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Documentary, Greeks.Romans Vikings The Founders Of Europe Part 2 The Romans
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00:00We owe much to the ancient Greeks, from the invention of democracy, to citizens' participation in government, to the Olympic Games.
00:13The Greeks laid the foundations of science and created Western drama.
00:19The Romans conquered and unified Europe. Their greatest achievements lay in administration, infrastructure, and above all, their system of law.
00:37The Vikings stormed onto the world stage as raiders from the sea.
00:42But they went on to build a vast network of trade, and they were the first to discover America.
00:50Between them, these three peoples were the founders of Europe.
01:05Our journey into the past takes us to Rome, the heart of the greatest empire of the ancient world.
01:12In a swampy, plague-infested hollow on the Tiber, the greatest empire of ancient times was born.
01:32It was almost 3,000 years ago.
01:34In those days, only a handful of settlers lived on the hills of Rome.
01:42But in just a few centuries, Rome conquered all of Italy, and from there, much of Europe.
01:48The malarial backwater grew into an empire, the ruler of over 50 provinces.
01:53At the height of its power, the Roman Empire controlled most of the known world.
02:06The Imperium Romanum stretched from Scotland in the north, across Germania with its endless impenetrable forests, as far east as the Black Sea and south to North Africa.
02:22Even the highly advanced Egyptians were subdued by the Romans.
02:29Sixty million people surrendered to the invaders.
02:34Hundreds of thousands of well-equipped Roman legionaries conquered one country after another.
02:42Their weapons were the best in the world.
02:49Their campaigns were brilliantly organized.
02:54The Romans defeated the barbarians of northern Europe.
02:59They overran the kingdoms of the east.
03:02They even captured the queen of Syria.
03:10Nothing and no one could stop the Imperium Romanum.
03:16Rome owed her supremacy above all to her legionaries.
03:20Some provinces were easier for them than others.
03:22Along the Rhine, they were mainly builders.
03:25They labored there for years on gigantic border fortifications.
03:34North of that line, known as the Limes, the legionaries suffered both from the cold and from constant attacks by Germanic tribesmen.
03:43Some worked in government administration or in procuring the supply of grain.
03:54There was work for them throughout the empire.
03:57Most legionaries were stationed in border areas.
03:59At the time of Augustus, there were 28 legions, which means 170,000 men with an equal number of auxiliaries.
04:12The achievements of the legionaries and their commanders were commemorated on Trajan's column,
04:18which still stands on its original site in the center of Rome.
04:30In the Museum of Roman Civilization, there are dozens of plaster casts of the column.
04:36They are the most important source of information on how the legionaries led their daily lives.
04:44Alexandra Busch from the German Archaeological Institute in Rome is an expert on the Roman army.
04:50We have a scene where the Roman legionaries were displayed in the building.
04:56But it is important that the soldiers were not only built their own buildings and facilities,
05:02but also involved in the opening of the country.
05:04They also built roads and bridges.
05:08The legionaries didn't always fight.
05:10They were not in the fight for several years.
05:13But they did patrols.
05:15They took patrols.
05:16They took patrols.
05:17They took patrols.
05:18They took patrols.
05:19They took patrols.
05:20They took patrols.
05:21They took patrols.
05:22They took patrols.
05:23They took patrols.
05:27Wherever the Roman legions were stationed, they built a walled camp.
05:31In these far-flung forts, they kept watch on the borders.
05:40They seldom needed to go to war in full strength.
05:43But when they did, they were well prepared.
05:46Their weapons were second to none.
05:52Their javelins could fly over 15 meters and pierce any shield.
05:57If pulled out, they broke in two, hampering the enemy.
06:01Roman catapults powered by animal tendons could hurl rocks up to 300 meters.
06:06Caltrops, or crow's feet, made a battlefield impassable.
06:15The Romans even used animals as weapons.
06:18They put burning bundles of brushwood between cows' horns and drove the animals into the enemy ranks, while hoping that they wouldn't suddenly turn around.
06:28When a legion was on the move, it was like a giant piece of machinery being set in motion.
06:41Those who lived under Roman rule had to supply the food for the hundreds of legionaries and their animals.
06:53They not only had to hand over a large part of their harvest, but might also have to relinquish their water, their draught animals and their carts.
07:05Keeping the legions on the move was a mammoth operation because they always needed the same supplies, however far away they marched.
07:18Heavily laden, the legionaries could march in columns of thousands up to 30 kilometers a day.
07:24The Romans often cut a swathe through unpopulated territory.
07:32It was not uncommon for them to build camps in the wilderness, and they made an impression.
07:43They felled so many trees for building material and firewood that in some areas entire forests vanished.
07:50Every day a legion of 5,000 men needed over 8,000 kilos of grain for meals, 50,000 liters of water and 18,000 kilograms of animal feed.
08:13A place in a legion was highly sought after, not only because of the guarantee of regular meals,
08:18but also because the army offered a fixed income, chances of promotion and security in old age.
08:27But the security came at a price.
08:29The legionaries often lived far from home for a very long time.
08:37Over time, towns grew up around many of the legion's camps.
08:41On the Rhine, the cities of Cologne and Koblenz both began as small Roman forts.
08:54Further south, the city of Mainz also dates back to Roman times, as does Regensburg on the Danube.
09:01The legionaries in these places copied the way of life in their capital.
09:12To live in Rome, that was what they dreamed of.
09:16Although only aristocrats could afford the best it had to offer.
09:20Oh, no.
09:21No.
09:29Pass doch auf.
09:31Tulja, fass mal mit an.
09:39Das ist ausgezeichnet.
09:40So wie immer.
