TED TALKS futuro della moneta le criptomonete - NehaNarula_2016 - SUB -ITA - Video Dailymotion

Economia Spiegata Facile

Neha Narula dà una interpretazione del futuro delle criptovalute in un suo TED Talk.  Video citato nell'articolo del nostro blog: http://www.economiaspiegatafacile.it/futuro-della-moneta-nelle-criptovalute/  Tratto dalla sezione SECOLO XXI  -~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Guarda questo breve video a disegni: "La storia del mondo a disegni (ENG Sub.)"  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=595c4nCu1Oo -~-~~-~~~-~~-~-

Transcript

00:00I want to tell you about the future of money.

00:16Let's start with a story about this culture

00:18that lived in Micronesia in the early 1900s,

00:22called the yap.

00:23Now, I want to tell you about the yap

00:25because their form of money is really interesting.

00:27They use these limestone disks called rye stones.

00:31Now, the yap don't actually move these rye stones around

00:35or exchange them the way that we do with our coins

00:38because rye stones can get to be pretty massive.

00:41The largest is about four tons and 12 feet across.

00:46So the yap just kind of keep track of who owns what part of what stone.

00:52Now, there's a story about these sailors

00:53that were transporting a stone across the ocean

00:56when they ran into some trouble

00:58and the stone actually fell in.

01:01Now, the sailors got back to the main island

01:03and they told everyone what had happened.

01:06And everyone decided that actually, yes,

01:09the sailors had the stone

01:10and why not?

01:12It still counted,

01:13even though it was at the bottom of the ocean.

01:15It was still part of the yap economy.

01:18Now, you might think that this was just a small culture

01:21a hundred years ago,

01:22but things like this happen in the Western world as well,

01:26and the yap actually still use a form of these stones.

01:30In 1932, the Bank of France asked the United States

01:34to convert their holdings from dollars into gold.

01:37But it was too inconvenient to actually think about

01:41shipping all of that gold over to Europe.

01:43So instead, someone went to where that gold is being stored

01:47and they just labeled it as belonging to France now.

01:52And everyone agreed that France owned the gold.

01:55It's just like those rhinestones.

01:58The point I want to make with these two examples

02:00is that there's nothing inherently valuable

02:04about a dollar or a stone or a coin.

02:08The only reason that these things have any value

02:10is because we've all decided that they should.

02:13And because we've decided that, they do.

02:17Money is about the exchanges

02:19and the transactions that we have with each other.

02:24Money isn't anything objective.

02:27It's about a collective story

02:29that we tell each other about value.

02:32A collective fiction.

02:34And that's a really powerful concept.

02:38In the past two decades,

02:39we've begun to use digital money.

02:41So I get paid via direct deposit,

02:44I pay my rent via bank transfer,

02:47I pay my taxes online,

02:49and every month,

02:50a small amount of money is deducted from my paycheck

02:52and invested in mutual funds in my retirement account.

02:55All of these interactions

02:58are literally just changing ones and zeros on computers.

03:02There's not even anything physical,

03:04like a stone or a coin.

03:08Digital money makes it

03:09so that I can pay someone around the world in seconds.

03:13Now, when this works,

03:15it's because there are large institutions

03:18underwriting every one or zero

03:20that changes on a computer.

03:21and when it doesn't,

03:23it's often the fault of those large institutions,

03:26or at least it's up to them to fix the problem.

03:29And a lot of times, they don't.

03:30There's a lot of friction in the system.

03:34How long did it take the U.S. credit card companies

03:36to implement chip and PIN?

03:39Half my credit cards still don't work in Europe.

03:42That's friction.

03:44Transferring money across borders

03:46and across currencies

03:48is really expensive.

03:51Friction.

03:52An entrepreneur in India

03:53can set up an online business in minutes,

03:57but it's hard for her to get loans

03:59and to get paid.

04:01Friction.

04:03Our access to digital money

04:05and our ability to freely transact

04:08is being held captive by these gatekeepers.

04:11And there's a lot of impediments in the system

04:13slowing things down.

04:15That's because digital money isn't really mine.

04:20It's entries and databases

04:21that belong to my bank,

04:23my credit card company,

04:25or my investment firm.

04:26And these companies have the right to say no.

04:30If I'm a PayPal merchant

04:32and PayPal wrongly flags me for fraud,

04:37that's it.

04:38My account gets frozen

04:39and I can't get paid.

04:41These institutions are standing in the way of innovation.

04:49How many of you use Facebook photos,

04:53Google photos,

04:54Instagram?

04:56My photos are everywhere.

04:58They are on my phone,

04:59they're on my laptop,

05:01they're on my old phone,

05:02they're in Dropbox,

05:03they're on all these different websites and services.

05:05and most of these services don't work together.

05:10They don't interoperate.

05:13And as a result,

05:15my photo library is a mess.

05:18Now, the same thing happens

05:20when institutions control the money supply.

05:23A lot of these services don't interoperate.

