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Mrs Thatcher confronts her enemies, leading the country to war, taking the economic fight to her opponents in the trade union movement, and her life is threatened by the IRA.
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00:00There are many things about Mrs Thatcher that the public don't know.
00:09In this book, she would keep quotations that she'd cut out.
00:15She would read them over and over again for inspiration.
00:20And I'd just like to read one of them to you.
00:26It's called No Enemies.
00:30You have no enemies, you say.
00:33Alas, my friend, the boast is poor.
00:36He who has mingled in the fray of duty that the brave endure must have made foes.
00:44If you have none, small is the work that you have done.
00:49You've hit no traitor on the hip.
00:52You've dashed no cup from perjured lip.
00:55You've never turned a wrong to right.
00:58You've been a coward in the fight.
01:01We ain't you.
01:02You've been a coward in the fight.
01:04We ain't Tories and we ain't Tories.
01:08We ain't Tories and we ain't Tories.
01:10We ain't Tories.
01:11Toys come!
01:29Tories come!
01:37I don't think Mrs Thatcher ever welcomed having enemies, on the other hand she wasn't going
01:46to compromise on what she believed was right and necessary for fear of enemies.
01:56With unemployment at three million, ITN every night reporting some new redundancy somewhere
02:04or some closure or whatever, it was extremely difficult.
02:10Not surprisingly, she was heartily disliked and indeed hated.
02:19Because of the economic conditions in those early Thatcher years, there was a feeling of
02:25widespread resentment and Margaret Thatcher, with good reason, felt under severe political
02:32pressure.
02:34Prime Minister, how long do you wish to go on being Prime Minister?
02:42Until I'm tired of it.
02:43How long will that be?
02:44Oh, I don't get tired very easily.
02:46Are you not tired at all?
02:48I saw the Sunday Times recently suggested that you were suffering from metal fatigue.
02:51I'm not suffering from any fatigue.
02:54I say until I'm tired of it.
02:56So long as Britain needs me, I shall never be tired of it.
02:59At the time, I remember actually saying and thinking that she spoke of herself continually
03:08as being strong.
03:11And I always thought that that was an indication of the inner Margaret Thatcher, that nobody who
03:17really is strong feels obliged to keep on saying it all the time.
03:22The end of the day is the end of the day.
03:49I hardly heard about the scrap merchants going to South Georgia.
03:55I knew they'd been landed there.
03:58The Foreign Office were negotiating them out.
04:02I don't think it really registered with me very much.
04:06Then my private secretary said,
04:08we've intercepted Argentinian messages,
04:10and to my horror, I didn't see much doubt about it,
04:14that we were facing an invasion.
04:17.
04:31Argentina has seized the British Falkland Islands,
04:34whose ownership she's been disputing with Britain for two centuries.
04:38The President, General Galtieri, remained intransigent.
04:41Never, he vowed, are we going to abandon the Malvinas Islands.
04:45They are now Argentine territory.
04:50I said, we must go and see the Prime Minister immediately.
04:54Her first reaction was, this is a disgrace,
04:57that these fascists have invaded British territory.
05:01that then followed a very short exchange, but I've always felt highly significant.
05:07She said, you'll have to take them back.
05:10He said, we can't.
05:12She said, you've got to.
05:15She was emphatic, and this was the first display of her admirable leadership.
05:24Mr Speaker, sir.
05:26The House meets this Saturday to respond to a situation of great gravity.
05:31I'm sure that the whole House will join me in condemning totally this unprovoked aggression by the government of Argentina against British territory.
05:44The Right Honourable Lady, the Prime Minister, shortly after she came into office, received a subriquet as the Iron Lady.
05:54In the next week or two, this House, the nation, and the Right Honourable Lady herself will learn of what metal she is made.
06:05The Prime Minister came up to the flat.
06:11She was very anxious.
06:13The atmosphere was very strange, and she was very preoccupied.
06:20And I can remember that Mr Thatcher had got the Atlas out.
06:25He didn't know where they were.
06:28There was also a reaction of great worry,
06:31because this was not the sort of thing she thought she was going to be dealing with when she came in in 1979.
06:38You know, most of the other issues she was familiar with.
06:41But Britain at war, we hadn't had that for decades.
06:50Could we militarily take back the Falklands?
06:54That was the question which faced us at the crucial Cabinet meeting.
06:58Margaret went round the table, very understandably, asking whether there was any support or opposition to the proposal that we should send the fleet.
07:13She was like Margaret always was, authoritative, opinionated, in charge.
07:19I remember what I said, that if the fleet doesn't sail, this government will fall.
07:26I think that was the essence of the position.
07:30The government, if it was to survive, had no choice.
07:33Thousands of people lined jetties and walls to wave farewell to the task force at the start of its 8,000-mile journey to the South Atlantic.
