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These are more than cars. They’re science experiments.
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I love Formula 1. This isn’t just a car race, it’s a massive group science competition. Ten teams are all fighting to be first, and on every team there are hundreds of people, spending millions of dollars, all working together to push technology to its limit.

In this video, we’re gonna show you what it takes to build and drive some of the fastest and most expensive cars in the world. We’ll give you rare access into a factory in England where they build these cars and into a garage in Bahrain where they race them. This is Formula 1 cars, explained!

One note because it’s important to me you never be confused about what is paid for and what isn’t: Oracle comped my flights, but didn’t have any say in the editorial and didn’t see the episode before it went live. The Red Bull F1 Team did not pay me, had no say in the editorial, and didn’t see the episode before publish either. Everything I say here is entirely my own.

Chapters:
0:00 What is a Formula 1 car?
1:13 What do F1 cars look like?
3:08 What’re the rules for F1 cars?
4:12 Where do they keep old F1 cars?
4:53 What’s the goal of F1?
5:30 How does an F1 car go so fast?
7:26 … Can I sit in an F1 car??
9:06 How is an F1 car built?
11:55 How is an F1 car painted?
12:42 How does an F1 engine work?
15:45 Sneak peak: Red Bull’s new engine sound
16:34 How do you race an F1 car?
17:40 What does it feel like to drive an F1 car?
18:30 OH NO
18:51 What does an F1 steering wheel look like?
19:22 What is a pit stop?
20:02 What are F1 tires like?
20:28 How do you WIN an F1 race?
22:08 Why care about Formula 1?
23:18 Thank you :)


Corrections:
4:59 Track direction should go the other way!
5:38 Track direction goes the other way. Sorry about that.

Bio:
Cleo Abram is an Emmy-nominated independent video journalist. On her show, Huge If True, Cleo explores complex technology topics with rigor and optimism, helping her audience understand the world around them and see positive futures they can help build. Before going independent, Cleo was a video producer for Vox. She wrote and directed the Coding and Diamonds episodes of Vox’s Netflix show, Explained. She produced videos for Vox’s popular YouTube channel, was the host and senior producer of Vox’s first ever daily show, Answered, and was co-host and producer of Vox’s YouTube Originals show, Glad You Asked.

Welcome to the joke down low:

What do you get when dinosaurs crash their cars?
Tyrannosaurus wrecks

Find a way to use “tyrannosaurus” in a comment to let me know you’re a real one who made it to the end of the description :)

