- 5/25/2025
En este video exploramos las controversias en torno al Sudario de Turín y cómo las pruebas de carbono 14, realizadas hace veinte años, parecían desmentir su autenticidad. Sin embargo, investigaciones recientes han puesto en duda esos resultados, sugiriendo que la tela podría ser una representación verdadera del rostro de Cristo. Acompáñanos a analizar la nueva evidencia científica y las implicaciones de estos hallazgos para la historia del cristianismo. ¿Podría el Sudario de Turín ser una de las reliquias sagradas más importantes de la fe cristiana? No te lo pierdas.
**Hashtags:** #SudarioDeTurín #Cristo #EvidenciaCientífica
**Hashtags:** #SudarioDeTurín #Cristo #EvidenciaCientífica
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TVTranscript
00:00The crucifixion of Christ, the most representative event of the Christian faith.
00:09For centuries, people believed that his body was wrapped in a cloth of linen,
00:15the Holy Sheet of Turin,
00:18and that in its fabric was the imprint of the very face of Christ.
00:23Here's something that proves that Jesus walked and preached among us.
00:27The shroud was venerated as a fascinating physical link with the crucifixion, but is it authentic?
00:33In 1988, the Carbon 14 test determined that it was a medieval falsification.
00:39At five minutes, we already knew that he was not 2,000 years old.
00:44Now, one of the first scientists to analyze the relic has discovered new and amazing evidence.
00:51In an interview held just before his death, he reveals why the Holy Sheet of Turin could be genuine.
00:58I think I can get very close to proving that it was used to bury the historical Jesus.
01:06The Shroud of Turin
01:15On October 8, 1978, an unprecedented event took place in the Italian city of Turin.
01:22For the first time, the Church allowed scientists to examine the Shroud of Turin,
01:28one of the most mysterious objects in the Western world.
01:33For 120 hours, the Research Project of the Shroud of Turin
01:37conducted thousands of tests on this 4-meter-long linen cloth,
01:41which many believe is the funerary shroud of Jesus Christ.
01:47We opened the Pandora's box and created a whole new bundle of questions.
01:55One of the most prominent members of the team was Ray Rogers,
01:59an eminent chemist from the U.S. National Laboratory in Los Alamos.
02:04Rogers was a man of science, not of God, but the shroud intrigued him.
02:10It entangled great enigmas that he wanted to solve.
02:15I don't believe in miracles that defy the laws of nature.
02:22If the Shroud was authentic, this fragile cloth would have survived 2,000 years.
02:31According to the Gospels, Jesus was crucified by the Romans.
02:37His corpse was taken off the cross and wrapped in a shroud.
02:45Many believed that after the resurrection of Christ, the Shroud had been preserved.
02:52But the story of this cloth is as mysterious as the life of the person who portrays it.
02:59For centuries, the Shroud vanished.
03:09Suddenly, in the 14th century, a sweater appeared in the French town of Liry.
03:15It was claimed to be that of Christ.
03:22It was a time of famine and plague in Europe.
03:27Fear and superstition led to an important market of religious relics, many of them false.
03:35The fragments of the crown of thorns of Christ and the wooden plates of his cross were the center of hopes and prayers.
03:43This is a time when people couldn't look to the government, to a vaccine, to the army.
03:48They couldn't look to anything that could protect them, except Jesus, except the saints, except these relics.
03:56These fragments of the true cross, which if they were joined together, would probably end up forming a redwood tree.
04:05There were many different Shrouds, and of all of them, it was claimed that they were that of Christ.
04:11But the most attractive was the Shroud of Liry.
04:14The faint image of a man was incredibly detailed and captivated the imagination of everyone who saw it.
04:22The Holy Shroud of Turin arouses an emotional attachment that very few other objects have.
04:28The Shroud is so powerful, and the image that it bears has significance for so many people.
04:37But the Shroud also suffered its misfortunes.
04:41The fire was about to destroy it in 1532, and the water stained the image.
04:51Some nuns repaired the Shroud and adorned it with a protective lining.
04:56In 1578, the Shroud was moved to its current location in northern Italy.
05:03For the next four centuries, it was preserved in Turin and occasionally shown to the faithful.
05:11But few outside of Italy knew about the Shroud, or had seen the pale image of Christ.
05:26Only in 1898 did the world finally learn of the incredible image of the Shroud.
05:33The Italian Secondo Pia took the first photograph.