07:49And later in the week, half of Britain's navy would have been mobilised and pushing south.
07:54She needed the Falklands like she needed a hole in the head because of the economic situation.
08:04Think of the cost of sending her 26,000 service people to the South Atlantic.
08:12It must have been extremely difficult for her to send troops into war.
08:29It must be bad enough for a man to have to do it, but for a woman to have to do it, being a mother and having a family of her own,
08:36it's a very difficult thing to do, and I think that was always at the top of her mind.
08:46I think Margaret Thatcher shut her mind to all the awful things that could happen.
08:53She made up her mind she was going to do it.
08:55I'm going to pass first.
08:56But we'll just be all right for you.
08:59These men were going to war.
09:02I knew what terrible risks we were taking.
09:06We must recover the Falkland Islands for Britain and for the people who live there, who are of British stock.
09:20Do you remember what Queen Victoria once said?
09:23Failure, the possibilities do not exist.
09:27That is the way we must look at it.
09:29We must go out calmly, quietly, to succeed.
09:35We intercepted a signal that the aircraft carrier and the Belgrano were part of an encirclement force to attack the task force.
09:49The Belgrano was a big cruiser. She was old fashioned, but she was very well equipped and was a real threat.
10:07We were having a war cabinet meeting at Chequers and so we told Margaret Thatcher what we discovered.
10:18Well, I remember the Attorney General on the floor with a lot of maps crawling around trying to illustrate things.
10:23I remember a perfectly sensible discussion and an inevitable conclusion.
10:37A British submarine has torpedoed Argentina's only cruiser, the General Belgrano.
10:41It was attacked just outside the 200-mile exclusion zone around the Falklands because it represented a threat to the Royal Navy Task Force.
10:54Gotcha! Our lad sink gun belt and hold cruiser.
10:58And then the express fears for 700 an Argentine warship sunk.
11:05Junta, our cruiser is lost.
11:10It did fuel the argument that Mrs. Satcher was inhuman, didn't care and this kind of thing.
11:19Ruthless, all those words.
11:21Mr. Speaker, sir, there was clear aggressive intent on the part of the Argentinian fleet and had we left it any later it would have been too late.
11:32Then I might have had to have come to the house with the news that some of our ships had been sent.
11:38Oh, I don't think she had any doubts about it.
11:41In these circumstances, you recognise the loss of life, but we are at war.
11:57The United Nations Secretary General says his attempt to mediate in the Falklands crisis has failed.
12:03British troops have gone ashore in a number of raiding parties.
12:055,000 troops were landed in San Carlos.
12:09It was an astonishing achievement.
12:11Margaret Thatcher, I think, would have been delighted if we could have got a negotiated solution.
12:16But that problem was never on the cards.
12:18She certainly felt that if the Argentine invasion was not answered by the British military,
12:25then the sense of humiliation in Britain would grow probably out of control.
12:30That's quite a bit of a threat.
12:33All the rules of war are clear that you do not undertake an amphibious landing on hostile territory without air superiority.
12:41And we knew that we hadn't got it.
12:44We planned to land at San Carlos two hours after midnight.
12:49In fact, we were late on arrival.
12:51And that is when the Argentine air attack started.
12:54the Argentine Air Force were incredibly brave and they flew in low and at the same time they
13:08were flying through a barrage with anti-aircraft fire and missiles. I stayed the night at Downing
13:25Street oh it must have been two or three o'clock in the morning we were still up she was waiting for
13:31urgent news we decided we'd have a drink and I used to sort of prefer to have a gin and tonic in
13:40those days she said you can't drink gin and tonic in the middle of the night dear have a whiskey
13:46because you're going to need all your energy she hardly slept at all she would not go to bed actually
14:01when a ship got hit she felt it badly I remember South Georgia when one of our helicopters had
14:25crashed Margaret Thatcher broke down she actually cried and in a way you know she was on a very rapid
14:38learning curve our hearts go out to all those families who had men in these ships but despite
14:54these grievous losses neither our resolve nor our confidence is weakened we know the task that
15:08faces our fighting men they are now established on the Falkland Islands and although they still face
15:15formidable problems in difficult terrain with a hostile climate their morale is high
15:22I ordered to Paris take goose green the enemy were in slit trenches it was what I would call gutter fighting
15:42it was hand to hand in certain cases the prime minister was anxious about as she used to say our boys they were paramount in her thoughts and of course she was distraught of the loss of life
16:02she was much more compassionate than her public image I always believed that she was the best at dealing with the bereaved or the injured and this came from the heart I mean she had a genuinely sympathetic side to her
16:29a lonely hillside overlooking San Carlos water was the position for the funeral of the British it was a sombre formal and moving event
16:44British forces are closing in on the capital of the Falklands Port Stanley they're now within 20 miles of the town where the biggest Argentine garrison is dug in
16:53we were obviously anxious in London about what was going to happen next to my surprise Margaret Thatcher asked me and my young son to join her to watch Trooping of the Colour on Horse Guards Parade
17:08and afterwards she said you must come back and have a meal so I went back to number 10 and there must have been 12 young children there and their parents and I said who prepared this food and she said oh I stayed up late last night and prepared it for the
17:25so I said how can you in the middle of a war how can you stay up and cook the meal for all these children and she said oh I quite enjoy doing it
17:46doing it. After the lunch we were informed that the battle for wireless
17:55ridge was taking place. Taking wireless ridge was key alongside tumble down as
18:01well they were the two key features and I was standing looking through my
18:06binoculars and a voice said I think it may be over Brigadier. And what he'd seen was
18:22the Argentine army retreating into Stanley the feeling when we knew we had
18:32won. It was a mixture of joy, relief and eventually we'll go home.
