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Documentary, Greeks Romans Vikings The Founders Of Europe Part 1- The Greeks
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00:00We owe much to the ancient Greeks, from the invention of democracy, to citizens' participation in government, to the Olympic Games.
00:13The Greeks laid the foundations of science and created Western drama.
00:23The Romans conquered and unified Europe.
00:26Their greatest achievements lay in administration, infrastructure, and above all, their system of law.
00:38The Vikings stormed onto the world stage as raiders from the sea, but they went on to build a vast network of trade, and they were the first to discover America.
00:50Between them, these three peoples were the founders of Europe.
00:56Our journey into the past takes us first to ancient Greece, known to this day as the Cradle of Europe.
01:12The land of the Greeks.
01:13A Mediterranean world of ancient temples, of countless gods carved in gleaming marble, of mountain villages perched above rugged coastlines.
01:24Scattered over the sea are the Greek islands.
01:25Scattered over the sea are the Greek islands.
01:27Many are bare and uninhabited.
01:29But on the mainland, there are huge olive groves.
01:30But on the mainland, there are huge olive groves.
01:34In the cool of the mountains, there are oak forests and even fir trees.
01:35In the cool of the mountains, there are oak forests and even fir trees.
01:37It was in this land almost 3,000 years ago.
01:38It was in this land, almost 3,000 years ago.
01:39It was in this land, almost 3,000 years ago.
01:40That the history of the Greeks began.
01:43Scattered over the sea are the Greek islands.
01:46Many are bare and uninhabited.
01:47But on the mainland, there are huge olive groves.
01:56In the cool of the mountains, there are oak forests and even fir trees.
02:03It was in this land almost 3,000 years ago that the history of the Greeks began,
02:10with a hundred city-states in the eastern Mediterranean.
02:16The mini-empires were constantly fighting.
02:20Bloody battles were commonplace.
02:24They were united only by their language and their gods,
02:28who were believed to live high on Mount Olympus.
02:33From there, they intervened in human affairs as they pleased.
02:44The Greeks had many gods,
02:46but only the 12 most important dwelt on Mount Olympus,
02:50where they lived as a single, large family.
02:54The Greeks portrayed them as ideal human beings.
02:58Their features are noble and regular.
03:01They are tall, slim and well-proportioned.
03:10But ideal as they might appear,
03:12in their natures the gods of Greece were all too human.
03:16Their stories are shot through with intrigue, envy and cunning.
03:20The Greek gods are completely different than we imagine them.
03:29They are not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-gegen-wärtig.
03:34But they were also feared,
03:36especially when playing the Greek gods.
03:37They are not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish.
03:41They are not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish, not all-wish.
03:48But they were also feared,
03:50especially when playing the game of destiny.
03:53The most colourful figure was Zeus, known as the father of the gods and famous for his love affairs.
03:59His sister, Demeter, both a virgin and a mother, governed fertility and the harvest.
04:06Her moody brother, the sea god, Poseidon,
04:08he was a father of the gods.
04:09But they were also feared,
04:11especially when playing the game of destiny.
04:14The most colourful figure was Zeus,
04:16known as the father of the gods and famous for his love affairs.
04:20His sister, Demeter, both a virgin and a mother,
04:23governed fertility and the harvest.
04:26His moody brother, the sea god, Poseidon, enjoyed sinking ships.
04:32Athena, born fully armoured from the head of Zeus,
04:35stood for wisdom and war.
04:38Beautiful Aphrodite looked after love.
04:41She was married, but rarely faithful.
04:46Dionysus drove away sorrow.
04:48He loved wine and ecstatic festivals.
04:52And finally, Apollo, responsible for all kinds of things,
04:57but most of all for the oracle of Delphi.
05:03It was unwise to do anything in ancient Greece without consulting the gods,
05:08ideally at the so-called navel of the world, Delphi.
05:12The complex of temples at Delphi surrounded the most influential oracle of the Greek world.
05:22Thousands of pilgrims made their way to Delphi,
05:27taking with them animals for sacrifice,
05:29for all knew that the oracle required a precious sacrificial gift.