05:36When it was published, the Holy Shroud gained world fame.
05:45When Secondo Pia takes this photograph, he almost falls over.
05:49He was afraid, because he said, my God, I was looking at the face of the Lord.
05:54That's when he realized that the image on the cloth is a negative.
05:58The lights and the shadows are inverted with respect to what we are used to seeing.
06:02For the first time, it was possible to clearly see the body of the Shroud as a positive image.
06:09The photograph showed details that were invisible to the naked eye, and caused a stir.
06:19He was immediately accused of fraud, of cheating, of lying, of manipulating it.
06:25It's a fabrication.
06:26And it wasn't until 1931, when Giuseppe Enrie was authorized to photograph the Shroud for the second time,
06:33obtaining the same results, when the world of science said,
06:38perhaps we could examine it more carefully.
06:43The scientists were denied access to the sacred relic,
06:47but the photographs already belonged to the public domain.
06:49And as the 20th century advanced, new technologies revealed even more detailed images of the face,
06:56in some amazing three dimensions.
07:03By the 1970s, the Holy Tabernacle of Turin was already famous all over the world.
07:08Many believed that it was the mortar of Jesus, and yet the scientists had not been able to examine it.
07:13But the advances in photographic analysis began to reveal incredible hidden clues in the image itself.
07:32An advance was experienced, using a new and extraordinary device for processing images.
07:38The VP8 was originally conceived to analyze aerial photographs.
07:45It converts the light and shadow of a traditional two-dimensional image,
07:50to create a luminosity map, represented on a three-dimensional grill.
07:55The scientists wondered if it could be used to cast new light on the Shroud.
07:59The engineer Peter Schumacher contributed to the development of the VP8.
08:03Nobody in our company had heard of the Holy Tabernacle of Turin,
08:07and we have not seen images or wanted to carry out an analysis of it.
08:14When Schumacher placed an ordinary photograph under the machine,
08:19it showed levels of luminosity, but did not reveal three-dimensional data.
08:23If we look at it, the cheeks are not so flat, his eyebrows do not really protrude over his forehead,
08:30his nose does not really cover his entire face.
08:34This aspect was presented in all the photos.
08:38The machine could not decipher its true heights and depths to show a true three-dimensional image.
08:44But when it was placed under the machine,
08:47an image of the Shroud, something very remarkable happened.
09:00Suddenly we are seeing a contrast that has to do with height and depth,
09:05real distance.
09:07The nose has prominence, the cheeks have a curve,
09:11the hair has its shape and is curved.
09:15The whole image has dimensions.
09:20The results indicated that the image of the Shroud could have been created by a real human body.
09:30The Shroud is an unprecedented image.
09:33It is the only one of its kind in the world.
09:36There is nothing like it.
09:39It is a three-dimensional relief.
09:41The front and the back of a complete human being.
09:45The only one in the world.
09:48There is no other in any way.
09:51No way.
09:53I do not know any way to do it.
09:55I have never heard of a way to do it.
09:57Only the Holy Shroud of Turin.
09:58The Shroud of Turin.
10:06Excited by these results and eager to find out more,
10:10a group of scientists formed the research project of the Shroud of Turin.
10:15They pressured the ecclesiastical authorities to obtain permission to analyze the Holy Shroud.
10:20They said, we should see if we can figure out how this image was formed.
10:24The biggest problem has always been access to the Shroud itself.
10:29At last, in the spring of 1978, despite the strong resistance of many sectors of the Vatican, the Church acceded.
10:37The Church had a relatively illustrated concept about the Shroud.
10:41There are a lot of folks who believe that it is not the true Shroud of Christ,
10:46and they do not want anyone to manipulate it.
10:49And the other side of the coin is that if we do not let the scientists study it,
10:52we will never know the truth.
10:56For the first time, science had the opportunity to test the authenticity of one of the most sacred relics of Christianity.
11:05It was a very solemn and moving moment.
11:08I must confess that I was bewildered for a few minutes until I regained my lucidity and realized that I had to get to work.
11:15The scientists were not allowed to mark, cut or damage the Holy Shroud in any way.
11:20All these tests had to be non-destructive.
11:23Most of the locals did not like anything that we were touching this sacred object.
11:28At all times we were guarded by a carabinieri detachment,
11:32armed with machine guns that not only watched us, but also whoever came in or out.
11:38We all had special identification.
