The Secret Life of Trees Season 1 Episode 1

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Transcript

00:00Three trillion trees blanket our world from spectacular cherries in spring

00:17to the golden maples of North America

00:22and the strange-looking baobab trees of Madagascar.

00:30They can bring us joy and even keep us alive.

00:37All these amazing trees around us give us the air that we breathe.

00:42But what do we really know about their hidden world?

00:46As you get closer to the tree, it just gets more and more remarkable.

00:51In this series, we'll follow their incredible lifespans.

00:55There are trees alive on earth today that are as old as the great pyramids.

01:01Discover how trees communicate.

01:05This whole wood is interconnected and that opens up so many possibilities.

01:11And learn how they survive in some of the toughest places on earth.

01:16In this first episode, we're beginning with birth.

01:29And the journey to become an adult.

01:33As we reveal how trees mate.

01:35These flowers aren't for us. They're bold for trees to have sex.

01:42And even how a growing tree drinks.

01:47I can hear it.

01:49Oh, what a lovely sound.

01:52You'll never look at a tree in the same way again.

02:03There are more than 70,000 species of tree on our planet.

02:19But they all begin life in the same way.

02:25Even the giants of the tree world.

02:27The redwoods.

02:37The largest trees on earth live in Northern California.

02:46Towering up to 116 metres, they're taller than the Statue of Liberty.

02:57And some of the biggest are found at Benmore Botanic Garden in Western Scotland.

03:13Tony Kirkham was the head of trees at Kew Gardens.

03:17He spent a lifetime around the world's greatest trees.

03:26I spent 50 years of my professional career working with trees.

03:30And I'm still learning about them every day.

03:38So these trees are the giant redwoods.

03:40And they're my favourite trees.

03:42And I think it's probably because of the sheer size that they make.

03:46And how long they live for.

03:48Up to 3000 years old.

03:49And they can have trunks about 8 metres diameter.

03:53So, you know, they are monsters.

03:58These were planted in 1863.

04:01So they're just about 160 years old.

04:05They're taller than Nelson's Column, to put things into perspective.

04:1050, 55 metres.

04:12So they're tall.

04:14But like almost all trees, even these giants begin life as something tiny.

04:28Little seeds.

04:29So one of the incredible things about these massive trees

04:32is that they come from a seed this small.

04:37So tiny.

04:38Most people would think it would be the size of a coconut, you know,

04:40to make a tree this big, but they are minute.

04:44To think that something so small can generate something so massive.

04:50All the redwoods and all the trees on the planet,

04:54three trillion of them, all grow from something so small.

04:58I think that's pretty amazing. Astonishing, actually.

05:08But how are seeds actually made in the first place?

05:14Astonishing, actually.

05:16For many trees, the creation of new life

05:20begins with one of the most beautiful displays in the natural world.

05:24the natural world.

05:26Blossom.

05:35For a few brief weeks in spring, trees are painted in a fresh coat of colour.

05:43As their flowers burst into life.

05:45From the vivid pinks of Japan's cherry trees.

05:56To the pastel shades of almonds, apples, peaches and plums.

06:01And from magnolias.

06:08To the vibrant pomegranate tree.

06:10But as beautiful as it looks, all this colour isn't for us.

06:18It has a very important job.

06:22Helping the tree to create new life in the form of seeds.

06:33This is one of my favourite times of the year,

06:35when all the colour starts to appear back into the countryside

06:38after such a long, barren, bleak winter.

06:43Biologist Connor Butler is visiting elder trees.

06:49Each elder has thousands of flowers.

06:52Many more than most blossom trees.

06:54And in this orchard at Beaver Farm,

06:59the sweet-scented blooms are bursting into life.

07:05Connor is here to unlock the mystery

07:07of why many trees produce blossom.

07:11This field is filled with thousands and thousands of flowers,

07:14and it smells really incredible right now.

07:17But these flowers aren't for us.

07:18They evolve for trees to have sex.

07:21Like us, to make the next generation, trees need to reproduce.

07:32But when it comes to mating, they have a major problem.

07:37They are literally rooted to the spot.

07:40So unlike us, trees can't move.

07:42So in order for them to find a mate,

07:44they've actually got to find a pretty ingenious way to do that.

07:47And the way they've done that is to have flowers.