Category

📚
Learning
Transcript
00:00Speeding and all lines up. Brand new season, brand new Zorbs for Formula One.
00:06I'm looking at the brand new car for the number one team of the world's most popular car racing sport, Formula One.
00:13With the current world champion driver, Max Verstappen.
00:16Would you like to come and see the car? Yes.
00:18And we're going to show you what it takes to build and drive some of the fastest and most expensive cars in the world.
00:26Because the thing is, these aren't just cars. Think of them instead as epic group science projects where 10 teams all fight to be first.
00:34And on every team, there are hundreds of people spending millions of dollars all working together to push technology to its limit.
00:42In this video, I'm going to give you rare access into the factory in England where they build these cars and into a garage in Bahrain where they race them.
00:50This is Formula One Cars Explained.
00:56I am on my way to the Red Bull factory. We're going to get into some of the nitty gritty engineering details, but we're also going to talk about the basics of a Formula One car.
01:21This is Jack. Jack's going to get us into all of the secret rooms.
01:25I will do my very best.
01:27He's doing a finger scan to get us in.
01:30So Cleo, welcome to Red Bull.
01:32Hello.
01:34I don't even know what to say. This is badass. What should I look at?
01:42Everything. And that's the purpose of it. The reason why we have this here is that when people arrive for work, they know what they're here to do, which is to win trophies. Yeah.
01:50Oh my God.
01:52So these are all race driven cars from our history in the sport, starting on the left hand side with our first car and then finishing on the right hand side with the RB16B, the 2021 championship winning car.
02:07The RB17B actually isn't here. And the reason for that is we do crazy things with the car. So you may have seen it do a donut on the top of the skyscraper. We've done a pit stop in zero gravity.
02:24Can I touch it? You can touch the car. It's fine.
02:28It's so beautiful. The driver actually has to spend about three or four hours sat down in the car getting their seat fitted.
02:36So we sit them in some clay, essentially, and they sort of get the seat formed around them.
02:40A Formula One car looks kind of similar to other race cars that you might have seen, like these in IndyCar. Single seat, open cockpit, but there's something that makes a Formula One car special.
02:50In IndyCar, all of the cars have to use the same frame or chassis. So winning really depends on how you race that car. But in Formula One, each team has to design and manufacture their own cars.
03:01So winning starts here, at the factory, with how you build your car. But you can't just build whatever you want.
03:07We design a car based on the regulations that the FIA and F1 provide us. And so that really stipulates how the cars look, what shapes they are.
03:14That's the formula in Formula One. Teams fight to find the best design within these rules.
03:18The incredible thing with Formula One for me is that you have 10 teams that come together to race. They've all designed and built their own individual car.
03:25But you arrive at the track and everybody's within, you know, a second of each other over a lap, which is quite incredible in itself.
03:30But the only way that you gain an advantage in Formula One when the margins are so slim is to look at every area that you can possibly can to eek performance.
03:38The rules say that each team can spend 135 million dollars per year, minus driver salaries.
03:44I know that sounds like a lot. But in the race to win, it means that every decision needs to get the best bang for the buck.
03:50The amount of engineering that goes into building these cars is next level.
03:54We're using many of the same techniques, many of the same technologies that, you know, NASA or SpaceX would use to design their rockets.
04:00We apply them to designing our own rocket that goes around the racetrack.
04:04So this is the public display room. Now we're going into the secret, what do we call this room?
04:09The warehouse.
04:10The warehouse. Whoa! Yeah, this feels cooler.
04:14Who are these cars?
04:22So these are a variety of different cars from throughout history.
04:26And there's some show cars, but also some race cars.
04:30Oh my God. This is so cool.
04:35Can I walk here?
04:38I have a question. You're going to say no. Can I sit right there?
04:41Yes.
04:42He didn't say no.
04:44Just be really careful not to nail your head on the banister above as you get up.
04:48Welcome to my crib.
04:52Every Formula One team's goal is to create the two fastest cars possible within the rules,
04:57so their two drivers can beat the other teams around different shaped tracks all around the world,
05:01racking up points to win the Constructors' Championship.
05:04And for the last two years, the team that has done that is Red Bull by a lot.
05:09Here are the winners of every race last year.
05:11And here's Red Bull.
05:13Yeah.
05:14So how do they do it?
05:15What makes a winning Formula One car?
05:20This is the car that won all of those races.
05:22And this is one of the aerodynamicists who helped design it.
05:25So this is RB19.
05:26This is last year's car that obviously was incredibly successful and we're all very proud of.