11:41Apparently they had been threatened at that time and did not want to take risks.
11:46The main objective of the team was to discover how the image had reached the Shroud.
11:53Was it made with paint or otherwise?
11:56They only had five days to do their tests and worked against the clock.
12:01Barry Schwartz was a photographer on the team.
12:04A spectral analysis was carried out.
12:07Sam Belcoury carried a spectrometer that he was using.
12:10A mosaic of photographs was made.
12:12It was photographed using ultraviolet fluorescence photography techniques.
12:17X-ray radiographs were made using X-ray fluorescence and reflectance techniques.
12:25One of the most prominent scientists of the project was Ray Rogers,
12:29a renowned chemist who directed the thermochemical investigations of the US laboratory in Los Alamos,
12:36where the atomic bomb was developed.
12:39The fabric was composed of finely woven linen fiber with a spike point.
12:45Rogers was particularly interested in the areas damaged in the 1532 fire.
12:51My specialty is thermochemistry.
12:54I study the effects of heat on materials, and here were these fabrics that had burns.
13:01I was asked, can I determine if it is painted or not?
13:05There wasn't any painting material.
13:09And even more important for me was that they poured water on it to extinguish the fire,
13:15and the image didn't run away with the water.
13:18You know, that's rather surprising,
13:21because one fell through practically anything that could have been used to paint the image.
13:29One of the major components of the linen is the cellulose,
13:31and what we see on the surface of that darkness that forms the image is actually a degraded cellulose.
13:38It's not a pigment.
13:42Then the scientists focused on the areas where the image showed bleeding wounds,
13:48and they made an amazing discovery.
13:52Chemical traces of real blood.
13:55The team had discovered an important relationship with the crucifixion.
14:12According to the biblical account, Jesus was nailed to the cross.
14:18When he bled, the walls of the red blood cells opened.
14:22Red blood cells opened, releasing hemoglobin,
14:26the blood component that transports oxygen throughout the body.
14:31When hemoglobin breaks down, bilirubin is created,
14:35the substance that makes hematomas turn yellow.
14:41Analysis showed that the spots contained very high levels of bilirubin,
14:46which matches the trauma of the crucifixion.
14:53And ultraviolet photography revealed another incredible clue.
14:59You can see blotches of serum around the blotches of blood that were not visible
15:04until our team photographed the sweat with ultraviolet fluorescence
15:08about 2,000 years after this man was apparently murdered.
15:13The serum is the liquid medium in which the red blood cells float.
15:17It remained invisible until ultraviolet light made the dry serum become fluorescent.
15:24No medieval artist could have foreseen the invention of ultraviolet fluorescence photography
15:30and said, I'm going to hide this serum spot and you'll find it in 700 years.
15:36Please.
15:40Ray Rogers and the team completed their investigation in 1978
15:44with more questions than answers.
15:48The image could have been created by the contact of an authentic body.
15:53But who was the body?
15:55When did he die?
15:57And was he really crucified?
16:03The crucifixion was a long, horrifying and painful death
16:07reserved for criminals and the lowest level of Roman society.
16:12They didn't nail you up there to kill you.
16:14They nailed you up there to crucify you, to torture you.
16:18They didn't want you to die immediately.
16:21In fact, there are evidence that they were surprised that Jesus died so soon.
16:26It is difficult to gather scientific data on the crucifixion
16:30since the last official Roman crucifixion took place in 337.
16:40But in a quiet residential area of New York City
16:44there was a man who had been experimenting with the crucifixion for years.
16:50Dr. Frederick Sagivy, forensic pathologist,
16:53has investigated many scenes of horrific crimes
16:56as head of forensic medicine in the county of Rockland, New York.
17:00My area of study was the mechanism, the way and the cause of death
17:05and the type of suffering the individual had.
17:08Since 1948, Dr. Sagivy has investigated the Holy Sabbath
17:13to answer the fundamental question.
17:17Does the evidence contained in the sudarium
17:20coincide with the characteristics of a person who died by crucifixion?
17:27First, the doctor built a cross
17:30to determine how he killed people by crucifixion.
17:32Until then, it was assumed that the victim suffocated under his own weight.
17:38But the doctor's experiments suggested something else.
17:43The cause of death was a shock
17:46which causes a heart failure and the heart stops pumping.
17:51Then he observed how the hands crossed with the nails.
17:55The sudarium shows a source of blood next to the wrists.
