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Short filmTranscript
00:00yeah you can give it a crack if you want oh it's it's kicking oh wow have i lost it
00:14i am trying my best to bring in a shark i never thought i would say those words
00:21oh it's got to be a fight in it
00:22yeah this should be a juvenile bull shark which is
00:34big enough to bite me
00:37nico lubitz is a shark scientist we're 10 kilometers up the horton river in queensland
00:43on a mission to study of all the things baby bull sharks this is a nursery so all the babies live
00:51here for first three or four years of their life and then they'll slowly start moving out to the
00:57open ocean and is that normal for sharks to be able to go from salt to fresh for bull sharks it is
01:02so most other shark species can't do that there is a special shark especially adapted to this kind of
01:08environment the colors are phenomenal yeah they're beautiful aren't they okay so i will try and get
01:15down there in the mud which is obviously if you could just crock spot me we're catching them to
01:20gather important biological data that will help tell their life story oh my goodness all right now
01:27we just want to make it quick all right if you want to put one hand here yep you're all right little
01:33one she's powerful i can feel her power straight away oh still down you can tell i'm not a oh that's
01:40fine they don't really bite like that what they do but
01:43in a moment like this they're less likely to actually why are you tagging babies um i'm actually
01:51collecting genetic samples from the babies to look at relationships within river systems
01:57so we can actually relate them back to the big adults we're tracking off the coast and see
02:00where the females go to pub do you have any suspicions about where they go i do
02:06whoop that's all right live a big long life yeah she'll hopefully be back here and have her own
02:15babies in about 10 15 years time i'm physically shaking and it's not from fear i think it's just
02:24the adrenaline of what just happened i don't know but i can feel it going through my body it's like i've
02:30had many many soft drinks you're stuck chaotic chaotic but it feels both soft there's another rock
02:47as a nature journalist i spend a lot of my time observing wildlife from behind my binoculars
02:53in this series i'm getting up close and personal oh my god no matter how deadly the animal brilliant
03:08that's fantastic and it's not just for fun seeing animals like this is absolutely incredible
03:17i'll be joining scientists on location as they try to gain a deeper understanding of animals
03:23one we all think we know it's so adorable and this time it's sharks oh my god what bull sharks
03:35they're known to be aggressive and deadly look at the bull shark are you kidding me
03:46but bold new attempts to track them are revealing there may be a whole lot more to them than their bite
03:53i'm dr ann jones and things are about to get wild
04:15to help me understand the secret lives of bull sharks nico has invited me to join him on a trip to ghoul body
04:22or or orpheus island on the great barrier reef
04:29the underwater ecosystem here is super fertile making it the perfect place for adult bull sharks
04:36to live and hunt after they leave the protection of river systems
04:41look at this place eh it's like a stereotypical island paradise all i'm missing are the palm trees
04:52and it's giving like science meets white lotus you know where you think you're in paradise but
04:59there's danger beneath the surface and here that's the sharks and i am hoping to meet them face to face
05:07look them in the eye but it's not going to happen today because i need to go get settled in
05:16the accommodation turns out to be a bit more science school camp than white lotus
05:21all right this is home for the next week or so top or bottom
05:33not bad there's no downtime for me though
05:39because i've got to meet a team of shark experts and researchers who along with nico want to give me
05:46the low down on what i've got myself into so this is going to be the plan we have five days to catch
05:53an adult bull shark and there's a couple of spots i have in mind where we've had really good luck in
05:57the past one of them is hazard bay there's two big drop-offs there and we get really big animals patrolling
06:02the edges because it goes from a coral flat into sort of like a sponge bed bull sharks are incredibly hard
06:08to observe in the wild so to study them you have to catch them so we're using big hooks and big bats
06:15that's you you can see that we catch sharks that snap these in half yep some sharks out there just too
06:22big to catch so all right so what happens if we do get one i will be controlling the head so i'll be
06:30pulling on the rope and i'll be getting the shark next to the boat and that's where the rest of the
06:34team will come in so we have a uh a tail rope it's like a lasso almost we'll tie it off and then we
06:39can flip it belly up they sort of go into like a little sleep state it's called tonic immobility
06:46so that helps me too we need to get hands on so nico can perform surgery to insert a tracker
06:54that will map their movements this is one of the tracking devices that will go into the shark this will
06:59give us data for at least 10 years i'll make the tiniest little incision just so it fits this tag
