Killer Kings Season 1 Episode 1

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Transcript

00:00London at the dawn of the 16th century by a twist of fate a teenage prince inherits the throne

00:09this pampered resentful little boy contemptuous towards women all of these things are setting a

00:18really dangerous scene for somebody who then comes into a power unforeseen in a battle with

00:25the Pope the notorious Henry VIII obliterates hundreds of monasteries and persecutes any who

00:31oppose him plunging his country into chaos there are so many lives wrecked it's estimated 30 40

00:3950,000 people up in arms against the king and there are mass executions and in his maniacal

00:46pursuit of a male heir to continue the Tudor dynasty no one is immune from losing their heads

00:53this golden boy this glorious man of youth this heroic chivalric figure had turned into a paranoid

01:03murderous monster but can medical science shed new light on Henry's rabid behavior Henry has a very

01:11bad jostling accident he might have had an injury to the frontal lobe of his brain from the repeated

01:18blows which would have caused his personality to change using groundbreaking AI imagery to revisit

01:26the world of Henry VIII we separate the facts from the legend monarchs rise and fall but what legacy

01:34will the sands of time leave behind Henry VIII is he no more than a product of the times or truly

01:40a killer king

01:42from a long line of English and Welsh nobility the house of Tudor

02:10Henry VIII's most infamous son Henry VIII has fascinated and horrified us in equal measure

02:16it's estimated he may have killed upwards of about 70,000 people during his reign

02:23burning boiling stretching crushing decapitating all become the stuff of his legend

02:31you know you can be hanged in Henry VIII's England if you steal goods worth more than a few pence

02:36for example Henry also makes witchcraft a felony for the first time which means that many more

02:41witches are hanged or imprisoned during Henry's reign

02:44but are there more layers to this bloated bloodthirsty temperamental wife killer

02:50he was a polymath he spoke several languages all of those things are a sign of great mental acuity

02:57so who is the real Henry VIII what is the true picture of this complex man and seismic monarch

03:06Henry's story begins in south-east London

03:24Henry was born in 1491 he was the spare heir so his parents had an elder son Prince Arthur

03:31I think Henry's background really set the whole stage for what was to come

03:40Henry VIII was never destined to be king

03:45Arthur who was raised separately in his own household as Prince of Wales

03:49Henry probably didn't really know Arthur that well he won't have spent very much time with him

03:53his father Henry VII has big plans for brother Arthur when he inherits the throne

04:00but Henry is pretty much an afterthought and needs to be kept out of the way

04:04Henry was sent to live with his sisters and he really was the star of his household because Arthur wasn't there

04:11now what this meant was that he was brought up in a very female household

04:19it meant I think that he was very pampered he was somebody treated as terribly important

04:28cosseted and he was a prince and and rather a beautiful young boy

04:33so I think you get a sense that he saw himself as possibly more important than he was

04:40somebody who in this rich female environment became overly familiar with female attention

04:48leading I think to no small degree of contempt towards women

04:55Henry might have enjoyed his pampered life in relative obscurity had fate not intervened

05:03his brother Prince Arthur dies suddenly of the sweating sickness

05:07which is a uniquely Tudor illness that carries people off really within hours

05:12some sort of influenza perhaps

05:14and immediately the future Henry VIII who's only 10 years old is promoted to heir to the throne

05:21and I think you do get a sense that he starts to see it as his destiny

05:25you know this brother has cleared the way for him

05:27this is somebody who has been brought up in the shadow of Arthur

05:34brought up with a festering resentment feeling that he was less significant

05:40and now here he is given the chance to step into his shoes as the monarch

05:44on April the 21st 1509 when his father dies of tuberculosis

05:53Henry's star can truly shine as he becomes king of England to a tumult of public acclaim

05:59he comes to the throne when he's 17 and there is this anticipation people are excited

06:06he's young he's good looking he's sporty

06:08he was so beautiful that ambassadors described him as having a face that would please a pretty woman

06:15so we're talking about Hollywood actor heartthrob teen idol level beauty

06:22he was six foot two

06:24he could pull the Welsh longbow with his Welsh longbowman

06:27he could ride he could hunt he could joust

06:31Henry is so young and energetic that he can tire up to 10 horses a day

06:36he was athletic he was all that a king should be

06:40there's brains behind the brawn too

06:44he could do engineering with his engineers

06:47not only was he smart he was known to be able to hold his own

06:52debating luminaries like Erasmus and Thomas More

06:57the Dutch scholar Erasmus is widely celebrated as one of Europe's leading thinkers