05:30A winning Formula One car needs to do two things.
05:33Make super quick turns and go extremely fast in a straight line.
05:37The challenge is that the things that make a car very good at one make it harder to be great at the other.
05:41The team that can design the car that does both the best takes home the trophy.
05:45Let me explain.
05:46First, to make a quick turn, you need a strong grip on the ground.
05:49Going back to pure fundamentals, what we want to do is generate what's called downforce.
05:54More downforce means stronger grip, which means quicker turns.
05:56So how do you create more force down?
05:59Think of a Formula One car like an airplane upside down.
06:02On a plane, the air moving across the wings lifts it up.
06:04But here, the air across the car forces it down.
06:07So that is where the air literally sucks the car into the ground.
06:10To get it to suck, you need higher pressure above the car and lower pressure below.
06:14And one way to get lower pressure air is to get it moving really fast.
06:17Low pressure is effectively high velocity air.
06:19So you want to be able to speed up the air as much as you possibly can under the floor
06:23and effectively slow it down as much as you can on top of the floor.
06:25Here's the part I think is really cool.
06:27A good way to get fast, lower pressure air isn't for it to just shoot under the car in a straight line.
06:32It's to create tiny tornadoes under the car.
06:35They don't say tiny tornado though, they say vortex.
06:38A highly powerful vortex.
06:40That in itself generates a lot of low pressure because it's a structure that rotates.
06:45High velocity air.
06:46Those structures then run down the length of the floor
06:49and they generate low pressure for a very long region.
06:51So they have all these tiny tornadoes that help suck the car toward the ground
06:54to give it better grip to make faster turns.
06:56At top speed, a Formula One car generates a downforce three or four times the weight of the car.
07:01Meaning this car could theoretically drive on the ceiling.
07:04But all of this downforce comes at a cost.
07:07To go super fast in a straight line, you need to knife through the air with as little drag as possible.
07:12But as you create more downforce...
07:14It normally comes with added drag, which is preventing the car moving through the air.
07:18So it's a resistive force.
07:19For example, look at this back wing.
07:21It generates downforce on the turns.
07:23But it feels like a big parachute slowing the car down in a straight line.
07:26Which is why Formula One teams are allowed to build in a control that the driver can press to flip part of that wing down.
07:32Allowing the car to zoom down the straights even faster.
07:34This is called the drag reduction system or DRS.
07:37Designing a winning Formula One car means balancing all of these different effects.
07:41Pushing the rules and the limits of physics to get a little more grip and a little more speed.
07:46This is a question that I'm sure you're gonna say no to.
07:49Is there any chance in hell that I can sit in this car?
07:53I don't think it's up to me, but...
07:56Jack?
07:57You can sit in the car.
07:59Yes!
08:00Thank you!
08:02I've got something rather special that you can wear while you're in the car.
08:05Pop that on.
08:06We'll get you in the car.
08:07See how you look, being a Formula One driver.
08:11So how are you feeling in that clear?
08:13This is so cool.
08:14Let me just describe what this feels like.
08:16My legs are above my butt, so I'm sitting like that.
08:20My legs are like that.
08:21And my back is here like that.
08:23So I feel sort of vulnerable.
08:25My entire field of view is what's happening in here.
08:28I'm getting more and more claustrophobic as I talk to you, which is interesting.
08:31The idea of going 200 miles an hour in this car is terrifying and I can't believe people do it.
08:38I have a totally new appreciation for what this feels like.
08:45The butt, I have to admit, is quite comfortable.
08:47This is clearly crafted for someone's butt.
08:51Max Verstappen's butt, apparently.
08:53That is actually going to come up in my conversation with Max Verstappen, but more on that in a minute.
08:58Eventually, I had to get out of my dream car because now that we've learned the design goals of a Formula One car,
09:03it's time to see how they actually make it.
09:08As every team works on designing their cars, they're constantly testing those designs in computer simulations,
09:14in physical rigs that mimic a moving car, and in big wind tunnels.
09:18One of my favorite details is because Formula One limits how much teams are allowed to test full-size cars in a wind tunnel,
09:24they build these little 60% scale versions of their cars and test those.
09:29One reason that Formula One cars are so light and fast and strong is that basically every part of the car that you can see
09:34is made of a material 10 times stronger than steel, but half the weight, carbon fiber.
09:38Would it be good if I had a piece?
09:40Yeah. Do you have a piece of carbon fiber?
09:42Whoa, cool.
09:43I have to admit, this is quite a substantial block.
09:45Can I hold it? How heavy is this?
09:47Oh, it's heavier than I thought.
09:49You can see the structure if you look on the side, so that's when it's layered up.