07:04into the into the cavity of the shark so far nico and the team are tracking 708 individual sharks
07:13from 27 species so you say there's a bit of chance like is it going to be hard to find sharks
07:20not for us we've got the gun team on the job so they say that shark research is basically 95
07:28boredom and five percent absolute chaos holy moly this is going to be amazing
07:43the smell of fish bait has me up early to find shark wrangler megan and the rest of the crew loading
07:49up the boat good morning good morning how are you good i'm excited what can i do to help do you want
07:56to roll up this tape right we've got the tags most important part how are we looking ready to go
08:04yep all right some nice water starter sheets bolt cutters do we need the bolt cutters we do yes we'll
08:10need those ones that's how we uh free the sharks again with everything on board we've got a 20 minute
08:17commute out to our fishing grounds oh i love it here i'm going to be sad to go home so we're off to put
08:23our drum lines which are sort of like like rod but for big sharks we're going to set six baited drum lines
08:35about 150 meters apart each one has a tasty mullet attached to the white float
08:46and if we get a bite we should see it get pulled under
08:53but just in case we check them every 10 minutes
08:56bull sharks leave their river nurseries around the age of five when they're 1.4 meters long
09:09but the adults we're trying to find could be as big as four meters
09:15oh yeah something is nibbling
09:19suddenly a float completely submerges and it's action stations and it's time for me
09:28to get out of the way of the professionals
09:36tiger we got a tiger big tiger
09:41it looks big to me oh my god it might not be a bull shark but tiger sharks are another key
09:58predatory species they can reach five meters in length and weigh up to 600 kilograms making them
10:07nearly as big as great whites and almost as dangerous so definitely still worth studying
10:17she's so beautiful i want to assess where the hook sits this process is uncomfortable to witness
10:25but nico tells me that tiger sharks are resilient animals
10:28are you trying to get her into position so that we can then jump in yeah and grab any sort of finion
10:33yep are you ready yep that's your tail
10:42all right beautiful isn't she gorgeous
10:48when they're really young it's way more distinct
10:50as they grow up they lose that very distinct
10:55this one will have to flip her away from us
10:57the team must work as quickly as possible
11:02she's gone and to reduce stress they turn the shark upside down to put it into a sleep-like state
11:10and now hold her in tonic because then she'll go to sleep
11:14did you just add her belly oh my god
11:17i love doing that so this is a tiger shark okay
11:20yes this is a tiger shark not what we're after but still a really cool animal
11:27while it's thought that bull sharks travel up rivers to pup
11:31nothing is known about how tiger sharks give birth
11:34so the team collects samples that may help with their scientific mysteries
11:38and she gets id'd so i'll show you it looks kind of like a spaghetti we always call them spaghetti tags
11:47so that's our number one nine seven five and it's got our phone number on it and so someone give us
11:52can give us a ring if they manage to get this thing in sometimes we name our sharks so we're thinking
11:58maybe we can name this one ann i mean a feisty tiger that does sound like me doesn't it yeah
12:05then this one's ann all right
12:12that's all good wow loves it if you want to give her a pet
12:16see how smooth she is when you get in this direction oh you don't want to go the other
12:20direction yeah if you go the other it's really rough so in one direction she feels almost reptilian
12:27but in the other direction she feels like like the the coarsest sandpaper there is yeah she's awesome
12:34really cool animal after a moderately frenzied 10 minutes three two one it's time to release ann
12:44the shark not me
12:45that was the first time i felt that real
12:54punch of fear and i got a really good look at her teeth the teeth they use for shredding
13:00those ones yeah it's only through the skill of these scientists that they were able to keep her
13:05still enough to plant the tags to get the samples to do their job we spend another four hours on the
13:14water and while we catch everything from a scholar's hammerhead to a tawny nurse shark just watch
13:22she's swimming towards there's still no sign of a bull shark so tomorrow it's back out on the water
13:39none of the work the team are doing here would be possible without newly affordable technology
13:49and this morning bridget and shana want to show me its possibilities
13:52When they're not helping to catch bull sharks, they're studying their cousins, juvenile stingrays
14:01and reef sharks.
14:03A lot of the data that we have on these species uses acoustic tags and satellite tracking,
14:10which is really great for telling us big large-scale movements, but it means that you've got to
14:14actually tag those animals and you've got to capture them.
14:17So another way to collect a whole lot of data at a really fine scale is to use drones.
14:23Rayflex, I like to call it.
14:24Rayflex?
14:25Yeah.
14:26Oh, wee!
14:27Oh, that's so cool.