05:34Many ordinary people made the journey in the hope that fate would decide in their favour.
05:55And kings, from Croesus to Alexander the Great, anxiously awaited the right prophecy.
06:04Success or failure, to go to war or not, victory or defeat,
06:10it all lay with the pronouncements of the oracle.
06:13Lässt uns mal los.
06:16Wir waren wirklich die Ersten.
06:19Ich bin es, Mimis.
06:21Wisst ihr noch?
06:22Danke.
06:23Tretet auf.
06:37Habt ihr die Geschenke für das oracle?
06:39Ja, natürlich.
06:43The words of the oracle were delivered by the Pythia,
06:46a priestess inspired by Apollo.
06:53Pilgrims were not permitted to address the Pythia directly.
06:56They submitted their questions to the priests,
06:59who then passed them on to her.
07:04The rite took place behind closed doors.
07:09No one has ever discovered exactly what went on in the inner sanctum.
07:20According to tradition, the Pythia fell into a deep trance.
07:28Only when she had reached delirium could she receive the messages of the gods.
07:33When the priestess finally proclaimed the oracle, her words sounded confused, as if she were intoxicated.
07:48There has long been speculation as to how the Pythia entered her trance.
07:52One explanation is that she breathed in methane and carbon monoxide that issued from fishes in the ground.
08:00Inhaling these gases can deprive the brain of oxygen.
08:03mimic the oxymocYn.
08:08The Pythia suggests that the sagtens all those maybe some stars ...
08:14as if the gods are evaporated out from the vierge of their andes all the CRAW ...
08:23So the priests were the real authority, they were powerful men who ran the Delphic Oracle
08:52as a lucrative business.
08:56Könnt ihr uns mitteilen, was sie gesagt hat?
08:59Es ist schwer, die Worte der Götter zu deuten.
09:02Aber irgendwas könnt ihr uns doch sagen, oder?
09:04Apollon ist euch und euren Plänen sehr wohl gesonnen.
09:07Und für eure Großzügigkeit, so viel kann ich sagen, wird er euch reich belohnen.
09:12Die Priester hatten ihre Macht durch das Wissen, denn sie hatten in der ganzen Welt ihre Leute geschickt.
09:38Und sie haben Informationen bekommen, was in der dicken Welt passiert ist.
09:43Und als die Leute hierher gekommen sind und sie haben eine Frage gestellt,
09:46dann wussten die Priester Bescheid, was für eine Antwort sie geben sollten.
09:52Und die Leute, die hierher gekommen sind, sie haben Geld geschickt.
09:55Und so haben die Priester dieses Geld verwaltet.
09:59Und sie haben dann in solchen Schatzhäusern gelagert.
10:03Und diese Schatzhäuser und überhaupt das Geld, was in Delphic hineingeflossen ist,
10:08haben sie wie eine moderne Bank verwaltet und sie haben auch Geld verliehen.
10:13Und so sind die Priester zu dieser großen Macht gekommen.
10:18It could even be said that the priests were running Greece's largest financial center.
10:23The two most important Delphic principles, know thyself and nothing in excess,
10:33are said to have been carved above the porch of the temple.
10:37However, the most important thing of all was to have the unpredictable gods on your side.
10:43Even the powerful city of Athens deposited its votive offerings in Delphi.
10:51The other city-states also entrusted their earnings to the sanctuary of Apollo.
10:57The faraway Greek colonies were largely independent,
11:00but probably had oracles and treasure houses of their own.
11:05For centuries, the Greek temples and treasure houses cast their spell on artists, architects and poets.
11:13Today, they attract visitors from all over the world.
11:19Two of the most famous are the Temple of Hera in Sicily
11:23and the Temple of Poseidon not far from Athens.
11:31While most ancient Greeks believed in their mythology and the will of the gods,
11:36Greek scholars were open to other explanations of the world.
11:40They tried to understand the world by reflecting upon it.
11:48The first step was a thorough observation of nature.
11:54Greek researchers drew conclusions from the mating behavior of bees
11:58or measured the circumference of the earth with instruments of their own devising.
12:03The Greeks designed a water clock,
12:12even if only to regulate the speaking time of politicians.