07:03fellow intellectual Thomas More had tutored Henry as a child

07:08they praised Henry for his ability to logically work things out

07:14he was considered this great hope

07:18and people were still being influenced by an older sort of Greek belief

07:23that outward beauty would reflect inner beauty

07:26early weeks into his reign Henry's under pressure

07:32to consider an heir to his throne

07:35one major factor for him in being king is to produce heirs to the Tudor dynasty

07:40because they're not a very fecund family he doesn't have any surviving brothers

07:45his father doesn't have any surviving brothers either so really the whole Tudor line rests on Henry

07:49he certainly has an eye for the ladies even his brother Arthur's widow is fair game

07:56Catherine of Aragon arrived from Spain in 1501 to marry Prince Arthur

08:01that marriage obviously didn't last very long

08:03he died and she was almost immediately betrothed to the young Prince Henry

08:07because her parents didn't want to lose out on the dowry or the alliance

08:12Catherine's mother Isabel the Queen of Castile

08:15who's an independent sovereign in her own right dies which debases Catherine's worth

08:19and the future Henry VIII is told to disavow his betrothal to break his betrothal

08:24but he does make a free choice to marry Catherine

08:27and I think that's really key to their marriage

08:29it speaks of some degree of spite that he would take the widow of his brother

08:35Henry will have experienced no small degree of malice in doing that

08:40it's not just the personal satisfaction of taking the bride meant for his brother

08:47there's also a decent financial upside in it

08:50by the time he marries her

08:54his father-in-law Ferdinand of Aragon has effectively taken over the whole of Spain

08:58so Catherine does bring this alliance with Spain

09:01in a lavish ceremony at Westminster Abbey

09:05Henry and Catherine are formally crowned

09:08King and Queen of England

09:09they immediately attempt to produce heirs to the Tudor throne

09:13really to shore up the succession

09:15but also to silence any claims that perhaps someone else has a better claim to the throne

09:20or perhaps there should be a different dynasty on the throne

09:22Henry wants above all else a male heir

09:26I think the degree to which he requires a male heir

09:30is more than simply to do with royal protocol and ascendancy

09:36I think he has a real contempt towards women

09:40even at this stage

09:41barely a year into his reign

09:46the teen king starts getting tough

09:49there are hints at times of some ruthlessness there

09:56for example he has Empson and Dudley

09:58his father's two effectively closest servants

10:00executed really just because he knows it will bring him popularity

10:04he does it for likes effectively

10:05it is a sign that perhaps Henry VIII isn't necessarily going to be following the letter of the law

10:12and they certainly are judicial murders by any modern reckoning

10:16the fledgling monarch has flexed his muscles

10:19are these flashes of teenage exuberance

10:23or a harbinger of evil to come

10:26for somebody to have the emotional emptiness

10:32to be able to do this

10:34hints very strongly that we're looking at somebody who has a psychopathic tendency

10:40in the early years of his reign

10:52Henry VIII wastes no time in cementing his reputation as a battle-hardy warrior