17:58But the human hands nailed to a cross
18:01are strong enough to support a crucified body?
18:05The doctor designed special gloves to find out.
18:10His tests revealed that the nails would hold the body.
18:15But he also made a surprising discovery.
18:20The Roman practice of nailing the victim's palms to the cross
18:24would have blinded the doctor.
18:26So the fingers would turn inward.
18:30A careful examination of the sudarium shows us exactly this.
18:35The fingers are hidden under the palms
18:38just as one might expect in a crucifixion.
18:43In his investigation, the doctor found other views on the Holy Sabbath.
18:51If you look at the face, it's not a cross.
18:54It's not symmetrical, which is not symmetrical showing evidence of a beating.
19:00I looked at the angles of the blood in the cranial region
19:04where the crown of thorns was.
19:07The blood flowed through where the muscles would contract
19:11and the veins would appear in a spiral.
19:15The blood flows through the back of the hand.
19:18It runs freely through the side and it accumulates in a puddle.
19:24I've seen many, many cases of hand injuries
19:27in the forensic medicine office.
19:31From his investigation, the doctor came to an overwhelming conclusion
19:35about the image of the sudarium.
19:38From the point of view of forensic pathology,
19:41it is perfectly plausible that it is a crucified individual.
19:44I have no doubts at all.
19:48Dr. Sagivi's tests and photographic evidence agreed.
19:52The victim of the sudarium had been crucified.
19:56But was it Jesus Christ or a medieval man?
20:01To answer this crucial question,
20:04scientists had to find out the antiquity of the sudarium.
20:07And that required the collaboration of the Catholic Church.
20:11In 1988, scientists requested permission
20:14to take a sample of the cloth for its date with carbon-14.
20:18Although they did not know, Pope John Paul II
20:21had already consulted his own scientific advisers
20:24and had made a decision.
20:27I was in Rome at the time and there was a real tension,
20:30a real conflict between the Church and the Pope.
20:33I was in Rome at the time and there was a real tension,
20:36a real conflict between the Church and the Pope.
20:38I was in Rome at the time and there was a real tension,
20:41a real conflict between the Church and the Pope.
20:44Because if it is the crucifixion of Jesus,
20:47is not it an indignity for our only physical bond with the Savior?
20:50And others said, if it is a fraud,
20:53we need to see it one way or another.
20:56And Pope John Paul II, in his favor,
20:59and the Vatican, in his favor, said,
21:01no, we will submit it to the necessary evidence.
21:04It was a historic decision.
21:07The scientists finally received permission
21:10to date the sewer with carbon-14.
21:13For this test, the sample of the cloth had to be burned.
21:16Irreversibly destroying a piece of the sewer
21:19was an extremely controversial act.
21:22The ecclesiastical authorities imposed strict conditions
21:25on the scientists and only allowed
21:28a small sample of a damaged corner of the Holy Sabbath to be cut.
21:30It was a convenient decision.
21:33It was an area of the cloth that nobody was going to complain about.
21:36Nobody was going to dissent,
21:39alleging that a sample had been taken
21:42of the best preserved area.
21:45The extracted part of the damaged corner
21:48was divided into four pieces.
21:51One of them was sent to the University of Oxford,
21:54another to the Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich,
21:57and two smaller pieces were sent
22:00to the University of Arizona.
22:03Dr. Tim Joule belonged to the Arizona team.
22:06Everybody, all the plants,
22:09and all the animals on this planet
22:12contain approximately the same amount of carbon-14
22:15while they are alive.
22:18When we die, the carbon-14 of our body
22:21vanishes at a known rate of disappearance.
22:24If we measure the carbon-14 of the sample
22:27and compare it with a reference,
22:30first the sample of the sweat
22:33was cleaned of impurities.
22:36Then it burned.
22:39We start off with a piece of linen
22:42and we burn it on this end,
22:45turning the carbon of this sample into a gaseous state.
22:48Then the carbon dioxide solidified
22:51and became graphite or pure carbon.
22:54Each graphite sample was analyzed
22:57with a mass acceleration spectrometer
23:00of carbon-14.
23:03This particle detector counts the atoms one at a time.
23:06For a modern sample,
23:09we count up to 100 atoms per second.
23:12For an old sample,
23:15one that's close to 50,000 years,
23:18we may count 5 or 10 atoms in two minutes.
23:21Counting the number of atoms,
23:24the scientists calculated the date.