12:25They built equipment such as a machine for drawing lots
12:29for the allocation of official positions.
12:32The scholars were no longer satisfied with stories of the gods.
12:37They wanted to identify cause and effect
12:39and to record them as laws.
12:46These inquiring minds called themselves philosophers,
12:51friends of wisdom.
12:52They are regarded as the founders of science.
12:57From the 6th century BC onward,
13:00their will to understand spread through all of Greece.
13:06Schools of philosophy,
13:08the forerunners of today's research centers,
13:10sprang up like temples of learning.
13:12In the 16th century,
13:20Rome returned to the ideas of antiquity.
13:24Pope Julius II celebrated the great philosophers
13:26in a fresco,
13:28Raphael's School of Athens.
13:32One of them is Socrates,
13:34who tormented the Athenians with uncomfortable questions
13:38and declared,
13:39I know that I know nothing.
13:42White-bearded Plato
13:44established the world's first school of philosophy.
13:48Its central concern was the search for truth.
13:51Beside him is his pupil, Aristotle,
13:53who invented systematic logic.
13:59Then there's Diogenes,
14:01famous even though little is known of him.
14:07And the great Archimedes,
14:09already famous during his lifetime,
14:12for his scientific ingenuity.
14:18Archimedes' reputation won him
14:21a very special assignment.
14:23He had to discover whether a royal crown
14:25was made of pure gold
14:27or had been alloyed with some cheaper metal.
14:29It was a challenging task,
14:35as the precious crown could not be damaged in any way.
14:45The idea that saved Archimedes
14:47came to him in the bath.
14:51The tub was full
14:52and when he got in,
14:54it began to overflow.
14:55Archimedes realized that the volume of the water
15:08that had overflowed
15:09corresponded approximately to the volume of his own body.
15:17He concluded that the volume of bodies
15:20and even their density
15:21could be calculated
15:22by the volume of water they displaced.
15:30He realized that he could use the water method
15:33to determine mathematically
15:34whether or not the crown
15:36was of pure gold.
15:38He observed that an object
15:42with a density lower than that of water
15:44displaced more liquid
15:46than an object with a higher density.
15:49The comparison only worked, however,
15:51if the two objects were of the same weight.
15:56It is said that Archimedes
15:58was so delighted by his discovery
16:00that he cried,
16:01Eureka!
16:02I found it
16:03and ran out
16:04naked into the street.
16:08So Archimedes took the crown
16:10and a lump of pure gold
16:13of the same weight.
16:14If the crown was of pure gold,
16:16it would displace
16:18the same amount of water
16:19as the lump of gold.
16:21However,
16:22the crown displaced far more,
16:24proving it was not pure gold.
16:26This was not the only problem
16:30solved by the ingenious Archimedes.
16:33To this day,
16:33he is regarded
16:34as one of the best minds of all time
16:36and his Archimedean principle
16:38still stands.
16:42His fellow scholars
16:43were not to be outdone.
16:45They designed the first world map
16:47with longitude and latitude.
16:49They discovered
16:55that the Earth is a sphere
16:57and Ptolemy calculated
16:59the movement of the planets
17:01and other celestial bodies
17:02in relation to it.
17:04The list also includes
17:06the first steam-powered machine
17:07and the invention
17:09of the water pump.
17:11In addition,
17:12the Greeks developed equipment
17:14such as the catapult
17:15and protective vests
17:17for their soldiers.
17:20Archimedes formulated
17:21the law of the lever,
17:23laying the foundations
17:24for the development
17:25of mechanics.
17:27We even owe disciplines
17:29such as geometry and algebra
17:31to the friends of wisdom.
17:36Without the great scholars
17:38of antiquity
17:39and their observations,
17:41calculations,
17:42and discoveries,
17:43much of what we now take
17:45for granted
17:45would not exist.
17:46perhaps there would never
17:49have been domes
17:51on top of churches.
17:53There would be no explanation
17:55of the building blocks
17:56of the Earth
17:57or any nuclear research.
18:01The Industrial Revolution
18:03at the beginning
18:03of the 19th century
18:04might never have happened.
