevant conditions
05:56are met.
05:58Consent has to be given
05:59under the right types of circumstances.
06:02Now, as always,
06:03there's a controversy about
06:04what exactly is the right list of circumstances.
06:06But here's three
06:07that are, I think,
06:08fairly uncontroversial.
06:10One is,
06:11the person who's giving consent
06:13has to be,
06:16well,
06:16a fully autonomous being.
06:19They have to be competent
06:20in that way
06:21to make these sorts of decisions
06:22about their life.
06:24That's the reason why,
06:26for example,
06:26if some four-year-old
06:29came up to you
06:30and said,
06:31please kill me,
06:32you would not think
06:33that was a morally okay thing to do.
06:36A four-year-old
06:36has not yet achieved
06:38a sufficient level of autonomy
06:39to have that kind of competence.
06:42Or for that matter,
06:43if the person who says,
06:45please kill me,
06:46is crazy or insane.
06:48They may once have been
06:50sufficiently autonomous
06:51to let their consent
06:53carry the moral weight
06:55it normally does.
06:56But right now,
06:58they may not be competent
06:59to make this kind of decision.
07:01So, for consent to work,
07:03to do its magic,
07:05the person making the decision,
07:06giving the consent,
07:07has to be competent.
07:08Second thing is,
07:09they have to be informed.
07:12They have to know the facts.
07:13They have to understand
07:14what's the upshot
07:15of the decision going to be.
07:16When you go into the hospital
07:21to have some sort of
07:22surgical operation performed,
07:24the medical staff informs you,
07:27here's the sort of thing
07:28we're going to do
07:29in this medical procedure.
07:30You have to understand,
07:32here's what the risks
07:32are going to be.
07:36If you're not informed
07:38in that way,
07:39and you merely say yes,
07:41being mistaken about the facts
07:42of what's going to happen,
07:44then your consent
07:45doesn't work either.
07:46It's not valid consent.
07:48So, valid consent
07:49has to be given
07:50by a competent person,
07:51and it has to be informed.
07:54And a third feature is,
07:55the consent has to be
07:57freely given.
07:58It has to be non-coerced.
08:01Suppose I ask you
08:04for your wallet,
08:06or your purse,
08:08and you give it to me.
08:09You say,
08:09okay, here it is.
08:10Well, that seems like
08:11that's okay,
08:12but what I forgot to tell you
08:13was the reason you agreed
08:15was because I'm holding
08:16a gun to your head,
08:18and I've said,
08:18I'm going to shoot
08:19your brains out
08:20if you don't give me
08:22your purse or your wallet.
08:23Well, there's a case
08:24where you're competent
08:25to make the decision,
08:26and you understand
08:26all the facts,
08:27but the consent
08:28still doesn't make it okay
08:29for me to take your wallet,
08:31to take your money,
08:32or to take your jewelry,
08:33or whatever it might be,
08:34because your consent
08:35was not freely given.
08:36So, valid consent
08:39cannot be coerced.
08:40It can't be forced.
08:42All of these things
08:43are in place
08:44in the soldier case.
08:45In the soldier case,
08:46the soldier is competent.
08:48The soldier understands
08:49the risk they're taking
08:50by throwing themselves
08:51on a grenade,
08:52and the soldier
08:54is freely deciding
08:55to do this.
08:57And so,
08:57in those situations,
08:58it seems plausible
08:59to think that
09:00the killing of himself
09:03by the soldier
09:04or herself
09:05is a morally legitimate
09:07thing to do.
09:08Now, suppose we move away
09:09from the kind of soldier case
09:10where you're killing yourself
09:11to save others
09:12and revert to the more
09:14typical case of suicide
09:15where you kill yourself
09:16for your own sake,
09:18as we might put it.
09:19You kill yourself
09:20out of self-regard.
09:22You want your own life
09:23to end,
09:23not because you're trying
09:24to help others,
09:25but because you want
09:26your life to be over.
09:29Well, clearly,
09:30there will be cases
09:31where you're competent
09:33and you understand
09:34that death will be the end
09:36and you're making
09:37this decision
09:38without having
09:38any kind of pressure
09:39from anybody else.
09:42But can the good reason
09:44condition be met
09:45in that kind of case
09:46of suicide?
09:48That's harder to say.