23:26During the test,
23:29all laboratories worked in isolation.
23:32Finally, after checking and checking the results again,
23:35they got the answer.
23:38They already knew the age of sweat.
23:41We wanted to make sure we got it right,
23:44so we measured it more than we usually do.
23:47And within five minutes,
23:50we already knew it wasn't 2,000 years old.
23:53The Shabana Santa de Turín
23:56and that's what the radiocarbon treatment shows.
24:00The sweat was between 1,260 and 1,390.
24:06The result was an amazing revelation
24:09that took the headlines all over the world.
24:12It was already a scientific fact.
24:15The sweat of Turin could not be
24:18the sweat of Jesus of Nazareth.
24:23Despite the tests,
24:26the scientists refused to accept
24:29the results of the carbon-14 dating.
24:32Their faith in sweat was unbreakable.
24:35And soon, they made a discovery
24:38that sowed doubt in the scientific world.
24:43In 1988, the Shabana Santa de Turín
24:46was the most controversial relic in the Christian world.
24:49The carbon-14 dating had concluded
24:52that it was a falsification of the 14th century
24:54and not the death of Jesus.
24:57But the scientific evidence
25:00had also shown that the image was not painted
25:03and that the canvas contained
25:06the chemical components of real blood.
25:09As a result,
25:12believers continued to believe
25:15that the sweat could be genuine
25:18and that the carbon-14 dating had failed.
25:21Here we have the most studied artifact
25:24in history,
25:27and science is unable to give us an answer.
25:30Ray Rogers,
25:33a member of the team
25:36that carried out the first scientific study,
25:39had always kept his mind open
25:42about sweat.
25:45But as a man of science,
25:47he was enraged that believers in the Shabana Santa
25:50put into question the dating with carbon-14.
25:57I had been reading things
26:00written by people who were lunatics
26:03who were explaining why the dating was erroneous.
26:06I was irritated.
26:09I was getting mad.
26:12I don't have any faith at all in people who say
26:14I think I see flowers in the sweat,
26:17or I think I see sailing ships sailing along.
26:20There are people so emotionally involved
26:23that they're not going to receive any scientific result.
26:26Their faith is not going to be disturbed
26:29by some intellectual scientists.
26:36In the remote mountains of Panama,
26:39the obsession of a believer in the Shabana Santa
26:41is about to arouse a renewed interest in the sweat.
26:44Peter Sunds is a retired doctor
26:47and an expert in three-dimensional images
26:50who now works as an artist.
26:53The Shabana Santa of Turin is a great message,
26:56the gift of God to the world.
26:59Investigating a sculpture, Dr. Sunds came across
27:02an image of the Shabana Santa that changed his life.
27:05I have the feeling that the image
27:08touches the soul.
27:11Using his medical knowledge,
27:14he began a remarkable project that would give life
27:17to the static image.
27:20The obsession got into my head.
27:23I didn't know anything about carbon-14 dating.
27:26I didn't know anything.
27:29The only thing that was clear in my head
27:32was that it was the true cross of Jesus Christ.
27:35With the help of Dutch and Argentinian experts,
27:38Dr. Sunds embarked on a complex process
27:41to create a three-dimensional image.
27:44I got the idea that there was holographic information
27:47in the sweat of Turin.
27:50The image was divided into a lot of portions.
27:53Then we put all these images together
27:56to form a three-dimensional image.
27:59So what we have in the computer
28:02is the face of Jesus in three dimensions.
28:05After three years of hard work
28:08and computer processing,
28:11this is the true face of the historical Jesus
28:14captured only a few moments after his death,
28:17when he was wrapped in the sweat.
28:27When I saw the results for the first time,
28:30that really moved me.
28:33People start crying when they see these images.
28:36And I've seen people whose lives have changed completely.
28:39It changed my life.
28:43The publication of the image
28:46aroused a renewed interest in the Holy Sabbath,
28:49but it did not show that the linen fabric was authentic.
28:52Believers in the sweat had to adopt scientific methods
28:55if they wanted to have hope of refuting the result of Carbon 14.
28:59And in 2000, in the United States,
29:02two people did just that.
29:10Sue Benford and her husband, Joe Marino,
29:13believed that the sweat was authentic.
29:17I had never heard of the Holy Sabbath
29:20before 1997.
29:23I was doing zapping,
29:26and I saw the face on TV,
29:29and something very ...
29:32I was sure that that was really the face of Jesus.