09:42Flavius, bring uns noch von den Datteln.
09:45Und mehr Wein!
09:46Gehst du morgen in die Arena?
09:52Ja, natürlich. Ich habe viel Geld auf diesen Gallier gesetzt.
09:56Oh ja, der Gallier!
09:59Du weißt schon, der Blonde, er ist sehr gut gebaut.
10:02Und sehr willig. Das hat mir die Frau des Konsuls unter vier Augen anvertraut.
10:11Erzähl mir mehr darüber.
10:12Also, gestern habe ich Titus getroffen in der Therme.
10:16Bei ihm war dieser neue Afrikaner, der morgen gegen deinen Gallier kämpft.
10:22Wenn du mich fragst, hat dein Gallier keine Chance gegen den Afrikaner.
10:27Du wirst schon sehen, er wird gewinnen.
10:31Tulia, bring uns die Haare! Na los!
10:35Sieh mal, hast du schon mal etwas so Blondes gesehen?
10:38Aus Germanien für dich. Deine Sklaven knüpft doch so tolle Perücken.
10:43Sie haben so schöne Haare, diese Barbaren.
10:46Ja, manchmal beneide ich sie. So wild und so frei.
10:50Na, ihr Hübschen, habt ihr schon genug?
10:53Die Wealthy lived in magnificent Houses.
11:04At Tivoli, east of Rome, ist Hadrian's Villa,
11:07an imperial summer residence with gardens and fountains.
11:11But most of the population lived in blocks of rented flats.
11:17These ruins can still be seen in Ostia, Rome's port.
11:25On the ground floor, there were small shops and places to eat.
11:31On the upper floors, people lived in cramped quarters,
11:35without a toilet or kitchen.
11:37Many of these flats were very expensive,
11:39even the run-down ones.
11:44But a quarter of the city was public space,
11:47open to every citizen.
11:51People met in the Coliseum,
11:53the first multi-storey arena.
11:56It seated 70,000
11:57and even had awnings against the sun.
11:59For the poor, entry was free
12:06and bread was distributed.
12:09There had never been anything like it.
12:16In the Roman Forum,
12:17public trials went on every day.
12:20Anyone who wanted to
12:21could go and watch.
12:23Its many temples
12:24were also well-frequented.
12:26All classes of Roman society
12:36mingled in the public squares.
12:39Rich or poor,
12:40slave or free,
12:41everyone went there.
12:49Rich senators,
12:51administrators who decided the fate of the empire.
12:53prostitutes plied their trade
13:06in innumerable brothels.
13:08To the Romans,
13:09it was quite normal.
13:15Most of the population
13:16were simple people.
13:18Only a small minority
13:19belonged to the privileged upper class.
13:21It made little difference
13:24whether the capital
13:25was governed by a king,
13:27the senate,
13:27or an emperor.
13:29The social structure
13:30of the population
13:31remained the same.
13:37At the peak of society
13:38were Rome's oldest families,
13:41the wealthy aristocracy.
13:42They held the top jobs
13:44in politics and the army.
13:45After them came the knights,
13:50successful merchants
13:51and rich men
13:52who had risen to the top
13:53in civil administration.
13:57Below them came the broad mass
13:58of plebeians,
13:59ordinary people,
14:01mainly craftsmen
14:02and farmers
14:02and their families.
14:05At the bottom
14:06were countless slaves,
14:08men and women
14:09living a life of drudgery
14:10so that the economy
14:11of the gigantic empire
14:13could prosper.
14:14Rome had several slave markets.
14:21Each week,
14:21fresh merchandise
14:22was offered.
14:24Many of those being sold
14:25were prisoners of war.
14:27Over the centuries,
14:28around 400,000 slaves
14:30were brought to the capital.
14:32Schaut,
14:34das sind Muskeln,
14:35oder?
14:36Ein iberischer Sklave.
14:37Sehr gesund.
14:38Keine Krankheiten.
14:39Sehr robust.
14:41Für alle Arbeiten geeignet.
14:42Ganz frisch reingekommen.
14:44Warte mal.
14:45Und er ist stark.
14:47Ich suche einen Sklaven,
14:48der etwas von Schreibarbeit versteht.
14:51Ich verstehe.
14:51Sie wollen keinen Arbeiter,
14:52sondern etwas für das Haus.
14:53Da haben Sie wirklich Glück.
14:54Ich habe genau das Richtige für Sie.
14:56Schauen Sie.
14:57Vielseitig und tüchtig.
14:58So was findet man selten heutzutage.
15:00Und, meine Herren,
15:01sie ist auch was fürs Auge.
15:02Ich zeige sie Ihnen mal.
15:04Gut für Arbeiten im Haus
15:05und wunderschön.
15:06Das passt nicht.
15:07Oder wollen Sie?
15:07Nein.
15:08Wirklich nicht.
15:10Setz dich.
15:11Ich habe da auch noch einen Griechen.
15:13Der könnte ihn vielleicht...
15:14Du hast auch einen Griechen?
15:15Ja, bring doch mal den Griechen.
15:18Seht ihn euch an.
15:18Er ist klug.
15:20Ist was Besonderes.
15:21Und der Preis?
15:23Ein gelehrter Sklave.
15:25100 Zestazen.
15:26Mindestens.
15:27Was denken Sie?
15:28Ich gebe dir 20.
15:29Er spricht mehrere Sprachen fließend
15:31und schreibt sie auch.
15:33Und er kennt sich aus in der Medizin.
15:35Natürlich.
15:36Das ist so bei Griechen.
15:39Na gut.
15:41Dann nehmt ihn für 50 Zestazen.
15:42Hier, du kannst es nachzählen.