18:41Prime Minister, could you could you have a word with us please?
18:49Prime Minister, we have a microphone here, Prime Minister, we have a microphone here.
18:55And it's Great Britain. Marvellous forces every single one of them.
19:00Mrs. Thatcher went out into the street, there was press everywhere.
19:09I thought she might collapse at that point but she didn't. She was still strong she said
19:21there's a lot to be done and we must think about the families of the people we've lost.
19:26I can't imagine anybody being a greater war leader than Margaret Thatcher.
19:36There is no doubt in my mind that women have more courage than men.
19:43This was a woman's war and the woman in her one.
19:49No, I never had any doubts at all.
19:52Well, victory was absolutely crucial and from then on I think people looked at Margaret Thatcher
19:58with a different eye.
20:00I never had any doubts in our armed forces. I knew it would be difficult but I knew that they were doing.
20:06Before then we were a clapped out nation. I don't think many people wanted to talk to us.
20:14After the Falklands everybody wanted to talk to her and to be seen with her because she
20:19became an international phenomenon. A woman to boot who had stood up against a military juncture and won.
20:29I consider this my greatest achievement as number 10 press secretary and that was to get Mrs. Thatcher
20:40to Port Stanley without anybody knowing.
20:46The arrival was hilarious because the Prime Minister conveyed in the governor's taxi. A London cab, maroon I think it was.
20:56There wasn't a dry eye in the house when she was made an honorary freeman of the Falkland Islands.
21:07Thank you very much.
21:11May I suggest to every citizen of our country, every man and every woman, whatever political persuasion, that on Thursday you pause and ask yourself,
21:18one question. Who would best defend our freedom, our way of life, our way of life, our way of life, our way of life, our way of life, our way of life?
21:25May I suggest to every citizen of our country, every man and every woman, whatever political persuasion, that on Thursday you pause and ask yourself one question.
21:42Who would best defend our way of life, who would best defend our freedom, our way of life, our way of life, and the much loved land in which we live?
21:52Margaret Thatcher returns to Downing Street with the biggest majority since 1945.
22:01No male Prime Minister this century has matched Mrs Thatcher's general election achievement
22:06in winning two successive terms in Downing Street, both with a clear majority,
22:10let alone the second, by a landslide.
22:15Everyone around her was very confident that she was going to win following the Falklands War.
22:21The election was a triumph.
22:24British people had a sense of pride.
22:28Things were beginning to turn in the economy,
22:31and they regarded Thatcher as having achieved that.
22:37Mrs Thatcher was very proud of it, and it certainly must have given her confidence.
22:43I think from that moment onwards, her authority increased.
22:49Mrs Thatcher always had a natural authority,
22:52but that achievement, well, that was there something in the history books.
22:58In this marvellous moment, when we're all thrilled,
23:02we have to remember that all power is a trust,
23:06and we must exercise it in that way.
23:15Having defeated one enemy she hadn't expected to fight,
23:20the Argentine invaders of the Falklands,
23:22Mrs Thatcher was soon to face rising tensions with an old enemy, communism.
23:28America has blamed the Russians for shooting down a South Korean jumbo jet,
23:36which is missing with 269 people.
23:39They're all presumed dead.
23:42Is there conscience in the Kremlin?
23:45Do they ever ask themselves, what is the purpose of life?
23:49Does the way they handled the Korean airliner atrocity
23:53suggest that they ever considered such questions?
23:58No.
24:00Mrs Thatcher was appalled by it.
24:04It was a terrible incident,
24:07and always with the Cold War, the risk was of an escalation.
24:12Margaret Thatcher despised communism because it was hostile to human liberty,
24:23and she had a deep, genuine belief in personal liberty
24:27and the right of people to be free.
24:30Mrs Thatcher saw them as enemies who had to be resisted
24:35and had to be prevented from being a threat.