07:51The clever trees are using flowers to attract something that can move.

08:05Bees and other insects.

08:08To help them mate.

08:10So I've just caught this bee off this elder flower tree here.

08:14And this bee is visiting all the flowers.

08:16And these flowers are really brightly coloured, they smell fantastic,

08:20and they contain a really sugary liquid called nectar.

08:24And the trees produce that nectar to try and attract these pollinating insects in.

08:29The flowers look beautiful to us, but for insects,

08:32they look a whole other level of attractiveness.

08:35Trees use their bright flowers and sweet-smelling nectar to lure in the bees.

08:45And whilst the bee is getting a tasty treat, the tree gives it something else to take away.

08:53Pollen.

08:53So pollen is essentially tree sperm, and it wants to get that pollen as far away as possible

09:00to a tree which could be hundreds and hundreds of metres away.

09:02And it uses bees and other insects to do that travelling.

09:05On beautiful spring days, as the air is filled with the scent of flowers,

09:15it also hums with the soundtrack of insects.

09:23A single bee can visit more than a thousand flowers in one day.

09:28Bees and trees working together to create a seed.

09:38So let's have a closer look at some of these flowers.

09:40What we can see here are the male parts, which are a bit kind of yellowish in colour,

09:45and they're kind of sticking up out of the flower.

09:47And on each one of these is loads and loads of pollen grains.

09:50And when a bee or an insect visits the flower, it gets covered in this really dusty pollen.

09:55And when it's had its fill, it flies off to another flower.

09:58When it lands on that flower, it then deposits that pollen onto the female part,

10:02which is right in the centre of this flower.

10:07The pollen will make its way to an egg hidden inside.

10:13And that is the moment of conception, and that is where the seed starts to form.

10:18And actually, on some of these bunches here, we can see the petals have dropped off,

10:27and that will then swell and starts to grow into a seed.

10:34Most blossom only lasts a few short weeks in spring.

10:39Once the tree has shed its petals, it focuses its energy over the summer months,

10:44growing thousands of brand new seeds.

10:56But fewer than one in a thousand newly created seeds will make it into adulthood.

11:06So for many, there's a long and precarious journey ahead.

11:14It's summertime.

11:29And for trees, it's an important season for their precious offspring.

11:35The seeds are growing fast.

11:39And soon they'll be ready to leave home.

11:45To get the best start in life, they must take root far from the parent tree.

11:53And many have adopted ingenious ways to travel.

12:04Some use the wind.

12:07Like the cleverly shaped helicopter seeds of sycamores and maples,

12:12catching a gust to be scattered far and wide.

12:20Other seeds are tucked away inside colorful fruits to entice hungry animals.

12:26They eat the fruit, but leave the seeds behind to take root away from the parent tree.

12:38And then, from the bare soil,

12:41a brand new tree begins to grow.

12:57But for many infant trees, the next stage of life can be challenging.

13:03In Italy, the steep slopes along its southern coastline are the perfect place to grow

13:14lemon trees.

13:20Salvatore di Accetto tends to 2,600 amalfi lemon trees

13:26on a 12-acre farm his family has worked for two centuries.

13:32I represent my sixth generation in the lemon farm, the business.

13:38The lemons are everything for us.

13:42We have a connection with the plants.

13:43We consider our plants like our relatives, part of our family.

13:47In our veins, we don't have blood, we have lemon juice.

13:50In Salvatore's orchard, he has a special nursery for the youngest infant trees.

14:07Lemon trees grow up fast.

14:10And by the age of just five, they're producing their own juicy fruit.

14:15It's huge.

14:26You can eat it like an apple.

14:28This is very sweet.

14:30You can't imagine.

14:36But there's a problem.

14:39Just like any infant, Salvatore's young trees can be reckless.

14:46These inexperienced youngsters are making more fruit than their slender branches can bear.

14:53We are having a lot of troubles on the young trees,

14:57because when the plant has too much lemons, it can be a little bit dangerous.

15:02The young trees get so carried away producing lemons, they're at risk of snapping their branches.

15:10So they're given a frame to hold on to as they grow.

15:14To support the lemons, we're tired and we use it like a scaffolding.

15:20Because it's the same as human nature.

15:21When you are young, you need more attention to the father, to the mother.

15:25It's the same for the plants.

15:26It's the same as baby in the cradle.