15:57Ach nein, ich vertraue Ihnen.
15:59Hier bitte.
16:00Und viel Glück damit.
16:01Hier entlang.
16:02Ich bin.
16:03Nur ein Minerity of slaves
16:05worked als domestic servants.
16:07Most labored in the fields,
16:09in mines
16:09oder in thermal baths.
16:11In central Sicily,
16:15the province of Enna
16:16boasts one of the best preserved
16:18Roman bathhouses.
16:22It is part of the Villa Romana del Casale,
16:25a luxurious country estate,
16:27World Heritage listed,
16:29since 1997.
16:30Hier sind wir in Prefurnia
16:32in der Villa Romana del Casale.
16:35Hier sind die großen
16:36caldaie,
16:37dove i servi
16:38buttavano la legna
16:39che serviva a riscaldare l'aria
16:41che poi,
16:42attraverso questi cunicoli,
16:44avrebbe riscaldato
16:45le terme.
16:47Questo è il pavimento,
16:48quindi io sono
16:49a quota più bassa.
16:50Qua sotto
16:51circolava l'aria calda
16:52che riscaldava l'ambiente.
16:54L'aria calda
16:54circolava anche
16:55dalle pareti
16:56verticali.
17:00Questa è la parte
17:01della villa
17:02che se fossimo
17:03in Oriente
17:04chiameremmo
17:05Ammam.
17:05È la zona
17:06della cura del corpo.
17:07I Romani
17:08ci tenevano
17:09alla cura del corpo.
17:11The mosaics
17:12tell of this as well.
17:13They show slaves
17:14bringing massage oil
17:16into the baths.
17:20Female slaves
17:21are depicted too.
17:22They were to look
17:23after the women
17:24visitors.
17:25One of their duties
17:26was to dry their hair.
17:33Questa è la stanza
17:34più famosa
17:35della Villa Romana
17:36del Casale.
17:37Rappresenta
17:37le donne
17:38in bikini.
17:40Sono
17:40le palestriati.
17:42Ci sono
17:42i vari sport.
17:43C'è
17:44il peso,
17:45il lancio
17:46del disco,
17:47c'è la corsa,
17:49c'è la palla a volo
17:50e poi c'è
17:51la premiazione.
17:56Questo
17:56è un elemento
17:57strutturale
17:58molto importante
17:59della Villa Romana
17:59del Casale,
18:00è l'acquedotto.
18:01È la struttura
18:03che serviva
18:03a portare l'acqua
18:04dentro la Villa Romana.
18:06L'acqua
18:06dentro la Villa Romana
18:07serviva per le piscine,
18:09serviva per le cuscine,
18:11ma serviva anche
18:12per rinfrescare
18:13l'aria
18:13durante l'estate.
18:15La Villa Romana
18:16era piena
18:17di fontane
18:18distribuite
18:19per tutta la villa
18:21perché l'acqua
18:22è un elemento
18:23molto importante.
18:26The aqueduct
18:28was an invention
18:29of Rome's
18:30brilliant engineers.
18:32Their monumental
18:32waterways
18:33were also
18:34masterpieces
18:34of architecture.
18:42The head
18:44of the Roman
18:44water department
18:45wrote proudly
18:46compare
18:47the rich variety
18:49of the constructions
18:50that bring us
18:51our water
18:51with the useless
18:52pyramids
18:53or the pointless
18:54edifices
18:54of the Greeks.
18:59There were
18:59five long-distance
19:01pipelines
19:01to Rome alone.
19:03Every day
19:03they brought in
19:04900 million litres
19:06of fresh water,
19:07an average
19:07of 400 litres
19:09per person
19:09per day.
19:12The incoming
19:13water was stored
19:14in reservoirs
19:15and from there
19:16it was directed
19:17via pressurised
19:19pipes
19:19to the distributing
19:20reservoirs
19:21in the city.
19:23each part of town
19:26had its own
19:27public latrines
19:28where people
19:29liked to meet
19:29to discuss
19:30personal or
19:31business matters.
19:33Rome also
19:33had several
19:34large baths
19:35and over
19:35a thousand wells
19:36to provide a
19:38constant source
19:38of fresh drinking
19:39water.
19:40The motto
19:41of the day
19:41was
19:42sanum per aquam
19:43or spa
19:44for short.
19:45It means
19:46healthy
19:47through water.
19:54Pipes from
19:55ancient times
19:56still supply
19:57the Trevi fountain.
19:58Up to the 19th century
20:00the Roman water system
20:01was considered
20:02Europe's most advanced.
20:04The idea
20:13of piping water
20:14into cities
20:14has long since
20:16spread all over
20:17the world.
20:23Modern day
20:24water engineers
20:25demonstrate
20:25just what the
20:27Roman achievement
20:27made possible.
20:28The Roman
20:28The pleasant
20:46way of life
20:47in ancient Rome
20:47was also
20:48made possible
20:49by hard-working
20:50administrators.
20:51The Roman
21:17upper classes
21:17were neither
21:18lazy nor
21:18decadent.
21:20On the contrary
21:20they were
21:21hard-working
21:22and ambitious
21:23and they
21:23held the
21:24empire together.
21:27It was only
21:27a few hundred
21:28men who
21:29governed the
21:2960 million
21:30subjects of
21:31the empire.
21:32A handful
21:33of managers
21:33ran the
21:34mega-enterprise
21:35of the
21:36Imperium Romanum.
21:42They were
21:42the workaholics
21:43of their day.
21:45Treasury
21:45officials,
21:46town planners
21:47or distributors
21:48of food
21:48all labored
21:49to ensure
21:50that the
21:50empire
21:51ran smoothly.