24:39She certainly believed in the power of the nuclear deterrent.
24:46The purpose of defence is to keep peace.
24:50To do that, you have to deter a potential aggressor.
24:55Weakness would tempt him.
24:58Strength stops him.
25:05Two sites in England have been named as bases
25:08for American cruise missiles.
25:12The two sites for the missiles
25:13are the American Air Force standby base at Greenham Common
25:16and an American Air Force store at Malesworth near Huntingdon.
25:20The first of them would be in position by about the end of 1983.
25:24After the decision to put the missiles at Greenham Common,
25:28CND called their first demonstration for many, many, many years,
25:32and 80,000 people turned up.
25:34The focus was entirely on trying to get the American cruise missiles
25:40not delivered to the UK.
25:43There was a lot of anti-Reagan, anti-Thatcher propaganda as well.
25:49We knew that within the CND movements,
25:52there were communist sympathisers.
25:54Margaret sawn the growth of CND is a very menacing threat
26:00to the government's policy and to the policy of the NATO alliance.
26:05I think Mrs. Thatcher must have been aware
26:08that her whole right-wing agenda was being challenged.
26:12I was essentially an enemy of the state.
26:19The cruise missiles will be deployed by the end of this year.
26:25Our nerve is being tested.
26:27We must not falter now.
26:34Greenham! Greenham! Greenham! Greenham!
26:38Greenham! Greenham! Greenham! Greenham!
26:41Greenham! Greenham! Greenham! exactly!
26:42Greenham! initially just wanted dialogue.
26:45They wanted to say it's really important
26:49that ordinary people are given their voice.
26:53It's not important that ordinary people are given their voice.
26:57First of all, dialogue was not really in her political vocabulary.
27:05Margaret Thatcher's favourite form of discourse was in one direction.
27:09What's the point? They weren't going to listen to Margaret Thatcher, she was the devil incarnate.
27:17I think for many of us, she did become a hate figure.
27:23She seemed to lack any kind of humanity.
27:28I think she saw herself as some kind of warrior.
27:31You know, she wanted to defeat communism.
27:34It was just before 9 o'clock as the plane bringing the first cruise missiles to Britain came into land at the end of its overnight flight across the Atlantic.
27:47Security, always intense, became even more so with armed paratroopers deployed in a tight circle around the plane.
27:54The West as a whole was reacting very hostily to the Soviet Union, so our bilateral relations were extremely poor.
28:03Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe was successful in persuading the Prime Minister that we needed to seriously consider resetting our relationship with the Soviet Union.
28:14She needed to be persuaded and the first thing that she proposed was that we had a day seminar at Chequers.
28:22It turned out that eight academics had been invited and we were told that the event would be kept confidential, there'd be no publicity about it.
28:32What they were basically saying was that a new generation is bound to be taking over in the near future because Brezhnev and Andropov and Chernenko were old men and their health was not good.
28:45At a certain point in my presentation I introduced the name of Mikhail Gorbachev.
28:52He really was a reformer. He was the most open-minded member of the Bolet Bureau and probably the most hopeful choice both for Soviet citizens and for the outside world.
29:05Mrs. Thatcher came to Geoffrey Howe and said, should we not invite Mr. Gorbachev to Britain?
29:12After the seminar we were delighted in the Foreign Office that we'd been given the authority to do what we thought was in the UK national interest.
29:20The challenge then was to persuade Mr. Gorbachev to come to London.
29:27While Mrs. Thatcher waited for a response from the Soviet Union, another battle arose, this time on the home front.
29:35The miners' strike begins in three hours time in protest over pit closures and the signs tonight are that more than half of Britain's miners could be out by Monday.
30:00It is the start of a campaign to reverse policies and get rid of a Tory government!
30:11She came to office after 26,000 strikes in the 70s. Couldn't go on. No wonder we were going downhill.
30:21She knew that had to be changed. She was determined that the Union should be put back in a legislative box.
30:32The miners' strike is not of this government seeking nor of its making.
30:43What we have seen in this country is the emergence of an organised revolutionary minority
30:50who are prepared to exploit industrial disputes, but whose real aim is the breakdown of law and order
30:59and the destruction of democratic parliamentary government.
31:03Well, we knew of Arthur Scargill that he was an extremist.
31:17There were other much more moderate voices within the coal mining unions, but not Scargill.
31:24Scargill was very different.
31:26Arthur Scargill was a man of very strong views. Mrs. Thatcher would describe them as Marxist and believed that Arthur Scargill was dangerous.
31:40It is not the responsibility of the British trade union movement to try and argue the pros and cons of legislation that seeks to destroy us.
31:50Our responsibility is to fight.
31:54The principal argument was over the point at which a pit should close.
32:00The Scargill view was, so long as there was coal in the ground, we should dig it out.