18:08Ocean liners
18:09might have remained a dream.
18:10In the 6th century BC,
18:17a reform was implemented
18:19in Athens
18:19that would radically change
18:21the lives of the Greeks.
18:25An estimated 80,000 Athenians
18:28witnessed a political revolution.
18:32The city-state was in crisis.
18:35The ordinary people
18:36had revolted against the king
18:37and the nobles.
18:39They wanted a say
18:40in all important decisions.
18:42It was the birth
18:43of the public assembly.
18:47Every citizen of Athens
18:49could participate.
18:51Or almost everyone.
18:53Only men aged 18 and over
18:55were permitted.
18:56There was almost always a crowd.
19:00The poor received a daily payment
19:02for attending
19:03so that they too
19:04could have their say.
19:07The citizens of Athens
19:23met once a month
19:24in a square
19:24near the Acropolis
19:25to engage in politics.
19:30Agapethos, my friend.
19:32But it was time.
19:33Yes, I had to do it.
19:38This monthly people's assembly
19:40was the first of its kind
19:42in the history of the world.
19:45Its introduction marked
19:46the beginning of a new system.
19:49Democracy.
19:52Symbols of the new system
19:54were Harmodius and Aristogiton,
19:57two Athenians
19:58who assassinated
19:59the tyrant Hipparchos.
20:00It was quite different
20:03in powerful Egypt
20:05and the ancient East.
20:06Their rulers continued
20:08to represent themselves
20:09as gods.
20:12The law was always
20:14on the side
20:14of the despots.
20:18Their people had few rights
20:20but still had to give
20:21their lives in battle.
20:25It may be surprising
20:26that democracy was born
20:28from such a crisis.
20:36At first the Greeks
20:37fought only one another
20:38but then they had
20:40to defend themselves
20:41against the Persians.
20:43Every man was needed
20:44in the battle
20:45against the foreign invader.
20:48All those who were fit
20:49to fight,
20:49from the nobles
20:50to the peasants,
20:51joined the army.
20:52The armies of the city-states
20:56had thousands
20:57upon thousands of men.
20:59Rich and poor
21:00fought in closed ranks
21:01shoulder to shoulder
21:02for their country's independence.
21:08In addition,
21:09Athens built a new navy.
21:12Its thousands of rowers
21:13came from among the poor.
21:17Together the Greeks
21:18were strong.
21:20They defeated the Persians
21:21in two decisive battles.
21:23Marathon on land
21:24and Salamis at sea.
21:27The victories boosted
21:28the growth
21:28of Athenian democracy.
21:30Having risked their lives
21:31constantly for the state,
21:33the poorest citizens
21:34insisted on their right
21:36to a say
21:37in its direction.
21:39Everyone who fought,
21:40whether peasant
21:41or day labourer,
21:42noble or ordinary citizen,
21:44wanted to play his part.
21:47By the early 5th century BC,
21:49democracy was firmly established.
21:51St. Athens.
21:56In this way,
21:57they created a good
22:00hypothesis,
22:01a good basis
22:01for the creation
22:02of democracy.
22:04From there,
22:05there were also
22:06the foreign political experiences
22:09that the different citizens
22:10had in different Greek cities,
22:15which in any case
22:15were very different.
22:17Athens, for example,
22:18is a different experience.
22:21The word democracy means rule of the people.
22:25But in Athenian democracy, the people meant adult male citizens.
22:31Women, children, slaves and foreigners had no part in it.
22:38The wealthy nobles had the greatest political influence.
22:42The second and third classes, merchants, tradesmen and wealthy farmers, provided the lower ranking officials.
22:48The fourth class was made up of day laborers, but all classes could participate in the public assembly.
22:58We are in the area of the elections of the Athenian Church of the municipality.
23:05We see the slope of the speakers, on the floor of Pnikas.
23:11In fact, this was the place where the Athenian democracy made its decision.
23:18Ah, da kommt er.
23:28Bürger von Athen!
23:34Wir wissen alle, dass unsere Flotte die größte und stärkste der Welt ist.
23:43Und das ist auch gut so!
23:47Und doch ist unser Frieden ständig in Gefahr.