21:56They organized
21:57the transport
21:58of goods
21:58to the
21:58capital.
21:59Wine and
22:00oil came
22:01in amphorae
22:02mainly from
22:02Spain.
22:03From North
22:04Africa they
22:05brought horses
22:05for the army.
22:07Gaul provided
22:08iron,
22:09amber came
22:10from Germania
22:11and Britannia
22:12delivered wool.
22:14The most
22:14important commodity
22:15of all,
22:16grain,
22:17came from
22:17Rome's richest
22:18province,
22:19Egypt.
22:25The land
22:26of the
22:27pharaohs
22:27was the
22:28mighty empire's
22:29breadbasket.
22:34The Egyptians
22:35had grown grain
22:36on the fertile banks
22:37of the Nile
22:38for thousands
22:39of years.
22:39A large part
22:46of their harvest
22:47now went to
22:48Rome,
22:48which consumed
22:49300,000 tons
22:51of grain
22:51a year.
22:54Bread for the
22:54masses
22:54was an instrument
22:56of power
22:56in Rome.
22:57If the people
22:58weren't hungry,
22:59they were quiet.
23:01Roman rulers
23:01knew that
23:02stability in the
23:03empire rested
23:04on stability
23:05in Rome.
23:06It meant
23:07filling a lot
23:08of stomachs.
23:11Es scheint,
23:12dass eure
23:12Ernte
23:12dieses Jahr
23:13besser ist.
23:14Das wird
23:14den Präfekten
23:15freuen.
23:16Die 100
23:16Schäffel
23:17können wir
23:17dann bestimmt
23:17im August
23:18liefern.
23:20Es sind
23:20300.
23:22Und Rom
23:22erwartet
23:23eine pünktliche
23:23Lieferung.
23:26Immer nur
23:26Rom.
23:28Ihr seid
23:28unersättlich.
23:30Rom.
23:30Rom ist
23:31die Welt.
23:34Und
23:35vergiss niemals,
23:36das Imperium
23:37wird weiter
23:37verletz.
23:43In
23:43southern
23:44Rome
23:44there
23:45is
23:45a mound
23:45of
23:46shattered
23:46amphorae
23:47that
23:47stands
23:4835
23:48meters
23:49high.
23:50It
23:50is a
23:50testament
23:51to
23:51how
23:51many
23:51people
23:52had
23:52to
23:52be
23:52fed
23:52in
23:53ancient
23:53Rome.
23:54Olive
23:54oil
23:55was
23:55transported
23:56to
23:56Rome
23:56in
23:56clay
23:57pots
23:57which
23:58were
23:58used
23:58once
23:59and
23:59then
23:59disposed
24:00of
24:00here
24:01at
24:01Monte
24:01Testaccio
24:02the
24:03mountain
24:03of
24:04shards.
24:07Here
24:08this
24:09amphora
24:10these
24:11fragments
24:11are
24:13of
24:13amphoraes
24:13africanas.
24:15They
24:15are recognized
24:16because the
24:17paste is
24:18very
24:18fine
24:19and they have
24:20a sound
24:21metálico
24:22quite
24:22notorio.
24:23divided
24:25the
24:25weight
24:25that
24:26geologists
24:26have
24:27calculated
24:27by the
24:27amphorae
24:28weight
24:29of
24:29amphoraes
24:30we can
24:31get to
24:32the
24:32conclusion
24:33that
24:33what
24:34still
24:34remains
24:35and
24:35here
24:36has
24:36lost
24:36a lot
24:37of
24:37material
24:37would
24:38be
24:39enough
24:40to
24:41feed
24:42a
24:44population
24:45of
24:46a million
24:46of
24:46inhabitants
24:47for
24:48250
24:49years.
24:50To
24:50feed
24:51over
24:51a
24:51million
24:52people
24:52in
24:52Rome
24:53alone
24:53the
24:54administration
24:54had to
24:55run
24:55smoothly.
24:58Wenn
24:59das so
24:59weitergeht,
25:00kann
25:00ich
25:00nichts
25:00tun!
25:01Die
25:01Booten
25:02werden
25:02bestimmt
25:02bald
25:03da
25:03sein.
25:03Und
25:03ich
25:03möchte
25:04diese
25:04Vertröstungen
25:05nicht
25:05mehr
25:05hören!
25:09Wann
25:09genau
25:09ist
25:10die
25:10nächste
25:10Senatssitzung?
25:12Nächste
25:12Woche.
25:14Und
25:15was
25:15haben
25:15wir?
25:16Die
25:16Liste
25:17mit den
25:17Steuereinnahmen
25:18ist
25:18heute
25:18früh
25:19eingetroffen.
25:20Und
25:20wie
25:20sieht
25:20es
25:21aus?
25:23Bisher
25:24hat nur
25:24Ägypten
25:25geliefert.
25:26Das ist
25:26nicht
25:26genug,
25:27das wird
25:27niemals
25:27reichen.
25:29Britannien,
25:30Gallien,
25:31Mauritanien,
25:32was ist mit
25:32denen?
25:34Kümmere dich
25:34darum.
25:35Schick mehr
25:36Booten,
25:36verdoppel die
25:37Reiter und
25:38bring mir die
25:38Einnahmen,
25:39sofort!
25:45Controlling
25:46the Empire
25:46would have been
25:47impossible
25:47without an
25:48extensive
25:49network of
25:50roads.
25:50So,
25:56transport
25:56routes
25:57were
25:57created
25:57throughout
25:58the Empire.
25:59The
25:59many
26:00legionaries
26:00stationed
26:01in the
26:01provinces
26:01had to
26:02work as
26:03builders'
26:03labourers.