15:34They stay nice, they have a support, and they can grow them better.

15:42Once they're matured, the trees can safely bear huge quantities of giant lemons.

15:49We have to wait 15, 20 years.

15:52This tree, like for example, this tree can give me 150 kilograms.

15:59Salvatore's tiny slice of the Amalfi Coast

16:03produces 70 tons of luscious lemons a year.

16:09And I know many people don't believe, but when I sell my lemons, I am jealous.

16:14I don't want to give them, because I consider my lemons like a baby.

16:17I don't want to give my baby.

16:19After a long day in the orchard, Salvatore's wife, Giovanna, uses their precious fruit

16:33to make a meal for two.

16:42The lemons are everything for us.

16:44I eat, I drink lemons, I see lemons, sometimes I drink lemons.

16:51With this spaghetti, she cooks very well, simple.

16:54At the end of the day, what else?

16:56Spaghetti, the tasty, this is very, very nice, a simple food.

17:01And the lemon zest, the lemon sauce, it's fantastic.

17:14From lemon trees growing in the Italian sunshine...

17:23..to 11,000 trees thriving in one of the most famous gardens in the world.

17:33The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London

17:36is home to 2,000 different species of tree.

17:40It's the perfect place to find out how young trees mature into adulthood.

17:55Just like us, all growing youngsters need to eat.

17:59And for a tree, its food is sunlight, which it gathers with its leaves.

18:11Cecily Withall is a member of Kew's tree gang.

18:16Her job is to keep a watchful eye on the health of the garden's trees.

18:21As a child, I'd climb trees a lot, and my family now find it hilarious

18:32that I'd climb trees for a job as a grown-up.

18:35To get to literally work with these trees every day,

18:38it really is something that is beyond wonderful.

18:42The leaves at Kew span every conceivable shape, colour and size.

18:56Today, Cecily is checking up on some of her favourite trees.

19:02Starting with one that has some of the biggest leaves.

19:06The Indian bean tree.

19:09Otherwise known as catalpa.

19:12So, as you can see, this is a huge leaf on the catalpa.

19:18And some can reach up to 30 centimetres in length,

19:21which is really big compared to other species of tree.

19:27Big leaves are ideal for taking on the most important job for any tree.

19:33Feeding itself.

19:36The most amazing things that trees do is their ability to make their own food.

19:40So, we as humans have to source our food to fuel our bodies, but the tree here is making its own.

19:50Trees are very, very clever and they do something called photosynthesis.

19:53And that's when they're taking in the sun's energy through the sunlight that penetrates the leaf.

19:59Trees combine the energy from the sun with water sucked up from the ground, as well as carbon dioxide from the air.

20:15A remarkable recipe that creates trees food.

20:21I think it's pretty amazing that leaves are able to make and produce their own food whereas we're still popping off to the shops.

20:29We're still popping off to the shops.

20:35To catch as much nourishing sunlight as they can,

20:39trees spread their leaves over as great an area as possible.

20:43One single tree can grow two billion leaves.

20:54And all these leaves don't just feed the tree.

20:58By soaking up carbon dioxide from the air, trees also help to combat climate change.

21:04This purple-leaved oak has a vast leaf canopy.

21:14The thousands, hundreds of thousands of leaves covering this tree are doing such a huge job.

21:19It's spread out here as much as possible to make the most of that sunlight.

21:24And it's competing against all the trees around it as well.

21:28That's why you see canopies stretching out past other trees to really push them into the sunlight.

21:34They'll push their leaves and their branches out to find that source of the sun,

21:38because they obviously need it to survive.

21:46Not far away is another of Q's gems, a tree with a distinctive leaf shape, the ginkgo.

21:57I think it's really hard not to create bonds with certain trees in the garden,

22:05and I think I've got a secret bond with the ginkgo, just because of its history and lineage.

22:14This tree was known to be growing 200 million years ago,

22:18and we still find fossils now that look identical to the leaf shape of the ginkgo.

22:27Ginkgos are one of the most ancient species of tree living on earth.

22:35It's remarkable to think that leaves just like this were eaten by dinosaurs.

22:41But growing trees can't reach adulthood on sunlight alone.

22:55They need to drink vast amounts of water.

23:00But that begs the question, how do they survive in some of the hottest places on our planet?