05:26and as a result,

05:27this blocks what we can do with payment

05:29and it makes transaction costs go up.

05:33So far,

05:34we've been through two phases of money.

05:37In an analog world,

05:39we had to deal with these physical objects

05:41and money moved at a certain speed,

05:44the speed of humans.

05:46In a digital world,

05:48money can reach much farther

05:49and is much faster,

05:51but we're at the mercy

05:52of these gatekeeper institutions.

05:54We're about to enter a new phase of money.

06:03The future of money is programmable.

06:06When we combine software and currency,

06:10money becomes more than just a static unit of value,

06:14and we don't have to rely on institutions for security.

06:18In a programmable world,

06:19we remove humans and institutions from the loop.

06:24and when this happens,

06:25we won't even feel like we're transacting anymore.

06:29Money will be directed by software,

06:32and it will just safely and securely flow.

06:37Cryptocurrencies are the first step of this evolution.

06:41Cryptocurrencies are digital money

06:42that isn't run by any government or any bank.

06:45It's money designed to work in a world without intermediaries.

06:49Bitcoin is the most ubiquitous cryptocurrency,

06:53but there are hundreds of them.

06:55There's Ethereum, Litecoin, Stellar, Dogecoin,

06:58and those are just a few of the more popular ones.

07:01And these things are real money.

07:04The sushi restaurant down my street takes Bitcoin.

07:08I have an app on my phone

07:09that I can use to buy sashimi.

07:11But it's not just for small transactions.

07:15In March,

07:16there was a transaction that moved around 100,000 bitcoins.

07:20That's the equivalent of 40 million U.S. dollars.

07:25Cryptocurrencies are based on a special field of mathematics

07:28called cryptography.

07:31Cryptography is the study of how to secure communication,

07:34and it's about two really important things.

07:37Masking information so it can be hidden in plain sight,

07:40and verifying a piece of information source.

07:45Cryptography underpins so many of the systems around us,

07:49and it's so powerful that at times,

07:52the U.S. government has actually classified it as a weapon.

07:56During World War II,

07:58breaking cryptosystems like Enigma

08:00was critical to decoding enemy transmissions

08:04and turning the tide of the war.

08:07Today, anyone with a modern web browser

08:09is running a pretty sophisticated cryptosystem.

08:13It's what we use to secure our interactions on the Internet.

08:17It's what makes it safe for us to type our passwords in

08:20and to send financial information to websites.

08:23So what the banks used to give us,

08:26trustworthy digital money transfer,

08:28we can now get with a clever application of cryptography.

08:32and this means that we don't have to rely on the banks anymore

08:36to secure our transactions.

08:38We can do it ourselves.

08:41Bitcoin is based on the very same idea that the YAP used,

08:45this collective global knowledge of transfers.

08:49In Bitcoin, I spend by transferring Bitcoin,

08:53and I get paid when someone transfers Bitcoin to me.

08:56and I get paid when someone transfers Bitcoin to me.

08:58Imagine that we had this magic paper.

09:01So the way that this paper works is,

09:03I can give you a sheet of it,

09:05and if you write something on it,

09:07it'll magically appear on my piece as well.

09:10Now, let's say we just give everyone this paper,

09:13and everyone writes down the transfers

09:16that they're doing in the Bitcoin system.

09:19All of these transfers get copied around

09:21to everyone else's pieces of paper,

09:23and I can look at mine,

09:25and I'll have a list of all of the transfers

09:28that are happening in the entire Bitcoin economy.

09:31This is actually what's happening with the Bitcoin blockchain,

09:35which is a list of all of the transactions in Bitcoin,

09:39except it's not done through paper.

09:41It's done through computer code,

09:43running on thousands of networked computers around the world.

09:49All of these computers are collectively confirming

09:52who owns what Bitcoin.

09:55So the Bitcoin blockchain is core to how Bitcoin works,

09:58but where do Bitcoins actually come from?

10:02Well, the code is designed to create new Bitcoin

10:05according to a schedule.

10:07And the way that it works is that to get those Bitcoin,

10:10I have to solve a puzzle,

10:13a random cryptographic puzzle.

10:17Imagine that we had 15 dice,

10:19and we were throwing these dice over and over again.

10:22Whenever the dice come up all sixes,

10:25we say that we win.

10:27This is very close to what these computers are all actually doing.

10:30They're trying over and over again

10:32to land on the right number.

10:34And when they do,

10:36we say that they've solved the puzzle.

10:39The computer that solves the puzzle

10:41publishes its solution to the rest of the network

10:44and collects its reward,

10:47new Bitcoins.

10:48And in the act of solving this puzzle,

10:51these computers are actually helping to secure the Bitcoin blockchain

10:54and add to the list of transactions.

10:56Now, there are actually people all over the world

11:01running this software,

11:03and we call them Bitcoin miners.

11:06Anyone can become a Bitcoin miner.