26:09Little
26:09by little,
26:10the
26:10Romans
26:11built
26:11paved
26:12roads
26:12all over
26:13the
26:13Empire.
26:13The
26:20roads
26:20ran
26:21from
26:21the
26:21capital
26:21to
26:22the
26:22outermost
26:22borders,
26:23through
26:24woods
26:24and
26:24wilderness,
26:25past
26:26army
26:26camps,
26:27villages
26:27and
26:28towns.
26:28roads.
26:35The
26:35Roman
26:36transport
26:36system
26:37was
26:37unparalleled.
26:39Goods,
26:39people and
26:40news could
26:41travel easily
26:41from Rome
26:42to Spain,
26:43to Britannia,
26:44Gaul or
26:45Germania,
26:46to the
26:47Black Sea
26:47or North
26:48Africa.
26:53The
26:53Roman roads
26:54remained a
26:54boom to
26:55Europe for
26:56centuries
26:56after Imperial
26:57Rome
26:58itself had
26:59disappeared.
27:00Many of
27:01today's
27:01most important
27:02transport routes
27:02still follow
27:03the roads
27:04that once
27:05crisscrossed
27:06the Roman
27:06Empire.
27:11The
27:12Roman
27:13principle of
27:13linking places
27:14through sophisticated
27:15infrastructure and
27:17logistics lives
27:18on, on land,
27:19at sea
27:20and in the
27:21air.
27:28Rome's
27:30rulers invested
27:31in entertainment
27:32as well.
27:33Arenas were
27:34built all over
27:35the Empire.
27:36The greatest
27:36of them
27:37was the
27:38Colosseum.
27:39There were
27:39regular
27:40gladiator shows
27:41in the
27:41giant amphitheater.
27:42gladiators were
27:49Rome's stars.
27:51Their lives
27:51were mostly
27:52short, but
27:53exciting.
27:55In the
27:55gladiator schools
27:56they were well
27:57looked after.
27:58They received
27:59regular massages
28:00and had the
28:00best doctors.
28:02The lucky ones
28:02only had to
28:03fight three
28:04times a year.
28:06Some had
28:07their own
28:08agents who
28:08took good
28:09care of their
28:10protégés.
28:11After all,
28:12they hoped
28:12to recoup
28:13their expenses
28:14out of the
28:14generous prize
28:15money.
28:17The fearless
28:18fighter's blood
28:19was even
28:19traded as a
28:20potency drug,
28:21the Viagra
28:22of the
28:23ancient world.
28:26The women
28:27of Rome
28:27idolized the
28:29gladiators.
28:35No one
28:36has died in
28:37battle in the
28:38Colosseum for a
28:39very long time.
28:40But 2,000 years
28:42ago, it was a
28:43different story.
28:47In the so-called
28:48games, hundreds
28:50of thousands of
28:51prisoners of war,
28:52criminals,
28:53Christians, and
28:54gladiators lost
28:55their lives either
28:56fighting each other
28:57or facing wild
28:59animals.
29:02The idea of
29:03staging spectacles
29:04in huge arenas
29:06was born in Rome.
29:07There, the concept
29:09of bread and circuses
29:10was politically
29:11driven.
29:15In the 21st century,
29:17it's a matter of
29:18entertainment and
29:19money.
29:23But the appetite
29:24for spectacle
29:25remains the same,
29:27even if no one
29:28has to die to
29:29thrill the
29:30spectators.
29:31today's stars are
29:38footballers.
29:39Like the gladiators,
29:40they can earn a
29:41fortune for
29:42themselves and
29:42their agents,
29:43and they too are
29:45idolized by their
29:46fans.
29:51Citizens of Rome
29:52had one enormous
29:53privilege.
29:54In the eyes of the
29:55law, they were all
29:56equal.
29:56While slaves were at
30:01the mercy of their
30:02masters, all Roman
30:03citizens, without
30:04exception, had the
30:05protection of Roman
30:07law.
30:13Plaintiffs were usually
30:14represented by a lawyer.
30:16They often prepared
30:17their case in the
30:18public latrines.
30:19They had
30:21me
30:21betrogen.
30:22Yeah,
30:23and so
30:24I was
30:24here
30:24sitting
30:24more
30:24than
30:24just
30:25a
30:25time.
30:25That
30:26had
30:26we
30:26done
30:26the
30:26question is
30:28have you
30:28Beweise?
30:30Handfeste
30:30Beweise?
30:31Alle
30:32Welt
30:32weiß
30:32doch,
30:32dass
30:32sie
30:33mich
30:33betrogen
30:33hat.
30:33Man
30:33ruft
30:34es
30:34durch
30:34die
30:34Gassen.
30:35Und
30:36was
30:36ist
30:36mit
30:36ihrem
30:36Sohn,
30:37den
30:37sie
30:37nach
30:37unserer
30:37Scheidung
30:38geboren
30:38hat?
30:39Der
30:40sieht
30:40mir
30:40überhaupt
30:40nicht
30:41ähnlich.
30:41Ist
30:42das
30:42kein
30:42Beweis?
30:43Wer
30:43kann
30:43trotzdem
30:44von
30:44euch
30:44sein?
30:45Wir
30:45brauchen
30:45Beweise,
30:46keine
30:47Gerüchte.
30:48Ich
30:48werde
30:48es dem
30:48Richter
30:49erklären.
30:50Und
30:50er
30:50wird
30:50mir
30:50glauben.
30:54Hör
30:55zu.
30:56Ihr
30:56müsst
30:56zu
30:57einer
30:57Einigung
30:57kommen.