32:05But Mrs. Thatcher stuck to the view that it was the economic exhaustion of the pit, not the physical exhaustion of the pit,
32:12that should be the guiding principle.
32:15Mrs. Thatcher was conscious of the fact that the miners had brought down Mr. Heath's government, and she never forgot.
32:25So, she was always preparing for another strike.
32:33It's not an exaggeration to say that the government under Mrs. Thatcher, very particularly, put itself on a war footing.
32:41One of the first steps Mrs. Thatcher took was to convene a committee, like a war cabinet, which met three or four times a week to gather intelligence of what had happened, how many miners were working, what was going on in the MUM headquarters, what they were planning, setting out the basic facts.
33:04There was the preparation of changing benefit laws so that the family of strikers could not claim benefit.
33:15There was the preparation of stockpiling in power stations, at docks, just about everywhere that coal could be stocked.
33:24And the result was that the miners were at their gravest disadvantage, and the government was at its greatest advantage.
33:36When the strike started, I worked at Weldale Coloury in Castleford.
33:44My father worked there, two of my uncles worked there, a couple of my cousins, so that was regarded as a family pit.
33:51We were fighting to keep the mines open, to keep the employment.
33:55She had a vision for the country that didn't include our way of life.
33:59It was Thatcher versus me. It was Thatcher versus every one of us that were on strike.
34:07We cannot lose this fight. More importantly, we will begin to roll back the years of Thatcherism.
34:16Join us in that fight, and victory will be there!
34:19Scargill knew that he could not get a majority in a national ballot, and so he called a national strike of the NUM without a ballot.
34:36That meant that there were a good many places where the miners themselves did not want to go out on strike.
34:43Britain's second largest coal field, Nottinghamshire, has voted 3 to 1 against a strike.
34:50NUM officials said the big no there had been a protest against intimidation by flying pickets.
34:56Scalp! Scalp! Scalp! Scalp! Scalp! Scalp!
35:02The violence began when Scargill was flying pickets, who were men who sought to stop people physically
35:11from going to work.
35:18And Margaret Thatcher could not allow that to happen.
35:23I knew she was very angry at that.
35:26So we had to ensure that there were adequate police officers to help people go to work.
35:35I must tell you that what we've got is an attempt to substitute the rule of the mob for the rule of law.
35:47And it must not succeed!
35:52It must not succeed!
35:54And I pay tribute to the courage of those who've gone into work through these picket lines.
35:59To the courage of those who are not going to be intimidated out of their jobs and out of their future.
36:06Ladies and gentlemen, we need the support of everyone in this battle which goes to the very heart of our society.
36:14The rule of law must prevail over the rule of the mob.
36:19Scalp! Scalpel took mass picketing and confrontation to its ultimate...
36:29Margaret, just she thought industrial action should never be used to change governments,
36:35it was inflexible in never-giving way.
36:38giving way. I think quite a number of her cabinet colleagues would have wobbled, weren't
36:45sure, and that's when the Iron Lady really was key to the whole thing.
36:58On the 18th of June, I turned up to the strike centre and we were sent to Argrieve. I suppose
37:05the main change that should have rung alarm bells was the way that we'd still got the
37:09police roadblocks, but they weren't stopping us getting off anymore. There were guinea directions
37:13on where best to park your car up. They wanted us there that day.
37:22We parked up at the top of the hill and you could look down to the coke works and you could
37:28see the police presence were a lot bigger than what you were used to.
37:39As you got nearer the police line, you started to realise that you were boxed in.
37:45There was no particular plan to stage a major encounter at Argrieve and I don't think Mrs.
37:52actually knew that there was going to be a fight there on that day.
38:09It was mayhem. Once the cavalry charged, there were people tripping up, there were people
38:15falling all over, there were people being hit from behind.
38:24Now there will be people who will argue that the police went over the top and this sort
38:28of thing, but they went up against a pretty fearsome crew.
38:37As far as I was concerned, yes there was a riot. I think the only trouble is who orchestrated
38:41the riot and all started it. I think that's where we've got the different feels.
38:49The so-called Battle of Argrieve was horrifying. The use of police cavalry against the miners was devastating.
39:02And of course politically, it proved to be very productive for Mrs. Thatcher and her government,
39:10because it conveyed all the impression of anarchic militant aggression by the miners,
39:19even though they were actually the victims.
39:22The real turning point in the strike was after Argrieve, around the autumn of 84.
39:32By that stage, you could see that this thing wasn't going to go on forever.
39:38It was apparent that the dispute was lost for Arthur Scargill, because that Mrs. Thatcher
39:44had very strong powers of perseverance and was not easily intimidated.
39:49I think if any government gave in to violence and intimidation of the kind which has disfigured our screens,
40:03there'd be no future for democracy or for any other union or any moderate trade unionist in this country.