23:50Was, wenn uns eines Tages der freie Zugang zu unserem Hafen abgeschnitten wird?
23:56Es ist höchste Zeit, eine Schutzmauer zu errichten.
23:59Von Athen bis nach Pireus.
24:01It's easy to say! And who should all this pay?
24:05Listen to it! The Reichs will be paid extra for the wall!
24:31They were the leaders of the municipality, who led the people.
24:35This had a positive meaning.
24:37Later, the Republic of the Republic had a negative meaning,
24:41because they could lead the people in the wrong decisions,
24:45according to their own and not the real legal concerns.
24:51Bürger von Athen! Ich frage euch!
24:55Wollt ihr wie bisher in Wohlstand leben und unseren Feinden trotzen?
25:02Dann stimmt alle dafür, die Schutzmauer zu bauen!
25:06Sagt Ja! Sagt Ja! Sagt einfach Ja!
25:14Will noch jemand was dazu sagen? Jetzt ist die Zeit!
25:18Er möge nach vorne kommen und hier zu uns allen sprechen!
25:26Nun hört gut zu!
25:29Wer gegen den Bau der Mauer ist und gegen den Vorschlag des Helenos, der hebe die Hand!
25:40Und wer für den Vorschlag ist, der hebe jetzt die Hand!
25:47In the end, it was the little man's vote that counted.
25:50Laws were passed or rejected by majority vote,
25:54and the common people were always in the majority.
25:57Das Ergebnis ist klar!
26:00Damit ist es beschlossen!
26:02Die Mauer wird gebaut!
26:04Only the rich paid special taxes.
26:08The idea of fleeing to a tax haven would never have occurred to them.
26:11No state prior to Greece left so many tablets inscribed with laws.
26:17There are thousands of decrees etched in stone.
26:21The fragments record all kinds of decisions.
26:24Building projects, whether to go to war,
26:26whether to spend money on a celebration.
26:28Building projects, whether to go to war, whether to spend money on a celebration.
26:34In this style, there are the most important ones
26:38from the Athenian Churches of the municipality.
26:41These are usually based on the surface and specific areas,
26:45such as the Acropolis or the ancient market.
26:48In this style, there are two pages
26:51which are defined by the participants of the participation parties
26:58and the processes,
27:00which are defined by the participants
27:02in which the participants will receive the money from the Athenian.
27:06In the last section of the Anaglyphalus
27:09there are also the Aegean and Saki
27:13which were obviously in which there were the money.
27:17It is a symbol of the money that they have spent.
27:21Many of the decrees related to tax.
27:26The word foroi, tax, often appears on the inscriptions,
27:31but the taxes were levied only when necessary as a one-off payment.
27:36When the assembly voted for a law, it took effect immediately,
27:41and everyone could read it on the stilis.
27:44For example, in the agora.
27:46The illiterate could ask a reader appointed by the city
27:49to read the new decrees aloud.
27:54Official positions were allocated by lot.
27:57No particular qualifications were required to become a market policeman,
28:01a pistolence commissioner or a judge,
28:04but candidates needed an impeccable reputation and a little luck.
28:10Leonidas Linus, du bist gebet!
28:14And here we have Gregorius Panakos.
28:29And also Galamis is here with him.
28:33For drawing lots, the Greeks invented a voting machine.
28:40There were two machines at each entrance to the place of assembly.
28:47On the front of the machine, there were five columns of slots.
28:51Each column was assigned a letter of the alphabet,
28:54with the letter corresponding to a group of candidates.
29:04Tokens bearing candidates' names were placed in the column for their group.
29:11White and black balls were then dropped into the voting machine.
29:15If a white ball fell at the foot of the column,
29:17that group was elected.
29:19A black ball meant not elected.
29:22Not elected.
29:26The closing was a fundamental meaning
29:30and the beginning of the Athenian democracy.
29:35It started from the impression
29:37that all Athenian citizens
29:39should have the same possibilities
29:43in terms of a minority,
29:46to apply public positions
29:48except for special positions such as the strategist.