09:53Why is this material used so often throughout the car?
09:57With its strength to weight ratio being so good, it means that you can make it extremely light
10:00whilst it retaining a lot of structure and a lot of strength.
10:03So if you hold it up, you can actually see light through it there, so it does have a sort of fabric quality to it.
10:09Woop and carbon.
10:10To create the carbon fiber parts that they need, teams manufacture patterns in the right shapes
10:14and then lay down carbon fiber cloth, sometimes in a hundred layers.
10:18Then they suck all the air out and shove them into basically a pressure cooker to squeeze the layers together with resin.
10:28Then they cut and measure those carbon fiber pieces and other metal parts with huge programmable machines.
10:33It looks like it's getting a milk bath.
10:35The whiteness is down to the additive that gets added to the water to make sure it doesn't rust the machine.
10:39I don't know if you can fully appreciate how big this is, but there are dozens of these boxes just in this massive room in front of us.
10:47All of the parts for the RB20, the new Red Bull car, are being manufactured in this room right now in these white boxes.
10:55Pretty cool.
10:56Any chance I can look in?
10:58I can imagine so, yes. I think it's more about not getting it on camera.
11:01For the metal parts of the car, which kind of metal they use depends on what they need it to do.
11:05Okay, so this is aluminum, or aluminum as he's calling it.
11:09So this is a lot of what the car is made out of.
11:12We use aluminum throughout the build of the car for certain parts and components.
11:16Okay.
11:17Which is generally light, fairly strong.
11:19Don't try that one. It is quite...
11:22Holy cow!
11:24It's hard to show visually how different these objects are, except maybe how much I'm trying to hold.
11:31I could probably do 20 reps like this until my arm fell off. Like this is very heavy.
11:37So that's dense cement, which is an alloy which we use to add weight to the car.
11:41We sometimes add weight into the car when the driver isn't up to weight, so we have to have a minimum weight of the car.
11:46Yeah.
11:47So we use tiny strips of this throughout the car to bring the car up to weight.
11:51There are thousands of pieces that make up a Formula One car.
11:54And after they're designed and molded and machined, some of them need to get painted.
12:02The paint job on a Formula One car is a big deal to fans, especially the moment that it's released and they see the car for the first time.
12:08And teams spend a lot of effort to design something that's going to look beautiful.
12:12But the paint isn't just to be pretty. It's got to go fast.
12:15For example, a lot of the sponsor logos that you'll see on these cars aren't stickers, because even that tiny little edge would create unwanted drag.
12:22They paint the logos on.
12:23Watching these cars get built, it's just astonishing to me how much detail and design and effort goes into the finished car that we see on track.
12:33Now we're headed to the most secret room yet, where this team is building their new engine.
12:38This is one of the world's most advanced engine development facilities.
12:42This isn't just an engine. This is a Formula One engine.
12:45Right now, Red Bull buys engines for their cars from Honda, but that's about to change.
12:49In 2026, Red Bull's cars will use their own custom engines that they're working on right now.
12:54And we're about to be one of the first to go see it.
12:56This building here wasn't here. Two years ago in June was our first engine. And when you see the workshops, you'll see what we've been doing. It's pretty impressive.
13:05Why does it matter to build a Formula One engine yourself?
13:08Control and the time between the chassis and the engine is paramount, really. You know, you have a better working together, your aerodynamics and everything, all that side of it is the way to win.
13:18This team's big bet is that if they invest a ton of money and time into a custom engine, they can eek a little bit more speed and control out of their car and ultimately win more races.
13:27Can you hear me? Okay. So what's happening right now is I'm in the super secret engine room, but we can't actually show anything close to the new engine.
13:36But I'm standing in front of the real Formula One engines. I just can't show them to you.
13:40People are going to love it.
13:41They're going to hate me.
13:43Okay, so this is the engine that I can show you. We can show you.
13:47And the reason why little bits are covered up is that those are the secret parts that you're not allowed to see.
13:52If I'm working on a Formula One team working on an engine, what is the goal? Is it maximum power, smallest size? Is it light?
14:00Power. You want as much power as possible because the driver will ask for more power. Even if he's got the most powerful engine, he will want more.
14:06To understand why this engine is so cool, let me explain how the engine in your car works and how it compares.
14:11Okay, so your car probably has a four stroke internal combustion engine and a Formula One car does too, which means there's a cylinder and inside there's a piston that goes down, up, down, up in four strokes.
14:21In the first one, air and fuel rush into the chamber. Then they get compressed and the pressure builds.