40:09It is the work of extremists. It is the enemy within.
40:12The Conservative Party conference has opened in Brighton with strong support for the police
40:22and with condemnation of Arthur Scargill and violence on the miners' picket lines.
40:27The miners' strike was dragging the country down. It had gone on for so long.
40:43And I think it's the first time that I've ever seen her really tired.
40:53She would be working on her speech 90% of the time, and she liked it to be quite sharp.
41:00And I'm going to go through it fast to see that I can read it and get used to the words.
41:07This time, our conference comes at a very significant moment,
41:11and our policies were and still are in tune with the true instincts of the British people.
41:16I'm sorry. I don't know this bit as well, so it's as well we're going through it.
41:20We shall continue...
41:22Mrs Thatcher wanted to shine with her speeches.
41:26She was very conscious of her image.
41:30She was meticulous about it.
41:32And I was very... and...
41:35I'm going... I'm going to keep coming up there, please.
41:37That is what I wrote.
41:38It is by fulfilling orders that jobs are won.
41:41I might do it. Strikes destroy business.
41:43Destroy confidence. Destroy jobs.
41:45It is by fulfilling orders that jobs are won.
41:49And never forget, it was Labour who put a tax on jobs.
41:54It was Conservatives who took it off.
41:56I have to get a clap line there, because it's dull.
42:04Back in the early 80s, the Conservative Party conference was a very different affair
42:11to that which it is these days.
42:15We were aware that the IRA were trying to be more active on the mainland.
42:22But I guess we were probably rather lax in our security.
42:31It is a great pleasure to introduce our principal guest for this evening,
42:35the Prime Minister and the Right Honourable Margaret Thatcher.
42:45Well, on that night, we were just pushing and shoving and trying to get pictures.
42:50The star of the evening had arrived.
42:52Everyone wanted to shake her hands and say hello, and it was like a scrum, really.
42:59I can see from here that the picture is just sharp enough.
43:02I noticed that the time on her wristwatch is just gone 11,
43:06so she was due to leave the next few minutes before going straight back to the hotel.
43:11Of course, she was quite anxious to get back to continue with the speech.
43:19I was in the Prime Minister's suite where I had bedroom,
43:24and we were still up at getting on for 3 o'clock in the morning
43:30when Robin Butler from Downing Street arrived with something very important for her to sign.
43:35And so the speech writers left the room, and I was left alone in the room with her.
43:40She was looking at this piece of paper, and I was a chair about 6 feet away.
43:46And while she was looking at the piece of paper, the explosion happened.
43:58We knew it was a bomb straight away.
44:01Mrs. Thatcher said immediately, without any hesitation,
44:08I must see if Dennis is all right.
44:10So she opened the door to the bedroom, which was in darkness because Dennis had been sleeping,
44:16and you could hear the sounds of falling masonry, which turned out to be her bathroom.
44:21But she and Dennis emerged within a few moments.
44:26She didn't sort of, um, panic or shake in any way.
44:29This was just something that we had to cope with, and we opened the door into the corridor.
44:36We were woken by an explosion, and the next moment the chandelier came crashing down on the ceiling with it.
44:44And then just a feeling of falling and being turned over.
44:49And, uh, then total darkness.
44:52I was able to hold my wife's hand.
44:56I think we were both drifting in and out of consciousness.
45:02I'd had a couple of drinks in the bar, and it was packed.
45:05And then the lights all went out.
45:08Well, I just grabbed the camera and let off a flash.
45:14And then all the dust and stuff came in, and it completely enveloped us.
45:17So I went round to the front door, climbed out the window.
45:23We were sort of bundled by detectives, et cetera, out through the back door and straight into a car.
45:35Dennis just looks a bit amused, but she looks strong straight ahead.
45:42Just, you know, she'd just been in a bomb.
45:45The bomb went off somewhere between quarter to three and three.
45:48I know that because I looked up when I'd finished something at quarter to three.
45:53And I just turned to do one final paper.
45:56And then, um, I was like, oh, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no.
46:02The bomb went off somewhere between quarter to three and three.
46:05I know that because I looked up when I'd finished something at quarter to three.
46:09And I just turned to do one final paper.
46:12And then, um, it went off.
46:14My husband was in bed and all the windows went.
46:17And the bathroom was extremely badly damaged.
46:19In your own room?
46:20In your room.
46:21Yes.
46:22We were very lucky.
46:24Thank you very much.
46:26We were taken to the police college for the night.
46:29And she and I were allocated a twin bedded room together.
46:33And she said, there will be some casualties.
46:37She said, I think it would be nice if we said a prayer.
46:43She immediately kneeled down by the bed and we said a silent prayer.
46:48And she put her head back and she went almost fast asleep for about an hour.
