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00:00They called it Imperium Cine Fine, an empire without end.
00:05But beneath Rome's polished marble and immortal legends lies a record carved not in glory but in blood.
00:13This was no mere nation, it was a machine of conquest, fed by fire, iron and fear.
00:20Where Rome advanced, resistance was not subdued, it was annihilated.
00:25Whole cultures vanished beneath its legions, their names erased, their cities scorched from memory.
00:32Its dominion reshaped the world but at a cost few dared to reckon with.
00:37What we remember as civilization, others lived as devastation and history has not forgotten.
00:44Crucifixion as State Terror
00:48To defy Rome was not only to risk death, it was to invite a death that would serve as a lesson to thousands.
00:55Crucifixion was not merely execution, it was political theatre.
01:00This form of punishment, known to the Romans as crux, stood as a towering warning.
01:06To rebel was to be broken slowly, publicly and without mercy.
01:11Used primarily against slaves, rebels and the lowest ranks of society, crucifixion became a calculated instrument of fear during Rome's expansion.
01:22The message was clear.
01:24Submission meant survival.
01:26Resistance meant obliteration.
01:29During the Third Servile War, the infamous rebellion led by Spartacus, Rome made an example so horrifying it echoes through the centuries.
01:38After finally crushing the slave army in 71 BCE, the Roman general, Marcus Licinius Crassus, ordered the crucifixion of over 6,000 survivors along the Appian Way, the very road that led into the capital.
01:53Their bodies lined the highway for over 100 miles, a grim procession of Rome's absolute dominance.
02:00The Roman historian Appian records that Crassus crucified them along the Appian Way, turning the road into a chilling warning against future uprisings.
02:11And it worked.
02:12No slave rebellion ever again reached the scale of Spartacus' revolt.
02:17But this punishment was not reserved only for Rome's enslaved.
02:21Any provincial uprising – Judea, Gaul, Britannia – could end with mass crucifixions carried out not as justice but as spectacle.
02:31Posts were left upright in conquered cities, sometimes for months, as silent threats.
02:37Crucifixion was not just an act of cruelty.
02:40It was imperial policy.
02:42Pain became propaganda.
02:44And in this, Rome perfected a kind of psychological warfare that no conquered people could ignore – erasing Carthage from history.
02:56Few acts of Roman aggression embody such cold finality as the destruction of Carthage.
03:02This was not simply a victory.
03:04It was the obliteration of a rival civilization.
03:08Known as Carthago Delenda Est, Carthage must be destroyed.
03:13This phrase echoed through the Roman Senate, most famously uttered by the statesman Cato the Elder, who ended every speech with it, regardless of topic.
03:22His call became a prophecy, fulfilled in 146 BCE at the end of the Third Punic War.
03:29Carthage, once a dominant maritime power and the only force in the western Mediterranean to rival Rome, had already been beaten in two earlier wars.
03:39But it was not enough.
03:40Rome sought more than triumph.
03:42It wanted assurance that Carthage would never rise again.
03:46And so, under the command of Scipio Aemilianus, Rome laid siege to the city for over two years.
03:54When Carthage finally fell, the result was a complete raising.
03:58Ancient sources such as Appian report that the city burned for over a week.
04:03Its inhabitants, men, women and children, were either taken as slaves or killed.
04:09The city itself was dismantled, stone by stone.
04:12Much has been debated about the tale that Roman soldiers sowed salt into the land to curse it with infertility.
04:20Modern scholars often consider this apocryphal.
04:23But the symbolism remains.
04:25Rome didn't just defeat Carthage.
04:28It buried it, metaphorically and literally, under the weight of its own supremacy.
04:34In this act, we see a chilling principle of Roman warfare.
04:38Some enemies were not to be subdued, but to be forgotten.
04:43Rome would not share the world.
04:45It would consume it.
04:47Wiping out entire cities in Gaul.
04:52When Julius Caesar turned his gaze northward toward Gaul in the mid-first century BCE, it was not merely conquest he sought.
05:01It was transformation.
05:03Gaul, known to the Romans as a land of fiercely independent tribes, became the proving ground for one of the most ruthless campaigns in Roman military history.
05:13Over the course of nearly a decade, Caesar led his legions in a brutal expansion that claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands.
05:22And some cities, quite simply, ceased to exist.
05:26Perhaps the most notorious example is the siege of Avaricum in 52 BCE.
05:32The city, located in what is now central France, resisted Roman control during the wider Gallic revolt led by the chieftain Vercingetorix.
05:42Caesar, whose Commentarii di Bello Gallico remains our primary source, described Avaricum as the most beautiful city in all Gaul.
05:52But beauty offered no protection.
05:54After a prolonged siege, the Roman legions breached the defences, and what followed was systematic destruction.
06:01Caesar himself records that nearly the entire population of around 40,000 was put to the sword, sparing almost none.
06:10This was not an isolated incident.
