00:01Through history, the territory inside the borders of Pakistan witnessed large civilizations, wars, development, religions, and reforms.
00:09In this video, we will advance rapidly through some important events that existed here.
00:14Modern humans are thought to have arrived on Pakistan between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.
00:20Settled life, which farming and pastoralism started around 7,000 BC.
00:25People worked in agriculture and in domestication of animals like goats, sheep, or cattle.
00:31By 4,500 BC, settled life had become more widespread and in time evolved into the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest civilizations.
00:42Indus Valley Civilization, as well as Ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia, was noted for developing new techniques in handicraft, metallurgy, development.
00:52It's believed to be the first civilization to use wheeled transport in the form of bullet carts, and also use boats.
00:59The route which traversed the Indus Valley, linking the Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Orient, have attracted people from far places.
01:08In the beginning of the second millennium BC, climate change with persistent drought led to the abandonment of the urban centers of the Indus Valley Civilization.
01:18Its population resettled in smaller villages and mixed with Indo-Aryan tribes, who moved into other areas of the Indian subcontinent in several waves of migration, also driven by the effects of this climate change.
01:30The Vedic period, 1500-500 BC.
01:34As Indo-Aryans migrated and settled into the Indus Valley, along with them came their distinctive religious traditions and practices which fused with local culture.
01:43The initial early Vedic culture was a tribal, pastoral society centered in the Indus Valley, of what is today Pakistan.
01:51During this period, the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed.
01:56The Vedic tribes remained in the Indus Valley by 6th century BC.
02:00These tribes fought against one another and were vulnerable against possible outsiders or invasions.
02:05King Darius I of the Achaemenid Empire took advantage of the opportunity and planned for an invasion.
02:11The Indus Valley was a major objective for the Persian Empire and other earlier incursions and campaigns existed in the Indus River.
02:18In 518 BC, Darius led his army through the Khyber Pass, eventually reaching the Arabian Sea coast in Sindh by 516 BC.
02:29Under Persian rule, a system of centralized administration with a bureaucratic system was introduced into the Indus Valley for the first time.
02:37Provinces, or satrapy, were established with provincial capitals.
02:41Also, there is no archaeological evidence of Achaemenid control over these regions, as not a single archaeological site that can be positively identified with the Achaemenid Empire has been found anywhere in Pakistan.
02:53We know about the easternmost satraps, and the borderlands of the Achaemenid Empire is set in Darius inscriptions and from Greek sources.
03:01In 328 BC, Alexander the Great, at that time King of Macedonia, King of Persia, and Pharaoh of Egypt, had conquered much of the former satraps in the Achaemenid Empire up to Bactria.
03:13When Alexander died in 323 BCE, he left behind an expansive empire stretching from Greece to the Indus River.
03:20The empire was put under the authority of Perdiccas, and the territories were divided among Alexander's generals.
03:26Due to the internal conflicts of Alexander's generals, Chandragupta and his Brahmin counselor, Chanakya, saw an opportunity to expand the Mauryan Empire from its Ganges plain heartland in Bihar,
03:38towards the Indus Valley between 325 BCE to 303 BCE.
03:43Mauryan Empire incorporated today's Pakistan, and far beyond in today's Afghanistan.
03:49It collapsed around 180 BC, and the Shunga Empire started to exist, but not near the Indus Valley.
03:56Here in Alexander's campaigns, many Greeks established in this part of the empire, creating communities and influencing the region with their culture.
04:04The Indo-Greek Kingdom expanded beyond the Hindu Kush.
04:07Their territories covered Panjshir and Kapissa, in modern Afghanistan, and extended to the Punjab region, with many tributaries to the south and east.
04:16The Greek and Indian languages, culture, traditions mixed, creating a very interesting period for this land.
04:23Sakas migrated from southern central Asia into Pakistan from the middle of the 2nd century BC to the 1st century BC.
04:30They replaced the Indo-Greeks.
04:32Indo-Parthian and Kushan empires ruled the lands here in the 1st centuries AD.
04:37By the end of the 3rd century, the Sassanid Sha'ansha, Shapur I, had incorporated the Indo-Iranian borderlands into the Sassanid realm.
04:45The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire, existing approximately from 320 to 600, and covered much of northern South Asia, including some parts of modern Pakistan, having its border with the Sassanid Empire in the Indus Valley across Indus River.