46:545.45 a.m. Mrs. Margaret Tebbit was brought out of the rubble of the hotel.
47:01Mr. Tebbit was pinned under tons of rubble, which had fallen into the lobby.
47:06I realized I was losing blood and that there was a finite time in which, you know, I had got to be rescued.
47:17Well, I was aware that I'd been fairly well mashed up.
47:24I had lost most of my back teeth.
47:27I had a fractured shoulder blade, fractured collarbone, a number of ribs,
47:34some of which had gone through my lungs and lost the top of my left hip.
47:41The telephone rang and it was John Gummer saying that it's much worse than we thought.
48:03They have already found some dead bodies and they're digging for Norman Tebbit.
48:12Mrs. Thatcher appeared at 8 o'clock and I said to her, it's much worse than we thought when we left the hotel.
48:19And I told her about the casualties and she said, well, she said, the conference is due to start at 9.30 and it must start on time.
48:27I said to her, you can't be serious. I mean, this terrible thing has happened.
48:31Some of your closest colleagues have been killed and badly injured.
48:35You're not going to just go on with the party conference as if nothing had happened, are you?
48:40And she said, this is our opportunity to show that terrorism can't defeat democracy.
48:46And of course, she was right.
48:50Just walking in and out.
48:52Like money like nothing.
48:55How many people have been killed and then will they have resistance as sin?
49:07Cause organically stabbed people inside of the window of the day and then becomes more strange.
49:09And I see that there's right at 7.30 in myock,
49:12but it's about 14.30 in the infant,
49:15if I haven't believed somebody else who respects you
49:18The IRA issued a statement.
49:30Today we were unlucky, but remember we only have to be lucky once.
49:35You will have to be lucky always.
49:38Give Ireland peace and there will be no more war.
49:42Well, if the IRA thought that that was going to daunt her or make her change her policy,
49:51they misjudged her entirely.
49:55The bomb attack on the Grand Hotel early this morning
50:00was first and foremost an inhuman, undiscriminating attempt
50:08to massacre innocent, unsuspecting men and women
50:13staying in Brighton for our Conservative conference.
50:19And the fact that we are gathered here,
50:22now shocked but composed and determined,
50:27is a sign not only that this attack has failed,
50:31but that all attempts to destroy democracy by terrorism will fail.
50:50When Mrs. Thatcher came back to Downing Street,
50:54she was solemn, but so resilient.
50:56She literally just got on with the job.
51:01After a couple of days, you wouldn't have thought
51:03that she'd been involved in such a horrendous tragedy at all.
51:08Mr. Thatcher had been out up Bond Street
51:13and he had bought her a new watch.
51:17She told me, he says,
51:19this is to show you that every minute counts.
51:25I think deep down she knew that she had been lucky that night.
51:30Very lucky.
51:40After surviving the attempt on her life at Brighton,
51:43Mrs. Thatcher had become the most senior
51:45and perhaps the most respected leader of the Western world
51:50and her no-compromise style of leadership
51:54earned her great respect.
51:56Mrs. Thatcher was remarkable in the sense
51:58that she did not worry about being unpopular.
52:04Embattled was how those middle years
52:07of her prime ministership were characterised.
52:10It was not an easy passage,
52:17but she put on a show of indomitable determination
52:20and that resonated with a lot of people.
52:27Britain was seen as having a leader who could do things
52:31and everybody wanted a visit.
52:34The man tipped to be the next Soviet leader
52:42has arrived in Britain for a one-week visit.
52:45Mikhail Gorbachev said he came with goodwill
52:47and good intentions.
52:49We sent the invitation to Mr. Gorbachev
52:53to come to the United Kingdom
52:54and for two or three months we didn't get a reply.
52:57Suddenly we not only got a reply,
53:00but his wife, Rahisa Gorbacheva,
53:02was going to come with him.
53:03So there was a terrific kerfuffle about his arrival.
53:10It was all a bit frantic.
53:15And the second he came into the room,
53:18here was somebody just completely different.
53:21He was bouncing on the balls of his feet,
53:23he was greeting everyone.
53:25Great smile, give us all bear hugs.
53:29Not the prime minister, I hasten to say.
53:32In a sense this was a moment of discovery.
53:35Discovery that here perhaps
53:37they had a chance of doing something serious
53:40about East-West relations.
53:42I shall never forget the afternoon
53:44after the lunch
53:46where these two retired
53:48in front of a log fire
53:49and began arguing.
53:52And they argued ferociously.
53:55Really ferociously, but good-humouredly.
53:57And Mrs. Shetcher loved it.
53:59And they went on forever, also, it seems.
54:02The chemist who was there,
54:04she was enthusiastic about him.
54:06I think she thought she'd hit the jackpot.
54:09When they parted, she said,
54:12well, look, that was extraordinary.