14:29It's like a flying bath mat.
14:33And so what's really cool about this is we can, for my research, I want to see when they're
14:37feeding and how long they're feeding for, which if you're tagging them, you don't get to see
14:42that.
14:43You can see where they're moving and when, but this allows you to see exactly when they're
14:47flying.
14:48So this guy here is a cow tail.
14:50So they come along and they kind of hover over the surface and they use these sensors
14:53to kind of find out where the prey is, almost like a metal detector.
14:56All those little critters that they're wanting to eat, they go in the mouth.
14:59Oh, that is so cool.
15:01So these rays are actually really important in nutrient cycling because of the way that
15:04they feed.
15:05So they're ecosystem engineers?
15:06Absolutely.
15:07Rayflex is compelling viewing, but given I'm right here, I want to see them with my own
15:15eyes.
15:16They said they were just here.
15:23Looks like one of those stealth aircrafts because black and flat.
15:27I'm edging up on it sideways as if I'm going to have to like yah or something.
15:31Hello.
15:32It's like, wow, they go really fast.
15:42Got scent of me or something and went, that is wild.
15:47I'm back out at the worryingly named Hazard Bay so that Nico can retrieve a part of his research
16:06toolkit.
16:07Yeah, watch that.
16:09We are 300 metres away and being in the water soon.
16:13It's a receiver that's been recording the acoustic pings of bull sharks cruising by.
16:20It's pretty close to it.
16:21It's about nine metres off and the float that we put in the water is about nine metres off
16:28too, so we should be pretty much on top of it.
16:31And the scary bit is we have to collect this device by hand.
16:35Jump in, dive down, retrieve it, come back up, job done.
16:40You make it sound easy.
16:41It sometimes is.
16:42All right.
16:43Well, he's hoping today's the day.
16:44Yes.
16:45All right.
16:46We got this.
16:55Conditions are, frankly, very sharky with milky low visibility and I have never felt more
17:05like a seal.
17:18Then, just as my nerves run out...
17:25Oh, my God!
17:33There's a network of over 400 of these listening stations along the east coast and it's revealing
17:41some curious behaviour in the 79 bull sharks that they're following.
17:51Nico has discovered they utilise their environment and resources in two different ways.
17:56So, what we've got here is two individuals that we've tagged roughly three and a half
18:02years ago.
18:03And this first one here, the large female, she's been what I would call a mover.
18:08Oh, wow.
18:09Look at her go!
18:10Only about six months after we tagged her, she was in Sydney where she spent the summertime.
18:16And then when the water started getting colder again, she just sprinted back up the coast
18:21and ended up back here.
18:23She basically hugs the east coast of Australia going back up and down and up and down.
18:30So, some bull sharks travel thousands of kilometres but there are others that are way less adventurous.
18:36For the last three and a half years, all she's been doing has been moving between Townsville,
18:40Magnetic Island, the Palm Islands, Hinchinbrook and Mission Beach.
18:43Oh, wow.
18:44She's really local.
18:46To try and understand the reason why some sharks migrate and some stay put, Nico looked
18:53at the genetic samples taken from ocean-going adults and the babies upriver.
18:57So, we can actually genetically link them.
19:01And so far it appears that animals that are born in Queensland and pup in Queensland, or
19:06northern Queensland I should say, in the tropics here, that they are less mobile than animals
19:11that are born or originate from like central northern New South Wales, southern Queensland
19:16where there's more climate variation or more temperature variation over the year, so summer
19:21versus winter.
19:23It seems that southern-born bull sharks travel north when the winter water temperatures drop
19:29below 19 degrees.
19:31It surprises me sort of how I can equate this to some human behaviour because there's the
19:37grey nomads, right?
19:38Oh, yeah.
19:39They are.
19:40That like live in the southern parts of Australia, perhaps reproduce in the southern parts of Australia,
19:45but every single winter they want to come up to the north to eat lots of bananas and
19:49pineapples and whatnot.
19:50Fair enough.
19:51They want to get a piece of paradise?
19:52They want to get a piece of paradise.
19:53But then there's people who are born, raised up here, never leave, never want to leave.
19:57They're going to fish here for the rest of their goddamn life.
20:00That's it.
20:01Understanding how bull sharks use our coastal waters can help us avoid run-ins with their
20:08toothy ends.
20:09What sort of other things can these tracking devices actually tell you?
20:14So they can tell us residency times.
20:15When are they more likely to occur around beaches or other places that people use?