05:00This period is very important.
05:03Great accomplishments and great cultural developments took place during the reigns of important leaders.
05:08As an example, we can give the literary epics such as Mahabharata and Ramayana.
05:13This structure collapsed due to internal and external factors, like loss of territories, invasions, and instability.
05:19The Indo-Hepthalites were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the Late Antiquity period.
05:25They were defeated by an alliance of Indian rulers.
05:28The Brahmin dynasty existed in the region of Sindh between 632 and around 724.
05:34In this territory, here were many other small states in the next centuries.
05:38Another important period of this land is expansion of the Arab Caliphates.
05:43A large expansion happened in the 7th century.
05:46After conquering the Middle East and the Sassanid Empire, Arab forces had reached the Indus Valley.
05:51Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region for the Umayyad Empire.
05:56During the time of Arab Caliphates, a gradual conversion to Islam happened, as the new religion spread more and more.
06:02Also, Arabic and Persian languages spread and influenced the region.
06:07Ghaznavid Empire and then Gurud Empire ruled for centuries over the Indus Valley and beyond.
06:13By doing so, the new culture and religion was embraced by more and more people, becoming dominant in time.
06:19The Delhi Empire was a Sultanate based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of India,
06:24ruling over the largest rivers here and also deep in India's territory.
06:28This Sultanate was ruled by five dynasties, Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq, Syed and Lodi.
06:35During and in the Delhi Sultanate, the emergence of the Hindi-Urdu language started to happen.
06:40There was a synthesis of Indian civilization and that of Islamic civilization,
06:45and the further integration of the Indian subcontinent with a growing world system
06:49and wider international networks spanning large parts of Afro-Eurasia,
06:54which had a significant impact on Indian culture and society.
06:58Mongols attacked the region between the 13th and 14th centuries.
07:03Timur invaded the Punjab region and sacked cities at the end of the 14th century.
07:09The first battle of Panapat was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Kingdom.
07:15It took place in North India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire and the end of the Delhi Sultanate.
07:24This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder, firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent,
07:30which were induced by Mughals in this battle.
07:33The early modern period started with the Mughal Empire.
07:36Mughal rule was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire.
07:39The religion of Sikhism originated during this era in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
07:45Mughal rule was the time of economic development, prosperity and peace for Pakistan,
07:50which remained nearly two centuries and also the golden age of the region.
07:54They were responsible for spreading Urdu and built many masjids, mausoleums, madrasas, sand forts in Pakistan.
08:04The period was marked by economic activity, excellence in painting and magnificent architecture.
08:10The Mughal dynasty greatly influenced the art, architecture, culture of today's Pakistan.
08:16During the decline of Mughal in the late 18th and early 19th century,
08:20the other dynasties invaded and then controlled the region.
08:23Over these lands ruled the Durrani Empire, the Marathas and the Sikh Empire.
08:31Most of the territory of modern Pakistan was occupied by the East India Company of the British Empire.
08:37A series of conflicts followed in the region, in which the British fought local rulers, Sikhs and Afghans.
08:43Pakistan became part of British rule later than other parts of South Asia,
08:47and it stayed this way until the 14th of August 1947, when Pakistan gained independence.
08:53The two provinces of British India, Punjab and Bengal, were divided along religious lines.
08:59Violence and conflicts existed between the Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims,
09:04and millions migrated to the new borders and some exchanges of population.
09:08The dispute over Kashmir escalated into the first war between India and Pakistan.
09:14Constitution in 1956 led to Pakistan declaring itself an Islamic Republic,
09:19with the adoption of a parliamentary democratic system of government.
09:23Another conflict with India will happen that took place between April 1965 and September 1965.
09:31Economic grievances and political disenfranchisement in East Pakistan led to violent political tensions escalating into a civil war.
09:38Then, another conflict with India.
09:41Pakistan was defeated in the war, and this led to the Bangladesh independence.
09:46Between 1971 to 1977, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto creates an Islamic socialist system.
09:53In 1977, after a coup, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is executed.
09:58The Islamic law is imposed.
10:00Political crises, new elections, and instabilities existed until this day.
10:05Also, an important fact of the period of modern Pakistan is their population boom.
10:10If in this region lived 35 million when they achieved independence,
10:14by 1990 here lived around 100 million, and today more than 200 million people.