14:25Then a spark ignites the mix and it explodes, shoving the piston down and turning a set of gears, generating mechanical movement that turns the wheels of the car.
14:33Then the piston lifts back up and pushes the remaining gas out.
14:36That whole process happens inside one cylinder, and there are six of them in a V shape, which is why it's called a V6 engine.
14:42Your car might have anywhere from four to eight, depending on what you drive.
14:46But one big difference between your car and a Formula One car is the maximum number of cycles that down, up, down, up each engine can complete per minute.
14:53Your car? About 6,000. A Formula One car? Over 15,000. That contributes to more power to go faster.
15:00Plus, these cars combine a bunch of other technologies to get a little bit more oomph, like a turbocharger, which compresses air before it enters the cylinder, so it packs more punch when it's then lit on fire.
15:11And a motor and battery system that repurposes energy from the brakes and exhaust.
15:16The whole thing all together is the powertrain of a modern Formula One car.
15:20It's a great example of why Formula One cars actually matter for people like you and me.
15:24It's not that this tech is brand new.
15:26It's that it's combined and tweaked and perfected by hundreds of smart people with millions of dollars to make it better.
15:32And those changes help inspire better car tech for all of us.
15:35The engines that they're building here are based on rules for 2026, which will use less fuel and more electricity, and therefore make a slightly different sound.
15:44And we got a sneak peek.
15:45Can you hear that? So that's the new engine running?
15:48Correct, yeah.
15:49Are we allowed to do that?
15:51You're allowed to hear it. You're not allowed to see it.
15:54Just running by it. Ooh. What did that noise change mean?
15:58So it really just revved up the speed, basically, and it's now going into this automated power curve.
16:04You can hear it's coming down in speed.
16:06So with every single speed, we take a measurement, next speed measurement, next speed measurement.
16:12So they're testing it at different speeds, at different, they're running power curves to see how it performs.
16:17And at that time, always wide open throttle, which means everything we have, right?
16:22Now that we've seen how they build these cars, it's time to see where they race them.
16:27And that means that we need to go to Bahrain.
16:36We're here. Here we go. Hi. Hi.
16:43No, I'm not allowed to video any of this.
16:46Turn one away till you're a couple of kilometers away.
16:48Does this ever get old? 20 years in? No.
16:52Every day is a learning day. Every day is different.
16:55I can't believe I'm here. This is the new car, RB20.
16:59And, uh, you might recognize these guys.
17:09Their job is to take the incredible cars that hundreds of people just built and speed them up over 200 miles an hour, facing forces sometimes greater than five times normal gravity, fighting off competitors to bring their team over the finish line first.
17:24These drivers are legends. Max Verstappen has been dominating Formula One recently.
17:33Remember those Red Bull win records? Here's just Max's wins. Yeah.
17:37What does it feel like to drive a Formula One car?
17:40Imagine sitting in a roller coaster and it basically just shoots off.
17:45But then like five to ten times worse while having a steering wheel in your hands with all the buttons.
17:50Back in the day when my dad was an F1, when I was a little baby, basically, I sat in it and, you know, it's very cute, the pictures.
17:56But the very first time that I sat in the car and I was going to drive it myself, I was a little bit nervous.
18:01Even I, to this day, sometimes when I do that, I get this, like, it shoots off.
18:05You have this, like, kind of feeling.
18:08Yeah.
18:09I still have that in an F1 car sometimes.
18:13And for these cars, since no two drivers are the same, no two Formula One cars are quite the same either.
18:18Even for the same team.
18:19They have, like, a whole book of measurements from myself, from Max.
18:24So they know exactly my seat position, my pedal position, my sitting position.
18:28The seat is very important. It's a carbon seat. You're naturally in a very unnatural position.
18:33I actually got to sit in what I think was your seat in the RB19 in the factory.
18:37It's probably a bit wide.
18:39Actually, it was kind of a good fit.
18:41Did I just tell world champion Max Verstappen that our butts are the same size?
18:46Anyway, here's what their steering wheel looks like.
18:48And here's one of the engineers who helped design it.
18:50Would a steering wheel for each of the different teams look totally different?
18:53Yeah. So they all look very different.
18:55On every team's custom wheel, there are dozens of buttons and knobs and switches,
18:59all meant to optimize the engine and the tires and the brakes and much more in every possible scenario.
19:04All while the driver is driving.
19:06The drivers memorize all the buttons so they can do it without actually looking at the wheel.
19:10Sorry.
19:14No, we're good.
19:15He might have to go do a pit stop.
19:17If I run, there's a pit stop.
19:22That was a pit stop, at least once every race.