20:20What are areas that maybe should be avoided at certain times of the year in terms of swimming
20:24because there's more bull shark activity than at other times of the year?
20:29And this kind of knowledge is increasingly important as climate change warms the oceans.
20:35So their thermal tolerance as it's getting warmer and warmer further south, they're going
20:40further south.
20:41Yeah.
20:42So they can potentially in the future explore new territories that they haven't in the past.
20:48For example, we know that the Hawkesbury River just north of Sydney never really used to
20:52have any juvenile bull sharks in it.
20:54But more and more we see that there's juvenile bull sharks popping up in that river system.
20:58So females actually go into the river and start popping in there.
21:01Yeah.
21:02And that's one of the reasons why they're of interest, right?
21:04Because they like to use the same habitat that we like to use.
21:07Yeah.
21:08And that means that we come into contact with each other.
21:10And sometimes that ends poorly for humans and sometimes that ends poorly for sharks.
21:17So acoustic trackers are proving to be a vital tool in both shark conservation and keeping
21:24us safe, which is why we're hoping to tag more bull sharks.
21:30If we ever catch one.
21:44Suddenly, we're on.
21:58All right.
21:59Nice.
22:00Getting really wet.
22:01Oh my goodness.
22:02Holy moly.
22:03That's a big bull shark.
22:04Sorry.
22:05Oh my God.
22:06My face just flashed a little bit.
22:07She's pretty angry.
22:08Yep.
22:09I think she's going to be a bit of a handful.
22:10Yep.
22:11That's it.
22:12That's it.
22:13That's it.
22:14That's it.
22:15That's it.
22:16That's it.
22:17That's it.
22:18That's it.
22:19That's it.
22:20That's it.
22:21That's it.
22:22That's it.
22:23That's it.
22:24That's it.
22:25That's it.
22:26That's it.
22:27That's it.
22:28That's it.
22:29That's it.
22:30That's it, that's it.
22:31Right there.
22:32Right there.
22:33Go, go.
22:34Get it on.
22:35That's going to be your only chance.
22:36Get it on.
22:37No, I haven't got it.
22:39Quick.
22:40It's...
22:43Come on.
22:44Let's just get around this.
22:46Come on.
22:47Tight.
22:48Go.
22:49Nice.
22:50Well done.
22:51OK.
22:52I'm going to hold her this way.
22:55OK?
22:56A blunt snout and white underbelly are a dead giveaway as the team flip this 200 kilograms
23:03of pure muscle.
23:04Yep.
23:05It's got to be a heavy one.
23:06I know.
23:07So please go fast.
23:08Yep.
23:09Scalpel?
23:10Yep.
23:11We have caught a huge female bull shark and it seems like she might be pregnant.
23:17She looks absolutely bulbous from this angle, doesn't she?
23:20Yeah.
23:21Yeah, she does.
23:22And she feels...
23:23You're going to be a mum soon.
23:25Yeah.
23:26Probably not for the first time.
23:27You might have done that for a second there.
23:29If she is expecting, that would make her at least 15 years old and ideal to track.
23:35Right.
23:36Making the incision.
23:37So, Nico gets to work performing surgery to insert the acoustic transmitter.
23:42All right.
23:43Mortis for her.
23:44She's not quite large enough.
23:45Yep.
23:46Threw up the tag.
23:47All right.
23:4851416.
23:49All right.
23:50Tag's going in.
23:51Beautiful.
23:52It's like super emotional to see the shark but not for the reason you think it is.
24:07You would think you would be scared but actually she looks so helpless right now.
24:13It makes me tear up.
24:18Yep.
24:19Okay, let go.
24:20Pull out.
24:21Nice.
24:22Better?
24:23Yep.
24:24To dig deeper into bull shark hunting habits, Nico has also tracked one of their favourite
24:28prey, giant trevelli.
24:30And the interesting thing is that at a specific reef, when we get the first detections usually
24:37around October time of the prey fish, because they all aggregate to spawn, bull sharks that
24:42were a month ago, a thousand kilometres to the south, they ping in on the exact same day
24:46as the first prey fish that we've tagged as well.
24:49So the sharks know exactly when to rock up at that particular reef on the day that the
24:54prey arrives.
24:55That's awesome.
24:56So they're using all their amazing sensorial abilities to bring together the information
25:01to make strategic choices in terms of where they're going and why.
25:06Yep.
25:07So perhaps they're more than opportunistic killers.
25:13And that's not the only finding overturning our common understanding of bull sharks.