10:57he personally leads a charge into northern France

11:02capturing the towns of Tournai and Terreauon

11:05Henry also imprisons high-ranking French nobility

11:09to the delight of his subjects

11:11he would have been incredibly popular

11:13a rock star of royalty

11:15he loves going to war

11:17he does what kings traditionally do in England

11:19they go and fight the French

11:21and people quite liked him in general

11:24whilst Henry is overseas

11:31his Spanish queen holds the fort as regent

11:34she repels an invasion by the King of Scotland

11:38James IV

11:39and victoriously claims his scalp in the Battle of Flodden

11:43Catherine even sends her husband

11:46the King of Scots bloody cloak as a souvenir

11:49but back in the bedroom

11:52all is not well

11:54still no sign of Henry's Tudor heir

11:58Catherine of Aragon's pain was unique

12:01in that she lost her babies at the end of her pregnancy

12:04sometimes they're recorded as stillbirths

12:07sometimes they're recorded of having died shortly after birth

12:10almost half of all children were lost by the age of five

12:14it was a horrific time to have to be a parent

12:17at last Queen Catherine has a child

12:25that survives the fragile first weeks of life

12:28but King Henry is left wanting

12:30it's a girl

12:31Princess Mary

12:32Henry talks to the Venetian ambassador

12:35after Mary's birth

12:36we are both young

12:39if it was a daughter this time

12:41by the grace of God

12:42sons will follow

12:43this is somebody who's very egocentric

12:46who's very proud

12:48who's very self-satisfied

12:50so for somebody like Henry VIII

12:52a male heir will have been an absolute obsession

12:56despite Henry's hopes

12:59no more children follow

13:01and by 1522

13:03Henry has grown tired of his Queen's perceived failures

13:06a new arrival at the royal court

13:12catches the King's wandering eye

13:15Anne Boleyn is a maid in Catherine of Aragon's household

13:21and Henry is used to drawing his mistresses

13:23from amongst his wife's maids

13:24Catherine of Aragon just closes her eyes and ignores it

13:27and that's probably what he first wanted from Anne Boleyn

13:30but unlike other women at the court

13:32Anne goes

13:32no absolutely not

13:34I'm not going to be your mistress

13:35and we can follow the chart of their early relationship

13:38because Henry pursues her with love letters

13:40he talks about being struck with the dart of love

13:42let me know expressly your whole mind

13:46as to the love between us two

13:48it is absolutely necessary for me to obtain this answer

13:52I promise you that I will take you for my only mistress

13:55casting off all others besides you

13:58out of my thoughts and affections

14:00and serve you only

14:01I beseech you to give an entire answer to this

14:05my rude letter

14:06that I may know on what and how far I may depend

14:09written by the hand of him

14:11who would willingly remain yours

14:13H.R.

14:14The love-struck King stalked his mistress

14:17with seventeen ardent letters

14:19over the next two years

14:21mine own sweetheart

14:24wishing myself

14:25especially an evening

14:26in my sweetheart's arms

14:28whose pretty duckies I trust

14:30shortly to kiss

14:31written by the hand of him

14:33that was

14:34is

14:35and shall be yours

14:36by his own will

14:37H.R.