29:51For this reason,
29:53the special machines,
29:55which you will see,
29:57and in this way,
29:58they were punished
30:00in the circumstances of the exemption.
30:03It would not be able
30:04for someone who participated
30:06to participate in a court
30:07to know
30:08much before
30:09where the court would come
30:11so that it would be
30:12to be understood
30:13in which direction it would be.
30:18The rulers of Rome
30:19did not think very highly
30:20of the Athenian model.
30:22Later,
30:23absolute European monarchs
30:25rejected any participation
30:27of the people
30:28in their government.
30:31In Germany and in France,
30:32the people had to fight
30:33for their rights for centuries.
30:35for centuries.
30:40With the French Revolution,
30:41democracy finally returned
30:43to continental Europe.
30:51Women have had the right to vote
30:52since the early 20th century.
30:56The right of the people
30:57to participate in government
30:58is now a basic principle
31:00throughout the Western world.
31:07But in ancient Greece,
31:08the precondition for participation
31:10in politics
31:11was to be a good warrior.
31:13For young men,
31:14physical fitness
31:15was compulsory.
31:16Although they learned
31:23a little rhetoric
31:24and grammar
31:25in the schools,
31:26boys,
31:27to sport,
31:28they performed it naked
31:29in Greek,
31:30gymnos.
31:35Thus,
31:36the word gymnasium
31:37means literally
31:38naked place.
31:39The demands on the boys
31:40were extremely high.
31:42Those who showed talent
31:43during training
31:44were given special assistance
31:45to help them compete
31:46in the main sporting events.
31:50It was one of the principal aims
31:51of the Greeks
31:52to have a well-schooled body.
31:54They were the first people
31:55to revere the proportions
31:57of the human body
31:58and to record them in stone.
32:00The first people
32:01to revere the proportions
32:02of the human body
32:03and to record them in stone.
32:05They were the first people
32:06to revere the proportions
32:07of the human body
32:08and hold them in stone.
32:14For the first time,
32:15statues looked like
32:16flesh and blood
32:17human beings.
32:22The flawlessness
32:23of Greek sculpture
32:24sets the aesthetic
32:25standard to this day.
32:34The Renaissance
32:35took up the Greek ideal
32:36once more,
32:37creating fresh masterpieces.
32:47However, the artists
32:48of the Renaissance
32:49were more concerned
32:50with the perfect representation
32:51of human anatomy
32:52than they were
32:53with developing
32:54a perfect body.
32:58Few Renaissance men
32:59ever subjected
33:00their own bodies
33:01to hard training.
33:02The Greek
33:06Greek plastic
33:07takes place
33:08the human body
33:09to the human body.
33:10The human body
33:11can show God
33:12to show the athletes
33:13to show the
33:14He is not
33:15the
33:16the
33:17the
33:18the
33:19the
33:20the
33:21the
33:22the
33:23the
33:24the
33:25the
33:26the
33:27the
33:28the
33:29the
33:30the
33:33the
33:34the
33:35the
33:36the
33:38the
33:39A few people today are as disciplined in their training as the ancient Greeks were.
33:52It was very different for the youth of Greece.
33:55If they were not training for war, they were training for athletic competition.
34:04There were around 300 events spread over the year.
34:09Everyone who took part did so to win.
34:15Victory brought cash prizes and helped in one's career.
34:22All of the Greek sporting disciplines survive today.
34:30The discus was there from the beginning, as well as the javelin.
34:34Both require strength and a sophisticated technique.
34:39The Greeks also pioneered boxing, although the rules are now much stricter.
34:51And in running, all that matters in the 21st century is world records.
34:56The Greeks' greatest sporting event, the Olympic Games, was held every four years in the sanctuary of Olympia.
35:06Messengers toured all of Greece to announce the beginning of the Games.
35:10All the city-states, even avowed enemies, were invited, and all fighting had to stop.
35:20During the Games, a truce, the Olympic Peace, prevailed throughout the Greek world.
35:26Tens of thousands attended the spectacle.
35:30It was originally dedicated to Zeus.
35:36Gymnasiums were made available so that competitors could train during the Games.
35:40The athletes were to lack for nothing.