29:35This vision instigated Benford and her husband
29:37to find evidence that the results of Carbon 14
29:40were wrong.
29:43None of them were professional scientists.
29:46Benford ran a non-profit organization
29:49that advocated human trafficking
29:52to animals in scientific research.
29:55And Marino worked for the State University of Ohio.
29:58But they believed they had given a crucial evidence
30:01that demonstrated the error of dating with Carbon 14.
30:04Look here.
30:07Nowhere else is there this dark green,
30:10so defined, dark green.
30:13Verifying some images obtained in 1978,
30:16Benford noticed something strange in the sweat fragment
30:19chosen for dating with Carbon 14.
30:22The spike point, so uniform in the rest of the fabric,
30:25seemed misaligned.
30:31Our theory is that there is a mixture of fabric
30:34of the 16th century and fabric of the first century.
30:37And the data that we are finding on the sheet
30:40confirms that theory.
30:43Benford and Marino believed that dating with Carbon 14
30:46was wrong because the section chosen for the samples
30:49was contaminated by subsequent material.
30:52They believed that the original linen
30:55had been repaired with a completely different cotton fabric
30:58in the 16th century.
31:01Then the repair was dyed with pericia
31:04to make it invisible at first glance.
31:08When you do a repair like this,
31:11you're not just stitching two pieces of material together.
31:14And that would give you all as one,
31:17or all as one, or all as the other.
31:20It's more like this.
31:23The ends are unraveled in the patch.
31:26Both are connected and the threads are interwoven.
31:29So you see a little bit of an interweaving
31:32between the two fabrics,
31:34but you have new and old material
31:37in both ends of the equation.
31:40I'm skeptical when I hear this,
31:43but they had used photographs
31:46that were available from the samples
31:49taken for the dating with Carbon 14.
31:52And they had submitted them to several textile experts
31:55who didn't know they were in front of a picture of the Holy Shroud.
31:58And each and every one of the experts,
32:01independently of each other, said,
32:04the samples taken for the dating with Carbon 14
32:07were cut from a corner of the Shroud adjacent to a seam.
32:10In effect, it was a damaged area
32:13by someone who had cut a fragment,
32:16perhaps to sell it as a relic.
32:19So it needed a repair.
32:22Benford and Marino argued that
32:25since the sample used for the dating with Carbon 14
32:28contained material from the 16th and 1st centuries,
32:31the result was an average of both.
32:34In a definitive test,
32:37Benford observed closely
32:40the results of the dating with Carbon 14
32:43to see if there was anything strange
32:46in the data of the three centers where the test was done.
32:49And hidden among the numbers,
32:52they found evidence that some parts of the sample
32:55contained more cotton from the 16th century.
32:58If you look at the data that they didn't publish,
33:01Arizona had some of the oldest dating, 1238,
33:04and you think,
33:07did they really deviate 200 years in their laboratory?
33:10Well, maybe it's because they took material from both sides.
33:13Now, we don't know that for sure,
33:16and they haven't confirmed it, but it's interesting.
33:19Oxford is the second oldest,
33:22and it's the closest sample to this side,
33:25the one that contains more material from the 1st century.
33:28Zurich is in the middle, and you know what?
33:31They have the central part and they have the central dates.
33:34Well, Benford and Marino published an article
33:37in which they asserted that medieval cotton was inserted
33:40in the damaged corner of the linen sweater.
33:43Their claims were immediately rejected
33:46by the scientific community.
33:49A specific investigator was outraged.
33:52One of the king's objections
33:55was that it wasn't about scientists,
33:58and he didn't take them very seriously.
34:01I think he took us for two of those lunatics back then,
34:04and I don't want to miss you on that.
34:07I had given up on the sweater,
34:10and this was about the same time
34:13that the lunatics were presented
34:16with an infinite number of ways
34:19in which adaptation could be erroneous.
34:22And it was the drop that filled the cup.
34:25I got a call from the king, and he said,
34:28what the hell is this? It's absurd.
34:31I can refute these people in five minutes.
34:34He was a gunman.
34:37He was one of those guys who,
34:40if he didn't like what you said,
34:43he'd disassemble the revolver
34:46before you had time to breathe.
34:49He was not very tolerant,
34:52especially with people who didn't do rigorous science.
34:55Rogers was in a unique position
34:58to confirm whether the sweater contained
35:01subsequent cotton repairs.