23:06As a new day dawns,

23:28young trees stretch out their leaves towards the rising sun,

23:32gathering its energy as food.

23:38But growing trees can't live on sunlight alone.

23:44They must drink water.

23:46And finding enough to quench its thirst is a life-or-death challenge for a fragile young tree.

24:02But how does a tree survive if its home is a desert?

24:07Acacia trees grow in a part of Israel where it rains less than an inch in a whole year.

24:22To thrive, these trees have extra-long roots

24:26and grow in places where they can tap into underground sources of water.

24:32Some as deep as 30 meters.

24:37Some as deep as a tree.

24:41In Madagascar, there's one of the planet's most unusual-looking trees.

24:48The otherworldly baobab.

24:54Known as the camels of the tree world,

24:57the wood inside their giant trunks acts like a sponge.

25:01Incredibly, each tree can suck up and hold 120,000 liters of water.

25:14That's as much as one of us would drink in a hundred years.

25:18In Australia, eucalyptus trees also manage to thrive in scorching heat.

25:32These young trees are some of the fastest growing on earth.

25:39They need to drink a lot of water.

25:44So what does a tree do to quench its thirst?

25:47Wildlife sound recordist Ellie Williams is hoping to reveal exactly how they do it.

26:01When you look at a tree, it doesn't seem that similar to us.

26:05They seem still and passive and yet they share so many needs that we do.

26:11They need nutrients, they need to grow and they need to drink.

26:18Ellie believes that she can find out how a tree drinks simply by listening.

26:24This plantation is full of lots of different age eucalyptus trees.

26:32This one's really young and it's got really beautiful leaves with

26:35kind of pink veins and a pink rim.

26:38And the leaves are a really different shape as well in young eucalyptus trees and

26:42nobody really knows why, but there are some older trees

26:47in the other side so I'm going to wander over there now.

26:54This thirsty teenage tree is already 10 metres tall

27:08and should be ideal to listen to while it drinks.

27:12This is my contact mic and it does this magic thing of picking up

27:17the tiniest vibrations or sound waves through this metal pin.

27:24It's quite windy today.

27:40The first thing I notice is the kind of really warm rumblings

27:43and that's the big vibrations as the tree sways in the breeze.

27:46As she tunes in, Ellie taps into fainter sounds from within the tree.

28:03The breeze has slowed down a little bit,

28:05which might give me a chance to hear this really delicate sound.

28:08It's the sound I really want to hear.

28:10And if I'm lucky...

28:16Okay, that might be one.

28:19Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, there was a little gurgle.

28:21I can hear it.

28:35Oh, what a lovely sound.

28:36It's like the most gentle little kind of series of bubbles.

28:40These faint popping noises are the sounds the young tree is making as it drinks.

28:54Defying gravity as it sucks water all the way up its long trunk.

29:01So trees are full of these tiny little tubes.

29:06Imagine hundreds and hundreds of metres of tiny little drinking straws.

29:11And what the tree does is it pulls water and nutrients from the soil,

29:16through the roots, up through the trunk, into the branches, into the leaves.

29:21It's just these tiny little bubbling, popping sounds.

29:24So that's basically the sound of air mixing with the water in the tubes.

29:34And eucalyptus trees are so, so thirsty.

29:37Each tree can drink about a bathtub's worth of water a day.

29:43You put these on and there's a whole other world going on.

29:48And it's loud and it's dramatic and it's beautiful.

29:50So we kind of feel that trees aren't doing that much, but they're doing so much.

29:59It makes you realise that there is all this life and movement happening all the time,

30:03but we just don't notice it.

30:13The secret life of trees is happening all around us.

30:20Young trees that started life as tiny seeds are getting taller and stronger.

30:32But like most teenagers on their journey towards adulthood,

30:36the speed at which they grow is incredibly varied.

30:44Some trees gain height quickly.

30:46These weeping willows can grow by nearly three metres in a single year.

30:57They have far-reaching roots that draw on the abundance of water around them.

31:06Some of the slowest growing trees live high up in America's Rocky Mountains.

31:11This is the home of the whitebark pine.

31:20The trees spend eight months of the year shrouded in snow,

31:24leaving them just four months to grow.

31:27And to reach their adult size, it takes these pines an incredible 250 years,

31:38a quarter of a millennium.