25:19Genetic samples have revealed possible family dynamics between an adult brother and sister.
25:26When we looked at the tracking data afterwards, both of them were migrating thousands of kilometres,
25:31but we caught them within two weeks of each other in the same area.
25:34Which, it may have been a coincidence, but it's interesting that they're full siblings,
25:38and thinking about the whole east coast and how many bull sharks there are to actually
25:42catch full siblings is rather interesting.
25:44I mean, that sort of brings out a potential different side of a bull shark, right?
25:48It does, yes.
25:49Because, like, bull sharks have this sort of reputation as being bullish, literally, like
25:54being, you know, punching through the water and taking prey and being vicious.
25:57But this, like, says that they could be like elements of familial relationships that occur in a social way.
26:05Yeah.
26:06Yeah.
26:07It might be that they're sort of honing in on each other as siblings because it's a familiar individual.
26:13You were literally born with it at the same time, right?
26:15But, unfortunately, it's just a bit of a theory.
26:18Another one of the mysteries.
26:19That's it.
26:20Yeah!
26:21Oh!
26:22Oh!
26:23Got it.
26:24No, I got it.
26:25That's alright.
26:26Do you want to take a genetics sample?
26:27Uh, okay.
26:28And that way we can try and figure out if she is related to any of the babies in the river system
26:32that we sampled before.
26:33Just going to do a snippy?
26:34Yeah.
26:35Just hold onto it.
26:36Hold it.
26:37And then...
26:38Yep.
26:39Like that.
26:40Perfect.
26:41That's it.
26:42Oh, God, it's...
26:43Yeah, that's it.
26:44Beautiful.
26:45The shark is showing signs of getting tired.
26:48The external tag number is one, nine, eight, two.
26:51My arm is under the boat.
26:53So the team must work quickly to finish up.
26:56External tag.
26:58Pull it tight.
26:59Hold on.
27:00Yep.
27:01You guys do the measurements.
27:02I'll do the head.
27:03Push the fin down.
27:04Yep.
27:05Yep.
27:06Two metres, fifty, three.
27:07Two, five, three.
27:08That is big.
27:0913 centimetres longer than the average female.
27:10Are you ready?
27:11I'm ready.
27:12Say three, two, one, please.
27:13Three, two, one.
27:14Three, two, one.
27:15Three, two, three.
27:16Two, five, three.
27:17That is big.
27:1813 centimetres longer than the average female.
27:21Are you ready?
27:22I'm ready.
27:23Say three, two, one, please.
27:24Three, two, one.
27:25Three, two, one.
27:26Yes.
27:27Nice.
27:28There she is.
27:29There she is.
27:30There she is.
27:35Come on, please.
27:36I'm sorry.
27:39With our adrenaline subsiding, I'm curious about how this team feels.
27:46What was that like for you guys in particular, like, who haven't done this as much like me?
27:52What was that like?
27:53Um, well, I feel like it's hard to predict the movements of the sharks.
27:59I mean, these two have done so many sharks now that they can kind of read the behaviour.
28:06Um, I was just scared I was going to get a tail to the face the whole time.
28:11Yeah, she did look like she was going to flipper flapper you.
28:13Yes, yes.
28:14I think every single time we get a shark, you know, your heart just kind of starts to raise.
28:18It's like, wow.
28:19Yeah.
28:20This is amazing.
28:21To see them that close as well, you just get a new perspective on them.
28:24Because you think of like a shark normally, it's like this, the perception is like this
28:28big menacing, man-eating thing.
28:30But to see them that close, you see they're actually, you know, like you said earlier,
28:34they are vulnerable.
28:40I've learned to see bull sharks in a whole new light.
28:47What a privilege it's been to experience their life journey from vulnerable river babies to huge monster mamas in just one week.
28:59I think the thing with these big adaptable animals is that we underestimate how complicated their lives actually are.
29:10Okay, of course, they're called bull sharks, right?
29:13So they are really big and they are really robust.
29:17Their lives have more nuance than their name gives away.
29:22And sure, we may never be the best of mates, but I think that they deserve a relationship with more respect and less hyperbole.
29:32And the only way we are going to achieve that is by truly understanding the secret lives of sharks.
29:45She's huge.
29:46She is huge.
29:47Next time, it's sea snakes.
29:50Be accepted them away.
29:55Each player can access them its stomach.
29:57Your house willと思って.
30:00Teach them.
30:02Meet.
30:03Used in the universe.
30:05Are they they have any
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