35:43For then, as now, they were idolized.
35:46Those who won received the Laurel Crown and eternal glory.
35:52One legend was Milo of Croton, also known as Fatso.
36:02He was a wrestler who devoured eight kilos of meat per day.
36:07Theogenes, a boxer, notched up 1,300 victories.
36:15His statue was said to have healing powers.
36:20And the notorious wrestler, Arachion.
36:23Even as he lay dying, he dislocated his adversary's toe.
36:30Even some of the losers are remembered.
36:32Apollonius arrived too late and was not allowed to compete.
36:37Eupollos was found to be corrupt.
36:40And another Theogenes was punished for boring the spectators.
36:49By the 5th century AD, the Olympics had faded away.
36:55The Christian Emperor, Theodosius, banned pagan religions.
36:58And Olympia itself disappeared.
37:01First beneath a city, and then under metres of rubble.
37:10It was not until the late 19th century that archaeologists uncovered the ruins.
37:16Once again, Olympia was on everyone's lips.
37:20In 1896, the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens.
37:24Very soon, women were allowed to compete.
37:30Later, black athletes were also admitted.
37:37It is impossible to imagine the globalised world of the 21st century without the Olympic Games.
37:42Regardless of which country hosts them, they are seen as a universal symbol of peace and international understanding.
37:54An equally important legacy is the theatre.
37:57Even if today's theatre is less popular with the mass audience.
38:00In ancient Greece, every little town was proud to have a theatre of its own.
38:06The theatre of the park is based on the Buddhist art of the Buddhist.
38:19In the world of the Buddhist fervent street art.
38:22The theatre is also the Buddhist art of the Buddhist art.
38:26In Greek drama, there were strict performance rules, and each play was performed only once.
38:45On the stage, there were only three actors, all of them men.
38:50They wore masks to play different parts, the old, the young, and, of course, women.
38:57What counted was the grand gesture, a loud voice, and good diction.
39:04There was also a chorus, which moved the story forward and explained its background.
39:18But most important of all were the patron, a nobleman who paid for the production,
39:23and, of course, the playwright.
39:28Sagt es doch mal!
39:30Ah, Euripides. Euer neues Stück scheint wieder spektakulär zu werden.
39:36Ja, natürlich.
39:37Wenn ich an eure letzten Stücke denke, ich möchte eure große Arbeit nicht anzweifeln, aber...
39:43Sag nur, was ihr denkt.
39:45Ich verstehe nicht, warum am Ende immer alle sterben müssen.
39:48Es ist eine Tragödie, deshalb.
39:50Das Amüsantes, Leichtes wäre doch auch mal schön.
39:54Etwas zum Lachen, ha?
39:57Aber ich schreibe Tragödien.
39:59Ja, das weiß ich, aber ich möchte dieses Mal etwas anderes sehen.
40:04Verstehen wir uns?
40:05Ich verstehe überhaupt nichts.
40:09Euripides, ich meine es ernst.
40:12Ein bisschen mehr Leichtigkeit wäre nicht falsch.
40:14Denk nach, ich komme morgen wieder.
40:16Ja, ich gehe.
40:23In der Beginnigen waren die Epics,
40:26wide-ranging verse-storys of heroes.
40:29Homer chanted the Iliad and the Odyssey to public audiences.
40:37In Tragedy, heroes struggled to escape their fate.
40:42It almost always ends in their death.
40:46But comedies were performed side by side with the tragedies.
40:51They were often coarse, but always ended happily.
40:54Like Aristoteles says, it is the explanation of the soul.
40:59Within the stories that the myth says,
41:02watching the solution that the God gives or the people give,
41:06it is a lieb.
41:07So, the modern dramaturgy therapy begins from the ancientity.
41:14The drama helps the mental health to come back.
41:17Provided that the audience could hear the director's message, Greek theatres could hold up to 14,000 people.
41:47You have to speak more clearly so that you can hear the last line.
41:54Also, you can see yourself.
41:56You are not the one you are not.
41:58Not so close.
41:59Good.
42:03Now, let's go out.
42:07Don't be so close.
42:11The hair looks good.
42:13Stop laughing.