31:40They have far-reaching roots.

31:45Every tree on Earth is fed and nourished by gathering sunshine with their leaves

31:51and water from their roots.

31:55But how exactly do trees physically grow?

31:58In the new forest, Forestry England archaeologist Lawrence Shaw has an unusual way of finding out.

32:17When I'm walking through forests, I think it's probably a very different experience to most other people.

32:22As others might be listening out for birds or looking at the wildlife,

32:28I'm interpreting how people have interacted with this landscape over millennia.

32:36Lawrence is looking for tree graffiti.

32:41The carvings that people have made on trees in the past.

32:46Isn't this tree just beautiful?

32:48And it's absolutely littered with historic tree graffiti.

32:51People leaving their mark.

32:54They can date back hundreds, sometimes thousands of years.

32:58And they can connect us to individuals, specific events, a whole host of different things.

33:04So we have two initials here and a beautifully signed signature of T.B. James.

33:10And the year of 1944, all carved into the tree bark of this beech tree.

33:16And we know that American service personnel were stationed here in advance of the D-Day landing.

33:21And there's every probability that T.B. James was an American serviceman

33:26who was part of that assault on Normandy on that fateful night

33:30that was going to shape the war and the world for years to come.

33:38These days, we shouldn't carve our names into trees, as it can harm them.

33:43But these inscriptions from history can help Lawrence uncover the secret

33:49of how this beech tree has grown.

33:55Whilst the tree is several metres taller than it was during the Second World War,

34:00the carving itself hasn't moved any higher.

34:04It's been, yeah, 80 years since.

34:06But what's lovely to see is that it's still at exactly the same height

34:09that that individual carved those.

34:12So whilst the tree has grown upwards, this has stayed where it is.

34:16This tells us that the tree has gained all its new height at the top of its trunk,

34:30rather than growing upwards from its base.

34:35Now Lawrence is in search of older tree graffiti,

34:39to see if the same is true even after hundreds of years have passed.

34:47So the new forest was created by William the Conqueror in 1079

34:52as a royal hunting forest.

34:54Over the next seven centuries,

35:02thousands of trees were planted for England's kings and queens.

35:10Oaks provided wood for the warships of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

35:15And Lawrence knows of a special tree still standing that was growing in the 1800s,

35:26when George III's navy was fighting sea battles against Napoleon Bonaparte.

35:37So this is a lovely example of a king's mark on this beech tree.

35:41So you've got the shaft of the arrow coming down the trunk of the tree

35:45with the two returns making the point of the arrow there.

35:47And this is used to mark and infantry trees that are going to be used for shipbuilding.

35:55The arrow told foresters not to cut it down.

35:59The wood was to be saved for a warship.

36:03The mark on this beech tree was made around 200 years ago.

36:07At the time, the tree was still young and only a few metres tall.

36:16Over the past two centuries, the tree has added at least 20 metres in height,

36:21and yet the mark hasn't moved at all.

36:25I'm basically stood at the same head level as the individual that drew this carving.

36:31200 years ago, this tree would have been thinner,

36:34but the mark itself is at the same position that it was drawn at that time.

36:40What's lovely about historic tree graffiti is that they demonstrate

36:43the growing processes of trees.

36:45It may warp as a tree grows wider.

36:48But certainly these things don't disappear up with the tree.

36:56The 200-year-old carving proves that trees don't grow from the base of their trunk.

37:04Instead, as they get taller, all the tree's growth happens higher up,

37:09as it stretches its branches towards the sunlight.

37:19If trees do most of their growing throughout the warm summer months,

37:23how do they prepare themselves for the freezing weather of winter?

37:42It's autumn, a spectacular time in a tree's calendar.

37:52After gathering in the sunlight of summer,

37:55many trees must do one last remarkable thing before they can rest over winter.

38:01This is Forestry England's Western Burt Arboretum in Gloucestershire.

38:18Arborist Joe Porter looks after its 15,000 trees.

38:23He's fascinated by why in autumn many erupt into a riot of colour.

38:40As you can see, the trees are putting on some lovely colour for us.

38:43It's great to see so many people enjoying all of these beautiful trees

38:48and enjoying having that connection with nature.

38:51With the busyness of our job, every now and then it is quite nice just to stop,

38:56take a look and see this colour and it sort of lifts your spirits a little bit.