14:39He talks about

14:40wanting to fondle her pretty duckies

14:42which is slang for breasts

14:43so they've clearly got some level of

14:45physical relationship

14:45but she's very much holding him

14:47at arm's length

14:48as much as she can

14:49eventually he offers

14:51to make her his official mistress

14:53at court

14:53so to give her an official role

14:55and she says no

14:56and then he offers her marriage

14:57but there's one big problem

15:00Henry's already married

15:02and bound to one of the most

15:03powerful Catholic families

15:05in Europe

15:05so Henry orders

15:08his Lord Chancellor

15:09Cardinal Wolsey

15:11to ask the Pope

15:12to annul their marriage

15:13Cardinal Wolsey

15:15had been the key figure

15:17in Henry's reign

15:18he really runs the country

15:20but he can't get Henry

15:21his annulment

15:22from Catherine of Aragon

15:23and Catherine has big backers

15:26who put pressure

15:27on Pope Clement VII

15:28the problem for Henry

15:30is her family in Spain

15:33her nephew is the Holy Roman Emperor

15:35Charles V

15:36he rules across Germany

15:38he rules parts of Italy

15:39he rules the whole of Spain

15:40the Netherlands

15:41he is the most powerful man

15:44in Europe at the time

15:45the emperor was already

15:46incredibly offended

15:47that Henry would think

15:48about discarding his aunt

15:50because surely

15:51it's an absolute honour

15:52to be married

15:53into the imperial royal family

15:54for the king's chancellor

15:57time is running out

15:59Anne Boleyn hates Wolsey

16:02the feeling's mutual

16:02he calls her a serpentine enemy

16:04or the night crow

16:05but they really dislike each other

16:07eventually Wolsey is arrested

16:10on quite trumped up charges

16:12England's most senior cleric

16:16is apprehended near York

16:18and accused of treason

16:19he's actually tied to his mule

16:21as he's brought south

16:22so he's really clearly

16:23heading for the Tower of London

16:25as he's brought south

16:27he dies at Leicester

16:28I think in many respects

16:31Wolsey does escape

16:32what was coming to him

16:33undoubtedly he would have been executed

16:35and I think really no chance

16:36he could have survived that

16:37the following year

16:48Henry brings in a new law

16:49making high treason punishable

16:51by boiling to death

16:53the Tudor king

16:54is turning vengeful

16:56but it's the battle

16:58to win Anne Boleyn's hand

16:59that will have a cataclysmic effect

17:02on his kingdom

17:02he can't get an annulment

17:04from the Pope

17:05he attempts it for six long years

17:07eventually

17:08he breaks the English church

17:10away from Rome

17:11so he breaks

17:12the English church

17:13from the Pope

17:13he says

17:14the head of the church

17:14is me

17:15I can give myself

17:17an annulment

17:17Henry declares himself

17:21supreme head

17:22of the Church of England

17:23at a stroke

17:26he completely changes

17:27Britain's status

17:28and destiny

17:29at this time

17:30to go against the church

17:32in this way

17:33is hugely significant

17:34the sense of superiority

17:36meets with that actual power

17:39that now sits in his hand

17:41and we see someone

17:41who believes

17:42he is utterly autonomous

17:45that he is utterly omnipotent

17:47he is somebody

17:48who believes

17:49that he is above

17:49anything and everything

17:51including the church

17:52in early 1533

17:58the hell-bent Henry

18:00finally seals the deal

18:02he marries Anne Boleyn

18:04in January 1533

18:06when she is already

18:07in the early stages

18:08of pregnancy

18:08and that September

18:09she gives birth to a girl

18:11which is a bit of a disaster

18:12for Anne

18:13and a bit of a disaster

18:13for Henry

18:14the infant Elizabeth

18:16would become

18:17the future Queen of England

18:18but Anne

18:20hasn't produced

18:21the son

18:22that Henry craves

18:23she has at least

18:24two other pregnancies

18:25she then doesn't produce

18:27a surviving child

18:28for now

18:34the King's ire

18:35is directed

18:36towards Rome

18:37and the Pope

18:38in 1535

18:39he takes a wrecking ball

18:41to England's monasteries

18:43in the coming years

18:48800 are destroyed

18:49their possessions

18:51plundered

18:52by the crown

18:53those who won't

18:54swear allegiance

18:55to the new head

18:56of the church

18:57risk their lives

18:58he started solving

19:01all of his problems

19:02with an axe

19:02and a sword

19:03on May 4th

19:071535

19:08he ordered

19:10the execution

19:11in a horrible

19:12horrible way

19:13a traitor's death

19:14the hung drawn

19:14and quartered

19:15for four Carthusian monks

19:17and a Bridgetine monk

19:19he ordered

19:20that the hangman

19:21cut out their hearts

19:22while they were still alive

19:24the sadism

19:27integral to this act

19:29is beyond

19:30comprehension

19:31but more than that

19:32following their deaths

19:34Henry ordered

19:35that their heads

19:36were placed

19:37on spears

19:38as trophies

19:39as trophies

19:39to warn off

19:41any other

19:42possible

19:42dissenters

19:44but the killer king

19:49doesn't stop there

19:50the axe

19:52falls on his

19:53most trusted

19:54advisors

19:55Thomas More

19:56he'd been Henry's

19:57Lord Chancellor

19:58a real mentor

19:59in his youth

19:59he wouldn't swear

20:00the oath

20:01of supremacy

20:02he wouldn't say

20:03that the Anne Boleyn marriage

20:04was valid

20:05and for that

20:05Henry has him executed

20:06before that

20:08Bishop Fisher of Rochester

20:10who's a saintly figure

20:12was also executed

20:13by Henry

20:14because he wouldn't agree

20:15to the annulment

20:15they refused

20:18to declare Henry

20:20the head of the church

20:21they were maintaining

20:22their Catholicism