19:24Every car needs to exit the track and enter their pit box,
19:27where roughly 22 members of the pit crew swarm the car to quickly change the tires and other parts.
19:32A good pit stop is less than two seconds.
19:35They give out a trophy for fastest pit stop,
19:37and when we were at the Red Bull factory, we got to see theirs.
19:42These tires just came off the car, and they are hot hot.
19:46Like, hold on.
19:49Now it hurts.
19:51That's how hot.
19:52That's how hot.
19:53I got to try stacking these tires, and listen, they've got a really hard job.
19:57A couple more tires.
19:58It didn't go!
19:59The tire options are the same for each team.
20:01For each race, they all get a hard, medium, and soft option.
20:04Or if it's raining, two different types of wet tires.
20:06Your soft tires have the most grip, but they wear out the fastest,
20:09and your hard ones are on the opposite end of that spectrum.
20:11And medium is medium.
20:13When they say my tires are done, what do they mean?
20:15The drivers will feel when the grip is going off.
20:18Choosing the right tires at the right time is a big part of a team's race strategy.
20:24During a race, you'll hear drivers talking to only one person.
20:27Their race engineer.
20:28But that race engineer is also talking to a massive team of strategists,
20:31all trying to figure out the best way to win.
20:33Some of those strategists are at the track,
20:35but most of them are actually back at the factory in a big room like this.
20:40It looks like NASA.
20:41And the people in this room aren't just thinking up plans.
20:44They're using supercomputers to run simulations about tons of possible outcomes.
20:48It's millions even over the course of a race, and we run them on the Oracle Cloud.
20:53Millions?
20:54Millions, yeah.
20:55Those simulations are taking into account weather and heat of the brakes and tire performance
20:59and everything every other driver is doing, and then feeding those simulations back to the track.
21:04Their aim is always to try and win a race.
21:06So that's kind of thinking about what's the best thing for you to do,
21:10but also what might your competitors do, and so how might you need to therefore react to that.
21:15This is all real time?
21:16Yes, exactly.
21:17So we're constantly talking.
21:18The intercom on the pit bull is constantly lighting up.
21:21There's always somebody in one of your ears, so actually the headphones have dual,
21:25so you can hear one car in one ear and the other car in the other ear,
21:28so you're always hearing multiple conversations, trying to take them all in.
21:32It's basically like playing a board game.
21:34That's how I always think of it.
21:35The most complicated board game in the world.
21:37A winning Formula One car isn't just about the tech inside that car.
21:41It's also about the tech behind every move that the car makes every lap of the race.
21:46But the thing I think is so cool is that even with all of those strategists and supercomputers and simulations,
21:52at the end of the day, it still comes down to human skill.
21:55It's hard sometimes to focus, you know, because you have always someone on your ear asking you questions,
22:01and you are just trying to focus as much as possible, but you have to have that capacity, you know?
22:05Everything that we've talked about, from design, to build, to paint, to simulation, to test,
22:10it's not just happening once.
22:12A Formula One car is never done.
22:14A team is constantly learning and changing and rebuilding between every single race,
22:19over and over and over again.
22:21In the end, one of the things that strikes me most about Formula One and Formula One cars
22:25is that they're so much like a Lego set.
22:28It really has to be all of the individual, perfectly formed pieces coming together to make a whole thing.
22:33This is a theme I've noticed with a lot of my episodes of Huge If True.
22:36Technology has always been a story of human ingenuity, but more and more it's also the story of human collaboration.
22:43I think that's really the story of a Formula One car and the story of so much of the technology that we all enjoy.
22:49I think there's something really magical about a team of engineers and designers and strategists and athletes
22:55and all of these people coming together to build something that gets better and better and better every single time.
23:01I find a lot of hope in that.
23:03If we can build cars like these, what else can we do?
23:07I can't believe this is real life.
23:13One of the things that I've been keeping in mind is that most of the people that work on these cars won't actually get to go see a race,
23:23at least not with their team, because there's a limited number of people that Formula One allows each team to bring to each race.
23:29And I know that the only reason that I get to do this is because you watch and subscribe to this show.
23:34And I just, I'm feeling really grateful.
23:36I hope that these kinds of stories make you a little bit more optimistic about what we can build while we work together.
23:42So if you're enjoying this video and you want to help us go to more incredible places, subscribe and tell me in the comments where we should go.
23:47And we have some wild episodes coming up. I can't wait to show you.

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