39:01But it's also not just for us that they're doing this.

39:04There's also a lot of important stuff going on inside the trees as they prepare for winter.

39:14Many of the 2,500 species of trees here are deciduous.

39:19It's just for us, which means they lose their leaves every year,

39:25after a flourish of autumn colour.

39:27And none are more dramatic than the acers.

39:37Acer is the botanical name for a maple tree.

39:39You tend to see a lot of these planted in people's gardens.

39:44The leaf shape looks like your hand. It helps them with wind deflection.

39:50The wind can move through the leaves and it causes less damage when it does get up to high winds.

39:57They're a little bit of a marker for when autumn has come.

40:00They go in this beautiful colour and they brighten up people's gardens when gloomy weather comes.

40:04And they're just this brilliant sort of show at the beginning of autumn.

40:09But why do leaves change their colour from green to vibrant shades of red and gold?

40:15So this time of year, as autumn moves through and we move into winter,

40:22the trees have got to prepare themselves for shorter days and colder temperatures.

40:27Leaves could get damaged in winter with frostbite, high winds.

40:31So they've got to prepare themselves and get themselves ready for this hibernation time of year for them.

40:37So they've got to prepare themselves for a long time.

40:42Over the summer, the leaves have been gathering energy from sunshine.

40:49In autumn, the colour changes we see from greens to oranges, yellows and reds

40:58are caused by the trees stopping this food-making process.

41:02When we see green leaves like this, it's because they're full of what we call chlorophyll.

41:11It's a chemical inside the leaf that helps the tree to photosynthesise and create food for itself.

41:22What we see throughout the process of autumn is the breakdown of that chlorophyll

41:26as it draws all of its good nutrients back into itself.

41:29Trees sense the shorter days and cooler air of autumn.

41:37It triggers them to claw back their harder nutrients, removing the green

41:42and revealing the naked leaf beneath.

41:49And what we are seeing is this natural hue in behind,

41:52which is the colour that is present all year round,

41:54but you just don't see it because the chlorophyll is so dominating in its colour.

41:59As the trees slowly break down the chlorophyll,

42:06different combinations of chemicals are left behind.

42:10They've had this gradual transition throughout autumn,

42:14trying to get that every last bit of sunlight that they can before winter comes along.

42:19So here we have one of our younger acers. You can tell it's a really good and healthy and vigorous tree.

42:39Quite often when you see trees dropping their leaves, it can be seen as quite a sad thing.

42:45But it's a really positive move for the tree as it hunkers down for the winter,

42:50protects itself, and then there's some tiny little buds starting to poke through,

42:54which means it's ready come springtime to sort of burst forth and continue producing its food from its leaves.

43:01And in a few days or weeks, this spectacle will be over.

43:18As trees let the wind carry away the leaves they no longer need.

43:22For every deciduous tree it's a vital stage in their long lives.

43:36As they fall into a winter slumber they've ensured that they have saved enough energy

43:43to get taller and stronger for next spring and the year ahead.

43:55Next time we follow trees in the prime of their lives as they do the most extraordinary things.

44:03These trees here they are essentially talking to each other.

44:07Adapting to withstand attacks from nature.

44:10And from us.

44:13You had chimneys belching out, smoke, soot, and this tree managed to deal with that.

44:20As they grow into the largest living things on the planet's surface.

44:25It blows my mind, even though I've been working with trees for 50 years,

44:30it still fascinates me how they stand up.

44:32For more information about the secret life of British trees,

44:37trees go to the Woodland Trust at woodlandtrust.org.uk

44:43slash trees.

44:45The secret life of trees continues brand new next Friday at nine.

44:53From North Korea to Nigeria, follow Michael Palin's adventures around the world,

44:58streaming now on five.

45:00And what makes Princess Anne a quite remarkable royal?

45:03We explore her extraordinary career brand new tomorrow at nine.

45:07Next, lip reading the royals, the secret conversations.

45:10One of the exceptions

45:12I speakfully in many familiar stories

45:16for about the years at 2007,

45:25PLASTED

45:25Glass着

45:27E Ora

45:27Black

45:28Baptist

45:29Times

45:29I see

45:30outine

45:30Black

45:31Link

45:32At

45:32Planet

45:32視聴

45:33мо

45:34war

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