30:58Sonst
30:58wird
30:58das
30:59ein
30:59langer,
30:59teurer
30:59Prozess.
31:00Ich
31:00behalte
31:00ihre
31:01Mitgift.
31:01Und
31:02sie
31:02werden
31:02das
31:02vor
31:02Gericht
31:03für
31:03mich
31:03durchfechten.
31:05Das
31:05wird
31:05nicht
31:05leicht
31:05sein.
31:06Viel
31:06haben
31:07wir
31:07nicht
31:07in
31:07der
31:07Hand.
31:08Aber
31:08ich
31:08werde
31:08in
31:08diese
31:08Sache
31:09nichts
31:09unversucht
31:10lassen.
31:10Abgemacht?
31:12Ich
31:12melde
31:12mich,
31:13wenn
31:13ich
31:13noch
31:13etwas
31:14herausfinde.
31:16So
31:16machen
31:16wir's.
31:23Il
31:23diritto
31:24romano,
31:24come
31:24gli
31:25altri
31:25diritti,
31:26nasce
31:26dall'
31:27esigenza
31:27di
31:28dare
31:28un
31:28ordine
31:29alla
31:29comunità.
31:31Senza
31:31quale
31:31non
31:32sarebbe
31:32possibile
31:32la
31:33pacifica
31:33convivenza,
31:35non
31:35sarebbero
31:35sicuri
31:36di
31:36scambi
31:37e
31:37anche
31:37la
31:37vita
31:38del
31:38singolo
31:38sarebbe
31:39a
31:39rischio.
31:40Il
31:40diritto
31:40romano
31:41si
31:41fonda
31:41sui
31:42mores,
31:43sui
31:43costumi
31:44degli
31:44antenati
31:45che
31:45vengono
31:46seguiti
31:47da
31:47tempo
31:47immemorabile
31:48e
31:49alle
31:50usanze
31:51si
31:51affianca
31:52la
31:52legge
31:53che
31:53è
31:53la
31:53legge
31:54scritta.
31:56The
31:57Romans
31:57were
31:57a
31:58litigious
31:58people.
31:59Their
32:00courts
32:00were
32:00open
32:00to
32:01the
32:01public
32:01and
32:01many
32:02citizens
32:02attended
32:03them
32:03as
32:03a
32:03pastime.
32:06Aspiring
32:06lawyers
32:07had to
32:07train
32:07long
32:08and
32:08hard.
32:09As
32:09there
32:09was
32:10no
32:10formal
32:10legal
32:11education
32:11they
32:12learned
32:12from
32:12experienced
32:13lawyers.
32:14Why
32:16denn
32:17hier?
32:19Ich
32:20verstehe
32:20nicht,
32:20warum
32:21das
32:21hier
32:21sein
32:21muss.
32:25Dann
32:25zeig
32:26mal,
32:26was
32:26du
32:26kannst.
32:27Los!
32:34Ihr
32:35Römer!
32:36Nein!
32:37Haltung!
32:38Brust
32:38raus!
32:39Nochmal!
32:39Hm-hm-hm!
32:44Would-be
33:06lawyers
33:07practiced
33:08their
33:08elocution
33:08and rhetoric
33:09for years
33:10in the hope
33:11that one
33:11day
33:11they
33:12would
33:12be
33:12able
33:12to
33:12speak
33:13before
33:13record.
33:15Na
33:16geht
33:16doch!
33:17Aber
33:18du
33:18hast
33:18noch
33:18viel
33:18zu
33:19lern.
33:19Und
33:20Cicero
33:20der
33:21hat
33:22auch
33:22mal
33:22klein
33:22angefangen.
33:23Tägliche
33:23Übung.
33:24Das
33:24ist
33:25es.
33:25Glaub
33:25mir.
33:26Komm
33:26jetzt.
33:28The
33:28speeches
33:29of Cicero
33:30were
33:30essential
33:31reading
33:31for
33:31lawyers
33:32in
33:32training.
33:36Cicero
33:37was the
33:37most famous
33:38Roman
33:38orator
33:39of them
33:39all.
33:40Generations
33:40of lawyers
33:41modeled
33:41themselves
33:42on him
33:42because
33:43only a
33:44brilliant
33:44speaker
33:44could win
33:45the day
33:45in court.
33:50A Roman
33:51trial
33:52proceeded
33:52much as
33:53trials do
33:53today.
33:54First,
33:55the plaintiff
33:55presented
33:56his case.
33:57It was
33:57then considered
33:58in the
33:58presence
33:59of the
33:59defendant.
34:00A jury
34:01delivered
34:01its
34:01verdict.
34:03They
34:03had
34:03cards
34:03with
34:04A
34:04for
34:04absolvo
34:05acquittal
34:06and
34:07C
34:07for
34:07condemn
34:08no
34:08conviction.
34:13The
34:14penalties
34:14ranged
34:15from
34:15simple
34:15fines
34:16to
34:16banishment
34:17to
34:17death
34:18in
34:18the
34:18arena.
34:19If
34:19the
34:20majority
34:20of
34:20the
34:20jury
34:21abstained,
34:22the
34:22verdict
34:22was
34:23in
34:23dubbio
34:24pro
34:24reo,
34:25when
34:25in
34:25doubt,
34:26for
34:26the
34:27accused.
34:29There are
34:30two types
34:31of
34:31process.
34:32There is
34:33public
34:34in
34:36case
34:36of
34:36the
34:37homicide
34:38in
34:38which
34:39the
34:39community
34:40intervenes
34:41to
34:41punish
34:42the
34:42victim.