09:51In fact,
09:51you might think,
09:52given what I talked about
09:53last time
09:54with the badness of death
09:55and the deprivation account,
09:57you might think,
09:58no,
09:58the good reason condition
10:00cannot be met
10:01in that type of case
10:02of suicide
10:03because we said
10:04death is bad
10:06for the person
10:07who dies
10:08because,
10:09by virtue of being dead,
10:11they will be deprived
10:12of the good things
10:14in life
10:14that otherwise
10:15would come their way.
10:17If the future life
10:19you would have had,
10:20had you not died now,
10:22would have been good
10:23on the whole,
10:24doesn't have to be
10:25totally good,
10:26but as long as it would
10:27have been good
10:27on the whole,
10:28then having more life
10:29would be a good thing,
10:31so not getting
10:32that life
10:33is a bad thing.
10:35Alright,
10:35so what the deprivation
10:36account says is,
10:38if there can be cases
10:39where living longer
10:42wouldn't be good
10:43overall,
10:44but bad overall,
10:46then dying now
10:48won't be bad
10:50for you,
10:51it would be
10:51good for you.
10:53Instead of being deprived
10:54of something good,
10:56you're escaping,
10:57you're depriving,
10:58you're avoiding
11:00something bad.
11:02The crucial point
11:02to see here
11:03is that it's not
11:04going to be enough
11:04that there are
11:05some bad elements
11:06in your life.
11:07That's not going to be
11:07enough to make it be
11:08a good reason
11:09to kill yourself.
11:10Nobody's under
11:11the illusion that
11:11life only brings
11:13good things our way.
11:14You stub your toe,
11:16you get headaches,
11:17you have a fight
11:17with your girlfriend,
11:19you know,
11:19sometimes you lose
11:20your job.
11:20Bad things can happen,
11:22but as long as
11:23there's enough
11:23good things,
11:24life can still
11:25be good overall.
11:26So the mere fact
11:28that your life
11:29has some bad things
11:30won't be enough
11:31to make it true
11:32that your life
11:33is so bad
11:35that you're
11:35better off dead.
11:37So what we really
11:38need to ask is,
11:39can there be lives
11:40that are so bad
11:42such that going forward
11:44the person really
11:45would be better off dead?
11:48And sadly,
11:49tragically,
11:50I do think that
11:50there are cases
11:51like this.
11:53An easy case,
11:54I don't mean
11:54an easy case to live,
11:55but an easy case
11:56to think about
11:56is to imagine
11:57some terminally
11:58ill patient
11:59with a disease,
12:01a painful disease
12:05that there's no hope
12:07of finding a cure for.
12:09The only way
12:09to make the pain
12:10go away
12:11is for the person
12:11to be so drugged
12:13that they spend
12:14all their time
12:15sleeping,
12:15except when they
12:16wake up in pain again
12:17and they need
12:18a new round of drugs.
12:19And the person
12:20is so bad
12:21that maybe
12:22they're bed-bound
12:23and they can't enjoy
12:26any of the simple
12:27pleasures that they
12:28used to enjoy
12:28out of life.
12:32We can imagine
12:33a story where
12:34this person
12:36maybe had a great life
12:37up till now,
12:39but now going forward
12:41the next chunk of life
12:42would be sufficiently bad
12:44overall,
12:46such that
12:48they're not really
12:49being done
12:50any favor
12:51by living longer.
12:53As we put it,
12:54they'd be better off dead.
12:55And if they'd be
12:56better off dead,
12:57then they could well
12:58have a good reason
13:00to kill themselves.
13:02So we could imagine
13:02a situation where
13:04the person is competent
13:05to make this decision.
13:07They've discussed
13:09the matter
13:09with their friends
13:10and their family
13:11and their medical team
13:12and they know
13:13what the future
13:14will hold.
13:15So they're informed.
13:17Nobody's trying
13:18to convince them
13:19to kill themselves.
13:20They're just making
13:21this decision freely.
13:22And they've got
13:23a good reason.
13:24This is the only way
13:25to make the overwhelming
13:26pain go away.
13:27But of course,
13:28that doesn't mean
13:29that most cases
13:30of suicide
13:31are permissible.
13:33There are cases
13:34and cases,
13:35and there would be
13:36many, many cases
13:37it seems to me
13:38where people kill
13:38themselves,
13:39where they do not
13:41have the relevant
13:42conditions met.