11:09You can go download the software right now

11:12and run it on your computer

11:13and try to collect some Bitcoins.

11:16I can't say that I would recommend it

11:18because right now,

11:19the puzzle is so hard

11:21and the network is so powerful

11:23that if I tried to mine Bitcoin on my laptop,

11:26I probably wouldn't see any for about two million years.

11:30The miners, professional miners,

11:32use this special hardware

11:34that's designed to solve the puzzle really fast.

11:38Now, the Bitcoin network

11:40and all of this special hardware,

11:42there are estimates that the amount of energy it uses

11:44is equivalent to that of a small country.

11:48So the first set of cryptocurrencies

11:50are a little bit slow

11:52and a little bit cumbersome,

11:54but the next generation

11:55is going to be so much better

11:57and so much faster.

11:58Cryptocurrencies are the first step

12:00to a world with a global, programmable money.

12:05And in a world with programmable money,

12:08I can pay anyone else securely

12:11without having to sign up

12:13or ask permission

12:15or do a conversion

12:16or worry about my money getting stuck.

12:19and I can send money around the world.

12:23This is a really amazing thing.

12:26It's this idea

12:27of permissionless innovation.

12:31The internet

12:32caused an explosion of innovation

12:34because it was built upon

12:37an open architecture.

12:39And just like the internet

12:40changed the way we communicate,

12:43programmable money

12:44is going to change the way we pay,

12:46allocate

12:46and decide on value.

12:49So what kind of world

12:50does programmable money create?

12:52Well, imagine a world

12:53where I can rent out my healthcare data

12:56to a pharmaceutical company.

12:58They can run large-scale data analysis

13:01and provide me with a cryptographic proof

13:03that shows that they're only using

13:05my data in a way that we agreed.

13:08and they can pay me

13:09for what they find out.

13:11Instead of signing up

13:12for streaming services

13:14and getting a cable bill,

13:15what if my television

13:16analyzed my watching habits

13:18and recommended well-priced content

13:21that fit within my budget

13:22that I would enjoy?

13:24Imagine an internet

13:25without ads

13:27because instead of paying

13:29with our attention

13:30when we view content,

13:31we just pay.

13:33Interestingly,

13:34things like micropayments

13:36are actually going to change

13:37the way security works

13:38in our world

13:38because once we're better able

13:40to allocate value,

13:42people will use their money

13:44and their energies

13:45for more constructive things.

13:47If it cost a fraction of a cent

13:49to send an email,

13:50would we still have spam?

13:52We're not at this world yet,

13:54but it's coming.

13:56Right now,

13:57it's like we're in a world

13:58that is seeing

13:59the first automobile.

14:01The first cryptocurrency,

14:03like the first car,

14:04is slow

14:06and hard to understand

14:07and hard to use.

14:10Digital money,

14:11like the horse and carriage,

14:12works pretty well

14:13and the whole world economy

14:16is built on it.

14:18If you were the first person

14:19on your block

14:20to get a car

14:21with an internal combustion engine,

14:23your neighbors

14:24would probably think

14:25you were crazy.

14:26Why would you want

14:27this large, clunky machine

14:28that breaks down all the time,

14:30that lights on fire

14:31and is still slower

14:33than a horse?

14:34But we all know

14:35how that story turns out.

14:38We're entering

14:39a new era

14:40of programmable money,

14:42and it's very exciting,

14:43but it's also

14:44a little bit scary.

14:47Cryptocurrencies

14:47can be used

14:48for legal transactions,

14:50just like cash

14:51is used for crime

14:52in the world today.

14:54When all of our transactions

14:55are online,

14:56what does that mean

14:57for surveillance?

14:58Who can see what we do?

14:59Who's advantaged

15:03in this new world

15:03and who isn't?

15:05Will I have to start

15:06to pay for things

15:07that I didn't have

15:07to pay for before?

15:09Will we all become slaves

15:10to algorithms

15:11and utility functions?

15:14All new technology

15:16comes with trade-offs.

15:17The Internet

15:18brought us

15:19a lot of ways

15:20to waste time,

15:21but it also

15:23greatly increased productivity.

15:25Mobile phones

15:26are annoying

15:27because they make me feel

15:28like I have to stay connected

15:29to work all the time,

15:31but they also help me

15:32stay connected

15:32to friends and family.

15:35The new sharing economy

15:36is going to eliminate

15:38some jobs,

15:40but it's also going

15:41to create

15:41new flexible forms

15:43of employment.

15:44With programmable money,

15:46we decouple the need

15:48for large,

15:49trusted institutions

15:50from the architecture

15:52of the network.

15:54And this pushes innovation

15:56in money

15:56out to the edges

15:58where it belongs.

16:01Programmable money

16:02democratizes money.

16:04And because of this,

16:05things are going to change

16:06and unfold

16:07in ways

16:07that we can't even predict.

16:10Thank you.

TED TALKS futuro della moneta le criptomonete - NehaNarula_2016 - SUB -ITA

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