54:14This is for the first time
54:15I've come across a Soviet leader
54:17who is a man I can do business with.
54:21Do you see this as the start, possibly,
54:24of a new era in discussions with the Soviet Union?
54:26I think it augurs well
54:28for reaching agreement
54:30between East and West
54:32and for increasing cooperation.
54:35I respect him.
54:36He's very able.
54:38And on that basis, yes,
54:39we can do business.
54:42I think when historians look back
54:45on that period,
54:47the Thatcher-Gorbachev meeting
54:48and the friendship and mutual respect
54:52that they developed
54:53was historically
54:56the first major step
54:58that effectively led
55:00to the end of the Cold War.
55:00At 9 o'clock in the morning,
55:14striking miners' families
55:15begin lining up
55:16near Wigan Town Hall
55:17for free food.
55:19The support group here
55:20hands out nearly 1,000 food parcels a week.
55:23Many miners and their families
55:25just can't afford
55:26to buy enough food.
55:29No money coming in
55:30with being a single bloc,
55:31you know,
55:32I think I'd starve
55:34but without these food parcels.
55:40Conference has decided
55:41that the National Union of Mine Workers
55:45shall organise
55:47a return to work on Tuesday.
55:51We have decided to go back
55:52for a whole range of reasons.
55:54We face not an employer,
55:56but a government
55:57aided and abetted
55:59by the judiciary,
56:00the police
56:01and new people in the media.
56:02We're not going to work!
56:04We're not going to work!
56:05We're not going to work!
56:06And my personal feelings
56:07are of overwhelming relief.
56:09I want a prosperous coal industry,
56:11obviously,
56:12but the privations
56:14that some of those families
56:15have been through
56:16and that have been back earlier
56:18had it not been kept going
56:20by intimidation.
56:22Yes, I would call it a victory,
56:27that the principles
56:28that she was fighting for
56:29were upheld.
56:33Miner's Truck undoubtedly
56:34further enhanced
56:35the reputation
56:36for being strong.
56:39When she needed to fight
56:41a very long struggle,
56:43she was capable of doing it.
56:45In the short term,
56:49of course,
56:50the miners' dispute
56:52gave a victory
56:54to Mrs. Thatcher
56:56and Thatcherism.
56:58But Mrs. Thatcher
56:59did not comprehend
57:01when you kill the pit,
57:04you slaughtered the community.
57:07It didn't feel like
57:10Mrs. Thatcher had won to me.
57:12My feeling was
57:14that everybody had lost.
57:17We definitely have got
57:18a society now
57:19that is more individualistic.
57:22It is more look after yourself
57:23and bugger the rest.
57:26I think Thatcher approached
57:27the miners' strike as a war.
57:29She got a stubbornness
57:31that regardless of
57:33what it cost the country,
57:35she were going to win that war.
57:37The miners' strike
57:38for the miners' strike.
57:40Episodes like
57:41The miners' strike,
57:42people dislike
57:43very much, understandably.
57:45But people knew
57:47what she stood for.
57:48They didn't necessarily
57:49agree with it,
57:50but they knew
57:51what she stood for,
57:52and they also knew
57:53that once she had
57:55taken up a position,
57:56she wouldn't give way.
58:00I've always believed
58:01it's a real weakness
58:03in the character
58:04of Margaret Thatcher.
58:06that she defined herself
58:08in terms of her enemies.
58:12Now, that's a necessary part
58:14of a political makeup,
58:16of a leader's makeup,
58:18but if it is
58:20the whole part
58:21of that makeup,
58:23it is bound to lead
58:25to excess
58:26and error.
58:27and it eventually,
58:30of course,
58:31produced a downfall.
58:34And Mrs. Thatcher
58:35was toppled
58:36by people
58:37who had been
58:37amongst her
58:38more faithful supporters.
58:39If all you've got
58:44to criticise
58:44is my style,
58:46it's not very much.
58:48I became Prime Minister
58:49because I believed
58:50certain things.
58:52Yes, I do hold
58:53firm views.
58:54Do you really want
58:55a leader who doesn't
58:56know what she wants
58:57to do,
58:57hasn't got any views,
58:59doesn't attempt
58:59to lead?
59:00If so,
59:01you don't want me.
59:07Memoirs of Alan Clarke
59:08are making Monday nights
59:09very colourful
59:10over on BBC4,
59:11starring the late,
59:12great John Hurt.
59:13And guaranteed
59:14to make you laugh
59:15and cry,
59:16a Royal Team Talk
59:17tackles mental health
59:18and is available
59:19now on iPlayer.
59:22They put,
59:23we're stuck in the 80s
59:23here on 2
59:24and celebrating
59:25all things,
59:26well,
59:2780s.
59:30.
Recomendado
52:53
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