34:43In
34:44this
34:44case
34:45a
34:46giudicarlo
34:46are
34:47the
34:47citizens
34:47reuniting
34:48in
34:49the
34:49commission.
34:50When
34:50the
34:51issue
34:52is
34:53an interest
34:53of
34:54the
34:54single
34:54citizen
34:55like
34:56in
34:56case
34:56of
34:56the
34:56murder
34:57is
34:58the
34:58who
34:58has
34:58subited
34:59the
34:59murder
35:00to
35:00have
35:00to
35:00ask
35:03justice.
35:03The
35:05political
35:06crimes
35:06were
35:07prosecuted
35:07in
35:08extraordinary
35:08courts
35:09which
35:09were
35:10also
35:10open
35:10to
35:10the
35:11public.
35:11But
35:12the
35:12law
35:12itself
35:12was
35:13the
35:13same
35:13for
35:13all
35:14citizens.
35:14Everyone
35:15had
35:15the
35:16same
35:16protection
35:16rich
35:17and
35:17poor
35:17men
35:18and
35:18women.
35:25Roman
35:25women
35:26had
35:26more
35:26freedom
35:27than
35:27Greek
35:27women.
35:28political
35:29office
35:29was
35:30closed
35:30to
35:30them
35:30but
35:31before
35:31the
35:31law
35:32they
35:32had
35:32the
35:32same
35:33rights
35:33as
35:33men.
35:37Your
35:38Ehren?
35:45The
35:46meeting is
35:46opened.
35:51We
35:52are
35:52divided by
35:52law and
35:53law and
35:54he
35:54will
35:54give me
35:55the
35:55gift.
35:57Mr.
35:57Richter,
35:58dieses
35:58Gesetz
35:58gilt
35:59bei
35:59ihr
35:59bruch
35:59nicht
35:59mehr.
36:00Nicht so
36:00schnell.
36:00Welches
36:01Gesetz
36:01sie
36:01gilt
36:01oder
36:01nicht
36:02entscheide
36:02immer
36:02noch
36:02ich.
36:04Herr
36:04Richter,
36:05sie
36:05hat
36:05einen
36:06Sohn
36:06bekommen,
36:06der
36:06ihm
36:07überhaupt
36:07nicht
36:07ähnlich
36:08sieht.
36:09So
36:09was
36:09soll
36:09schon
36:09mal
36:09vorkommen.
36:10Aber
36:11in
36:11diesem
36:11Falle,
36:12der
36:12Junge
36:12hat
36:13blaue
36:13Augen
36:13und
36:14rote
36:15Haare.
36:16Wir
36:16wollen,
36:17dass
36:17sie
36:17ihn
36:17hier
36:17zeigt,
36:18aber
36:18sie
36:18weigert
36:19sich.
36:19Sie
36:19I don't have anything to do with you.
36:21I don't have anything.
36:22The young man is your son.
36:24This man is just about my money.
36:28You've broken my Ehre.
36:30And that's why it's me.
36:32Can you prove it?
36:34Correct.
36:36You have nothing in your hand.
36:38We'd have two Zeugen.
36:40Where are your Zeugen?
36:42They're not saying anything.
36:44But not long.
36:49What are they saying?
36:50I'm going to get my money.
36:52And now I want to go.
36:53I have nothing to do.
36:54See you again.
37:19One year old He matured the Chief of eight years old
37:21is not necessary
37:23to obtain a right.
37:25For the execution of the father and the father
37:28he former自 improving his life.
37:30To Burns is beyond...
37:32...the...
37:33...and the mother's mother werd
37:36himself to the inheritance of the Herr Laureus.
37:39в men
37:40If....
37:42Roman law was perhaps the empire's biggest export.
37:49No other set of laws has had such a strong influence on later legal systems.
37:56In Germany, every law student still has to study Roman law
38:01because it is the backbone of the legal systems of continental Europe.
38:06Nor is it only European courts that follow the tradition of Roman law.
38:11The Charter of the United Nations in New York is also based on Roman principles.
38:24But there were peoples who wanted no part of Rome.
38:33They never accepted the supremacy of Roman law over their own laws and customs.
38:41In border areas, where there were frequent uprisings,
38:47the Romans were ruthless in imposing their version of justice.
38:51The subject peoples in the empire's north were always rebellious,
39:08and they weren't the only ones.
39:10The legionaries' most dangerous opponent was the Parthians of Persia.
39:22The Picts made frequent raids into the Roman province of Britannia.
39:26In North Africa, the Berbers attacked the Romans again and again.
39:37Most feared of all were the Germanic tribes,
39:41who were always on the point of rebellion.
39:44They lived in mist and cold, in seemingly endless forests.
39:49To the Romans, it was nothing but wilderness.
39:52There were no towns.
40:01There was nothing the Romans recognised as civilisation or law and order.
40:06It was a world entirely different from Rome,
40:10a world that filled the Romans with fear.
40:13But more dangerous than all the wild men of the north
40:25was a single Roman officer, Arminius.
40:33Arminius had been taken from his Germanic tribe as a child
40:36and raised as a Roman.
40:37He spoke Latin and was well-versed in Roman weaponry and tactics.
40:42He returned home as a Roman officer in command of Germanic auxiliaries.
40:52But Arminius never felt that he truly belonged to Rome.
41:00So he swapped sides.
41:07In secret, Arminius rallied the Germanic tribes.
41:16Perhaps he hoped to rule a united Germania as king.
41:20What is certain is that he planned a decisive blow
41:23against Roman colonisation of his country.
41:27To be continued...
41:28I'm not sure.
41:29To be continued...
41:29He turned away...
41:30...in sense of wisdom.
41:30He turned away...