13:44They might well
13:45believe the conditions
13:46are met,
13:47but often enough
13:48they're just mistaken
13:49about this.
13:50Imagine that something
13:51has gone wrong
13:52in your life.
13:53You know,
13:53your boyfriend
13:54has broken up with you
13:55or your husband
13:56or your wife
13:57has left you
13:58or you got fired
14:00from this job
14:00which you liked
14:01and now you don't
14:02quite know what
14:02you'll do next
14:03or whatever it might be.
14:05Well, if you similarly
14:06are so caught up
14:07with the problems
14:07you've got right now
14:08that you can't step out,
14:10step back
14:11and look at the big picture
14:12and realize
14:13things will get better
14:15then you may mistakenly
14:18think you've got
14:18a good reason
14:19to kill yourself
14:20even though
14:21you actually don't.
14:22It's important
14:22to realize
14:23that life has
14:24so many things
14:25that it can give us
14:26that we can lose
14:28some of them
14:29and still have enough
14:31of the remaining goods
14:33that life on balance
14:34though a mixed bag
14:35is still worth living.
14:37And often it's easy
14:39to lose sight
14:39of that fact
14:41as well
14:41and so somebody
14:42we can imagine
14:43killing themselves
14:44because their life
14:45is so much worse
14:46and yes,
14:48it may be true
14:48their life
14:49is so much worse
14:50but there could still
14:51be a life
14:51that was worth living
14:52and in that case
14:53they may not yet
14:54have a good enough
14:55reason to kill themselves
14:56and so even though
14:57they're an autonomous being
14:58their consent
14:59won't be valid
15:00and so the suicide
15:01will not yet be
15:02morally permissible.
15:03What I gather
15:05are common causes
15:06of suicide
15:06in South Korea
15:07one has to do
15:09with students
15:12who feel
15:17under academic pressure
15:18to do really,
15:19really well
15:19in exams
15:20and then maybe
15:21they don't do so well
15:22and because they
15:23don't do so well
15:24they're not going
15:25to get into the college
15:25that they were hoping for
15:27and they feel
15:28disappointed in themselves
15:29and they feel
15:29disappointed
15:30that they've let
15:30their family down
15:31and they come away
15:33thinking that life's
15:33going to be horrible
15:34and their family
15:35would be better off
15:36without them
15:37and so sadly,
15:39tragically,
15:40they kill themselves.
15:44And it's just not true
15:47that you are doing them
15:48a favor
15:49by killing yourself.
15:50You're just misinformed.
15:52You don't have
15:52the big picture.
15:53You don't have
15:53the good reason.
15:55And similarly,
15:56of course,
15:56even if it's true
15:57that you don't end up
15:58in the school
15:59or the college
16:00of your dreams
16:01or you don't end up
16:02in the,
16:03you know,
16:03if you're further along
16:04professionally
16:04and you didn't get
16:05the job of your dreams
16:06or the promotion
16:07you were hoping for,
16:09that still doesn't mean
16:10that your life
16:11won't be worth living,
16:13right?
16:13So if you are
16:14in fact somebody
16:15who is contemplating
16:17killing yourself,
16:18all I can do
16:19is urge you
16:20to think about it,
16:21think about it some more
16:23and think about it again
16:24because the overwhelming odds
16:26are you're making
16:28some kind of mistake.
16:29Over the course
16:30of the last five nights,
16:32we've talked about
16:33some of the most important
16:34questions about life
16:36and death.
16:37In effect,
16:38I've asked,
16:38why is death bad?
16:39But asking that question
16:40is another way
16:41of asking,
16:42why is life valuable?
16:44I've wondered about,
16:45we've wondered together
16:46about questions about
16:47why is it wrong
16:48to kill people?
16:49Why is it wrong
16:49to harm people?
16:51And of course,
16:52everything I've talked about
16:54is sufficiently complicated
16:55that there's much more
16:56that needs to be said.
16:57All I've done
16:58is scratch the surface.
17:00But these subjects,
17:01these questions
17:01are sufficiently important
17:03that I'm really grateful
17:04that you took the time
17:05to think about them
17:07with me
17:08and think through
17:10some of these questions.
17:11We only have one life
17:14and so it's really important
17:15to think about
17:16using that life
17:18properly and wisely.
17:22Thanks.
17:26We'll see you next time.
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