42:17But the hair is not so nice.
42:22It has to look better.
42:25Tell the Schneiders that they should do it again.
42:31At the theatre in Epidaurus, every word can be understood, even from the very top rows.
42:37The theatre is famous for its acoustics.
42:47The theatre's face.
42:48The closing of the theatre is such an important part,
42:50The studio's face.
42:53And the
43:10and they are important for the speech.
43:21This is the characteristic of the theatre,
43:24because all the clashes are here.
43:29But if we go somewhere else,
43:32we can see that the sound of the clashes,
43:34because we don't have this symmetry from the clashes.
43:37This theatre is a perfect side of the acoustical planning,
43:41but we don't know if this was an outcome of the想像
43:47or the experience that the ancients had made.
43:51This is a mystery for us.
43:56The idea of the theatre as a purifier of the soul
44:00and the mirror of human conflicts
44:03is still influential today
44:05and has developed new forms.
44:08Now it is not only the world's stages,
44:10but also its screens
44:12that tell stories of tragic or happy events every night.
44:19When pictures began to move,
44:21film took the lead from theatre.
44:23The dream factories of the cinema
44:25reached the hearts of millions.
44:27There are always new heroes to conquer the screen,
44:36but their stories follow the time-honoured pattern
44:39of tragedy and comedy.
44:41The culture of the Greeks spread throughout the known world.
44:58In no small part because of the king of Macedonia,
45:01Alexander the Great.
45:03Alexander the Great.
45:08In the fourth century BC,
45:10Alexander set out to conquer the world.
45:21He brought the Greek city-states to their knees
45:23and won a far-reaching empire.
45:34Throughout his empire,
45:35Alexander established the Greek language
45:37and Greek education.
45:39In doing so,
45:40he founded the era of Hellenism.
45:43From his native city of Pella,
45:50Alexander carried the Greek heritage
45:52all the way to India.
45:54By then, however,
45:55the golden age of Athens was long since over.
45:59After Alexander's death,
46:01his empire broke up
46:02and a new power emerged.
46:05Rome.
46:08The Romans were specialists in conquest.
46:11In contrast to the ever-quarrelling Greeks,
46:14they emphasised organisation and discipline.
46:21It was not difficult for the Roman legions
46:23to subjugate the small Greek city-states
46:26once and for all.
46:35Politically, the Greeks remained what they were
46:37at the beginning,
46:38individualistic and divided.
46:40They were incapable of uniting against the Romans.
46:47But culturally,
46:48it was Greece that conquered.
46:50the Greek dynasty,
46:51and even though he had
47:16...and they continued many pieces that were presented by the Greeks.
47:22Even in their legal issues, which was mainly Roman,
47:27there were even more rules that they had taken from the Greeks.
47:35And the legacy of the Greeks is enormous.
47:38In their search for explanations, the Greeks discovered universal laws of nature and vindicated
47:50scientific thought.
47:58No people has been so influential in the development of modern technology, in the water and in
48:05the air.
48:06The Greeks made progress possible.
48:12Because of the trail they blazed, we are now able to measure not only the world, but also
48:18the universe.
48:24With their art of storytelling, they created great works of world literature and inspired
48:30the film industry.
48:35The huge venues that today attract thousands of spectators can be traced back to the theatres
48:40of the Greeks.
48:41And the idea of bringing many peoples together in peaceful competition is still celebrated
48:56every four years at the Olympic Games.
49:00around the globe and across all borders.
49:05But the most important legacy of ancient Greece is an idea.
49:14The idea that the citizens are the masters of the state and govern it with laws that they
49:20themselves have adopted.
49:23Many European countries would probably not be democracies today if not for the revolutionary
49:30reforms of the ancient Greeks.
49:34And not just European countries.
49:36Abraham Lincoln echoed the Greeks in his dictum.
49:40Government of the people, government of the people, by the people, for the people.
49:46The achievements of the ancient Greeks have stood the test of time.
49:51To this day they influence profoundly the life and thought of the western world.
49:56There can be no doubt that ancient Greece was the cradle of our culture.
50:01In the future.
50:15Transcription by CastingWords
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