41:30I have done...
41:31I have done...
41:35I have fought on their side in Pannonien.
41:37And their Legionen rücken geordnet in Reihe and Glied.
41:42Mit solcher Wucht vor...
41:45...that we will be by an Open attack.
42:17In 9 AD, Arminius and his allies lured the Romans into a well-laid ambush.
42:31Three full legions walked into the trap, and the Germans sounded the signal to attack.
42:38In the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, all three Roman legions were wiped out.
42:51It was one of the worst defeats that Rome ever suffered.
43:03Arminius is remembered to this day as the liberator of Germania from the Roman yoke.
43:08In the 19th century, a colossal statue was erected in his honour, the Hermann Monument.
43:26After this disaster, the Romans withdrew from all of Germania east of the Rhine.
43:33They made the river the new imperial border.
43:36To separate themselves from the barbarians, they built the Limes Germanicus,
43:43the largest fortification of its day, stretching 550 kilometres through present-day Germany.
43:49The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest was one of the most momentous of ancient times.
44:07It meant that the host of Germanic tribes east of the Rhine could live in freedom,
44:12an example of independence that Rome had always been reluctant to tolerate.
44:16A la langue, and in the end, there was the Rhine a clear and strong Grenze.
44:24Not only the military Grenze, but also a strong culture Grenze.
44:28That can be found out today, especially because the French are French speaking French,
44:33also a romanian language.
44:34But also in Germany, here in Trier zum Beispiel,
44:38wo es markante, tolle Überreste aus römischer Zeit gibt.
44:42Und die Rheinländer sind ja insgesamt sehr stolz darauf,
44:45dass sie die römische Zivilisation genossen haben.
44:49Und die Römer hätten auch gesagt, naja, bei uns ist alles zivilisiert,
44:52und da drüben, auf der anderen Seite, da ist das Barbarikum.
44:56Oder aber auch, das hätten die Germanen gesagt,
45:00die Germania Libera, das freie Germanien.
45:02The tribes east of the Rhine and the Limes were free.
45:10But their freedom came at a price.
45:12It meant continuing to live in simple huts in small, scattered villages.
45:17It was a life without the advantages of civilisation,
45:21and certainly without luxuries.
45:23But millions of other people who had initially resisted the Romans
45:29became reconciled to the empire for the advantages it brought them.
45:36Instead of getting bogged down on muddy tracks,
45:40they could travel easily on paved roads.
45:44People who had lived in wooden huts moved into stone houses.
45:49Some even had underfloor heating.
45:51In the cold north, it made life a lot easier.
45:56For many, Roman rule meant the coming of the good life.
46:03And the Romans laid on entertainment in large amphitheatres.
46:11Remnants of Roman civilisation can be seen wherever the Roman writ ran.
46:18There are the magnificent baths.
46:21And the multi-level aqueducts, stretching for hundreds of kilometres.
46:28There were the countryside amphitheatres and the huge arenas in the cities.
46:32The Romans carved their culture in stone.
46:42They left their mark not only in Europe, but in North Africa as well.
46:50There were many advantages to being a Roman province.
46:53There were many friends of the city.
46:55They were in the lines of the city.
46:57They were in the city.
46:58Marx Romana, der römische Frieden. Und der bestand darin, dass die Römer mit ihrem sehr starken, mit ihrem überlegenen Rechtssystem diesen Frieden immer wieder über viele, viele Jahrzehnte, Jahrhunderte lang garantierten.
47:13Sie machten dies, indem sie überall eine städtische Verwaltung einrichteten. Das heißt, die Leute organisierten und verwalteten sich selbst.
47:21Am Ende hatte man dann nicht nur das Recht und den Frieden und die gute Regelung des Streites, sondern auch fließendes Wasser, eine gute Technik, gut funktionierende Straßen und eine ordentliche Verwaltung, die man sich heute in manchen europäischen Ländern immer noch wünscht.
47:40And yet the Roman Empire collapsed, despite having the best army in the ancient world, and despite the plentiful supplies and the many freedoms enjoyed by Roman citizens.
47:56The Empire gradually declined. Its fall has often been blamed on moral decay, but this was not the main cause.
48:06Internal rivalry weakened the empire, because there was no system for an orderly transfer of power from one emperor to another.
48:17From the 3rd century on, this became a chronic problem, as would-be emperors fought it out.
48:23They were no longer fighting external enemies, but their own countrymen.
48:36On top of the crisis at home came pressure from outside.
48:39The borders came under siege from the migration of whole peoples.
48:44In the 4th century, Huns, Vandals and Goths flooded into the imperial territory.
48:51Often they were only looking for a better life, but their influx sealed the fate of the superpower.
48:57In the 5th century, the Roman Empire ceased to exist.
49:08But its legacy is enormous.
49:10For it is not only stadiums expertly designed for mass spectacles that the modern world owes to Rome.
49:23We also owe to the Romans the whole idea that a functional infrastructure is the necessary underpinning of a successful society.
49:45The memory of the Roman peace, as the world once knew it, still shapes Western policy today.
50:00Our understanding of law and justice, manifested today in the International Court of Justice, dates back to the Romans.
50:08Finally, and not least, it was a Roman emperor, who elevated Christianity as the state religion.
50:17In Rome, the foundations were laid for Christianity to write the history of the world after the Roman Empire.
50:38You take the history of the necessities and the American Empire.
50:48The Soviets made the history of the Southern Race.
50:54Iial media, Scott Kowal.
50:57We found this after 4-10-8 churches.
50:58Tem it at the origin of the Buffen of the Pearl Presenter.
51:04But where were you from now?
51:06Have a great day before?
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