06:13The Gallic wars were marked by similar fates befalling towns that resisted too strongly or too long.
06:19Cities such as Cenabum, Noviodunum, and Uxelodunum were either burned to the ground, depopulated, or enslaved wholesale.
06:29Caesar deliberately implemented a policy of terror to crush revolts in Gaul.
06:35At Uxelodunum, he wrote that he cut off the hands of surrendering warriors to make them a living warning.
06:42These acts were not excesses of war.
06:45They were deliberate demonstrations of Roman resolve.
06:48By erasing entire urban centers, Caesar ensured that rebellion would not merely be punished.
06:55It would be rendered unthinkable.
06:57In Gaul, Rome was not just building an empire.
07:01It was stamping out alternatives to its rule, one city at a time.
07:06Forced Starvation in Roman Siege Warfare
07:12Starvation was not an unfortunate by-product of Roman siege warfare.
07:16It was a calculated strategy.
07:18In the Republic and Imperial eras alike, Roman commanders turned hunger into a weapon as effective as the sword.
07:26When a city defied Roman demands, it was not always assaulted immediately.
07:31Instead, it was often sealed off, its supply lines severed, and its people left to endure the slow, crushing pressure of famine.
07:40This tactic was codified in Roman military thinking.
07:44Denying access to food and water wore down both morale and physical resistance, making conquest less costly for Roman forces.
07:53The ancient historian Frontinus, in his Stratagems, described this as a wise economy of blood, a way to subdue without exhausting Roman strength.
08:04One of the most harrowing examples comes from the siege of Numantia in Hispania, between 134 and 133 BCE.
08:13The Numantines, a small but fiercely defiant Celtiberian people, refused to submit.
08:19In response, Scipio Emilianus, the same general who had destroyed Carthage, encircled the city with a massive wall, cutting off all external resources.
08:29Inside, conditions deteriorated quickly. No reinforcements came, no food remained.
08:36The citizens, driven to desperation, ultimately chose self-destruction over surrender.
08:42Ancient sources described mass suicides and fires set by the inhabitants themselves, rather than falling into Roman hands.
08:51In Judea, too, during the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE, the same method was employed.
08:57Roman forces under Titus encircled the city, and within weeks, starvation gripped the population.
09:04Josephus, a contemporary historian, recorded the suffering with restrained sorrow, noting that those who died were beyond counting.
09:14Rome's siege tactics were not just military, they were psychological.
09:19The message was simple. Resistance would not only bring the sword, but the slow erosion of life itself.
09:26Hunger became a policy, and waiting became its executioner.
09:31Mass enslavement after conquest
09:34In the Roman worldview, conquest was not complete until the defeated had been made profitable.
09:43Enslavement on a massive scale was not merely a consequence of Roman victory, it was a core feature of it.
09:50Cities that resisted Rome too strongly or held out too long were often emptied of their populations.
09:57The inhabitants sold into slavery to finance future campaigns and reward the legions.
10:03It was systemic, organized, and utterly devastating for those on the receiving end.
10:09The Roman Republic and later the Empire built one of the largest slave economies in history.
10:15Conquests across Gaul, Hispania, Britannia, North Africa, and the Eastern Mediterranean provided a near-constant stream of captives.
10:25After the sack of Epirus in 167 BCE, the general Emilius Paulus ordered the enslavement of 150,000 people.
10:34This was not an isolated act of cruelty, it was state-sanctioned economic policy.
10:39Plutarch records that the sacking of Epirus in 167 BCE yielded such immense plunder that along with other Eastern conquests,
10:48Rome suspended direct taxes on citizens for decades, a policy that lasted until the chaos of the late Republic forced its reversal.
10:57Slavery touched nearly every aspect of Roman society.
11:01Enslaved people were used in agriculture, mines, households, and even within administrative offices.
11:08But those taken in mass after war were often treated as expendable.
11:13The historian Livy writes of entire towns in Liguria and Gaul that were emptied of inhabitants after surrender or defeat.
11:22Their people marched off in chains as living commodities.
11:26One of the most infamous examples was after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE.
11:32Josephus tells us that over 90,000 were enslaved, many sent to labour camps or paraded in the triumph of the Emperor Vespasian.
11:42Others, especially the young and strong, were sold in foreign markets.
11:46To Rome, enslaved peoples were both punishment and prize.
11:50Their suffering built temples, homes, and roads, foundations of a civilisation that often forgot the cost.
11:57Rome's empire was built not only with law and architecture, but with brutality, subjugation, and silence, in force through fear.
12:07These were not isolated horrors.
12:10They were systemic instruments of power that reshaped entire civilisations and erased others from history.
12:17Their echoes endure, not just in ruins or records, but in the very structure of empire itself.
12:23How do we measure a civilisation's greatness by what it built or by what it was willing to destroy to endure?
12:31Comment below.
12:32As Tacitus once wrote, they make a desert and call it peace.
12:37Peace.
12:38.