35:04He had samples taken from the surface of the sweater,
35:07but remember, they weren't large fibers,
35:10they were fibers extracted from the surface.
35:13He also had samples taken from the sweater
35:16by Professor Reiss, who in 1973
35:19took samples from a corner immediately adjacent
35:22to the area taken for carbon-14 adaptation.
35:25But King Rogers was running against time.
35:28He was winning and losing a battle against cancer,
35:31and he knew that his end was near.
35:34George was determined to allow Rogers
35:37to have the opportunity to speak beyond death.
35:40I am Ray Rogers, Raymond N. Rogers,
35:44and I've been working with the sweater since 1977.
35:49He recorded a detailed interview with Rogers
35:52so that the dying scientist could leave
35:55exact evidence of what he had discovered.
35:58So I read his article and I thought,
36:00OK, I've got the samples, I can leave them without arguments.
36:04So I got out the samples from Reiss
36:07and also the samples for carbon-14,
36:10and I started working again.
36:13A couple of hours later he calls me and says,
36:16I can't believe it, you were right,
36:19there's cotton here, there's cotton in the rest of the sweater,
36:23but there's cotton in woven here.
36:26You must be right.
36:28No one was more surprised than Rogers.
36:31His observation seemed to confirm Benford and Marino's theory.
36:37The original linen sweater contained added cotton threads.
36:43To confirm it, he needed to examine the fibers
36:47that had been dated with carbon-14.
36:50Until I could get a sample of the real fabric
36:53dated with radiocarbon, a documented sample,
36:56I couldn't prove anything.
37:05In the process of dating with carbon-14,
37:08the sample had been destroyed,
37:11but all the laboratories involved in the 1988 tests
37:14had reserved parts of their sample.
37:17The authentic sample for its radiocarbon dating
37:20that I received, the yarn segments,
37:23was cut from the middle of the sample
37:26and there was no doubt about it.
37:29And when I observed those samples of the area
37:32dating with radiocarbon, there was no problem
37:35to find cotton in them.
37:38Rogers was already convinced that Benford and Marino were right.
37:42And he found other evidence that had happened to them.
37:47By his 1978 tests, he knew that the linen sweater
37:51did not contain dyes or artificial pigments.
37:53And yet, when he observed the fibers
37:56that had survived the dating with carbon-14,
37:59that's exactly what he found.
38:03There are photomicrographs that demonstrate this very clearly.
38:08The cotton fibers of the sample for the dating with radiocarbon
38:12are covered in rubber, the dye pollutant.
38:17And some of the fibers don't show any of that at all.
38:20They have a soft look and nothing had stuck to them.
38:26He thought that the dye was used to make the cotton repair
38:30invisible at first glance.
38:33If you happen to come across a place
38:36where the original sweater thread segment
38:39was joined to the new woven part,
38:42in the splice you can see, without a doubt,
38:45the new thread that was inserted and dyed
38:47so that it would not be noticeable.
38:52The only area of the sweater that was dyed
38:55was the area that was dated with radiocarbon.
38:58So my hypothesis at the moment is that
39:01this was done on purpose to deceive the eye.
39:05It was another proof that the holy sheet
39:08had been repaired with cotton exactly in the area
39:11where the samples for the dating with carbon-14 had been extracted.
39:14And when we went back to examine the photographs
39:17with ultraviolet light,
39:20here we had a considerably darker area.
39:23It doesn't have so much fluorescence.
39:26And this is the area that surrounds the Rays sample
39:29and where the sample for the radiocarbon was cut.
39:32And if they had looked at any of the photographs we had
39:35and studied the information we had in 1978,
39:39they would have known that it was the worst possible place
39:42to take a sample.
39:44My conclusion is that that area was manipulated.
39:48It was done by somebody with great skill
39:51and materials that were used to make the shroud.
39:57Here's the whole kit.
40:00The linen is very difficult to dye
40:03and it ages over time, so it colors.
40:06So in order to imagine that the color of a woven part
40:09coincides with the original color, you have to use cotton and dye it.
40:13In 2005, just five weeks before he lost his battle against cancer,
40:18Roger was about to publish his last academic work.
40:23He had no doubts about the dating with carbon-14,
40:27but about the selection of a contaminated sample
40:30from the damaged corner of the shroud.
40:33In his opinion, the dating with carbon-14
40:36did not reveal his true age.
40:43But an unfortunate decision by the Church
40:46was about to jeopardize the last hopes of King Roger
40:50to make a new dating with carbon-14.
40:55In 2005, most scientists considered
40:58that the mystery of Turin's Holy Shroud was solved.
41:02It was a falsification dated between 1260 and 1390.
41:07But the scientist King Roger had found new evidence
41:10that the dating with carbon-14 was contaminated.
41:23I'm coming to the conclusion that it has a very good chance
41:27of being the fabric used to bury the historical Jesus.
41:34He writes an article that is accepted
41:36for its publication in Thermoquímica Acta in January 2005.
41:41And that work is the only scientific document
41:44that so far doubts the dating with carbon-14
41:47with credible arguments.
41:51Roger knew that his findings needed to be confirmed
41:54with more sophisticated equipment,
41:57so he contacted a colleague who was still working
42:00in the laboratory of Los Alamos, Bob Villarreal.
42:03He was in a hurry.
42:06He knew he was going to die.
42:09He wanted to know if that corner of the Holy Shroud
42:13had the same composition,
42:16whether it was flax or linen or cotton.
42:20If it was cotton, it's not the same
42:24as the rest of the cloth, which is linen.
42:28Roger would not survive to know the answer.
42:32He lost his long battle against cancer
42:34on March 8, 2005.
42:37He was 78 years old.
42:45After the death of King,
42:48Bob Villarreal was determined to fulfill his promise.
42:52He gave the fibers to a specialist
42:55and something amazing happened.
42:58I received a call from him and he said to me
43:01that the fiber that I was going to analyze
43:04had broken in two.
43:07Will God be angry with me?
43:10As Roger suspected,
43:13the threads seemed to be two pieces of cotton and linen interwoven.
43:19In 2008, the findings were announced to the world.
43:23They supported the theory
43:26that the sample used for carbon-14 dating
43:28had been poorly selected,
43:31as Roger indicated in his last interview.
43:34They come in and cut, cut, cut in secret
43:38and take the worst possible sample.
43:41The people who certified the sample
43:44keep trying to convince everyone
43:47that the others are wrong and they are right,
43:50that they were perfectly valid samples.
43:53Before he died, Roger was a firm defender
43:55of a new test with carbon-14.
44:02Although the old problem of access could be solved,
44:06now there was a much bigger problem.
44:09The methods used to preserve the delicate sweat.
44:13In 2002, microscopic insects were discovered
44:16in the showcase in which it is shown,
44:19so that the ecclesiastical authorities treated the container.
44:22Ray Rogers talked about the fact
44:25that the box where the sweat, the reliquary,
44:28was treated with thymol,
44:31which is a chemical compound that kills everything,
44:34insects, bacteria, whatever.
44:37That treatment with thymol could influence
44:40future dating of the canvas with carbon-14.
44:43By using a chemical product of plant origin
44:46called thymol to clean the container,
44:49they had damaged the sweat without realizing it.
44:52However, in his last interview,
44:55Rogers proposed an ingenious solution.
45:02The holy sheet was damaged by fire in 1532,
45:05which left him 16 burn marks
45:08from which samples could be extracted.
45:11Since it was pure carbon,
45:14modern impurities could be cleaned.
45:17You have carbon that has been charred since 1532,
45:21and charred cloth is very insensitive
45:24to any kind of attack,
45:27so it is a very good sample for dating.
45:30Today, there is the precise technology
45:33to repeat the sweat test,
45:36and the samples have already been taken from the canvas.
45:39In 2002, they removed the back lining,
45:42they removed all these patches.
45:45Do you see this part here?
45:47They cut around these burn holes
45:50and kept the pieces.
45:53It is raw material for carbon-14,
45:56that could be dated.
45:59The charred fragments of linen
46:02can be the key to finally solving
46:05the mystery of Turin's Holy Sheet.
46:08First of all, the church must agree
46:11to deliver the samples for a second date for carbon-14.
46:14Only then will it be possible to say
46:17that this is the work of Jesus of Nazareth.
46:20For now, it seems clear
46:23that the scientific debate
46:26about Turin's Holy Sheet will continue.
46:31If it is not old enough
46:34to be the sweat of Jesus,
46:37then I feel I have been a witness
46:40to a miracle, because it means
46:43that a medieval guy created something
46:45out of nothing,
46:48out of nothing,
46:51out of nothing.
47:15© BF-WATCH TV 2021
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