20:23and that

20:25became unbearable

20:26to Henry

20:27he just couldn't stand

20:29for anyone

20:29to disagree with him

20:31it wasn't safe

20:32anymore

20:33to defy Henry

20:34the monarch

20:37is now raging

20:38against all around him

20:40even those

20:41closest to Henry

20:42are no longer safe

20:43what has triggered

20:45this man

20:46who was once

20:46so popular

20:47as a king

20:48they were not

20:50used to the king

20:51behaving this way

20:52it was so shocking

20:54overnight

20:55he became

20:57a monster

20:58now in his 40s

21:12an angry

21:13and increasingly

21:13bellicose Henry VIII

21:15is flying off the handle

21:16Henry's

21:18mental profile

21:19was his ever

21:20increasing

21:21paranoia

21:22and irritability

21:23before when he was

21:24described as being

21:25patient and gentle

21:26and debate

21:27that didn't happen

21:28anymore

21:29there was a point

21:29where he was even

21:30threatening to kill

21:31his own fool

21:32in the court

21:32he was not

21:34the person

21:35he had been

21:36what is the root

21:38of this relentless

21:39rage and paranoia

21:41the answer

21:41the answer may lie

21:42in an incident

21:43recorded at

21:44greenwich palace

21:45many historians

21:48have already

21:49speculated that

21:50henry suffered

21:51a traumatic brain

21:52injury in

21:53january of

21:541536

21:55he was knocked

21:57unconscious

21:58during a jousting

21:59match

21:59he's knocked out

22:01cold for quite

22:02some time

22:03his behavior

22:05changed so

22:05drastically

22:06after the jousting

22:07accident

22:08that there's

22:09widespread

22:10support

22:11that he would

22:13have had an injury

22:15to the frontal

22:15low of his brain

22:16which would have

22:17caused his

22:17personality to change

22:18or caused his

22:19mental deterioration

22:21henry's accident

22:25would have

22:26immediate ramifications

22:27on his relentless

22:28pursuit of a male

22:29heir as the king

22:31was lying prone

22:32and unconscious

22:33from the accident

22:33anne's distress

22:35causes her

22:36to miscarry

22:37his baby son

22:38she blames

22:40her final miscarriage

22:42on the accident

22:43for henry

22:45it's the last straw

22:46the injury

22:48certainly causes

22:49him significant

22:50pain

22:50it causes

22:51ongoing disablement

22:52he'll never be

22:53the man that he was

22:54physically

22:55after the accident

22:56so even if

22:57there isn't a head

22:57injury

22:58and there may well be

22:59actually the fact

23:00that every day

23:00he's in significant

23:01pain must have

23:02had an impact

23:03on his character

23:04once the physical

23:06disabilities

23:07the physical

23:07problems

23:08started to

23:09get their grip

23:10on him

23:10i think

23:11this spoiled

23:12psychopathic

23:13personality

23:14came to the fore

23:16and completely

23:17knocked away

23:18this civilized

23:20intellectual persona

23:21so we see

23:22henry behaving

23:22in a much more

23:24unsophisticated

23:25barbaric manner

23:27the king's fury

23:28is now directed

23:29towards his queen

23:30by that stage

23:32henry is tired

23:33of anne

23:33the relationship

23:34hasn't gone

23:35how he was hoping

23:36for

23:36what he wants

23:37in a mistress

23:37isn't necessarily

23:38what he wants

23:39and a wife

23:39and anne

23:39is very fiery

23:40by early 1536

23:43he's involved

23:44with another

23:44maiden waiting

23:45jane seymour

23:46and really

23:48he decides

23:48he wants

23:49a new wife

23:49unlike catherine

23:53of aragon

23:53anne boleyn

23:54doesn't have

23:54a powerful family

23:55i mean

23:55what are the

23:56boleyns

23:56going to do

23:57about it

23:57if henry decides

23:58to execute her

23:59and so he does

24:00anne is marched

24:03from greenwich

24:04to the infamous

24:06tower of london

24:07she's arrested

24:08for adultery

24:09and incest

24:10with her brother

24:11george

24:12and that would

24:13be treason

24:14in a queen

24:15it's clearly

24:17trumped up charges

24:17and in fact

24:18people who didn't

24:18even like anne

24:19don't tend

24:21to believe

24:21that she was guilty

24:22but nonetheless

24:23she's convicted

24:24and then she's

24:25beheaded by sword

24:26on the 19th of may

24:271536

24:28less than two weeks

24:35later at whitehall

24:36palace

24:36wedding bells

24:40a heartless henry

24:42marries his new flame

24:43jane seymour

24:44and crowns her queen

24:45after slaying

24:47the so-called

24:48love of his life

24:49the fact that

24:50anne boleyn

24:51does not

24:52provide

24:53a male heir

24:54for henry the eighth

24:55sees him

24:57reacting violently

24:58against her

24:59he needs somehow

25:00to restore

25:02the wound

25:03to his pride

25:04but can henry's

25:06midlife crisis

25:07really be pinned

25:08on that one

25:09jousting accident

25:10months earlier

25:11or are there

25:13other factors

25:13at work

25:14it's not an excuse

25:16at all

25:16because most people

25:18of course

25:18who've had a head

25:19injury

25:19do not then go around

25:20killing their nearest

25:22and dearest

25:22that may well account

25:24for some personality

25:25change

25:26although there are

25:26of course

25:27signs of

25:27difficulties earlier

25:29medical anthropologist

25:32Kyra Kramer

25:33has been poring

25:34through the historical

25:35records of henry's

25:36ailments

25:37she also questions

25:39the accident theory

25:40in 1535

25:42the year

25:43before his accident

25:45that's when he started

25:46killing people

25:47like bishop fisher

25:49like thomas moore

25:50like anybody

25:52who disagreed

25:52with him

25:53that change

25:54happened before

25:55I agree

25:57with the historians

25:58thinking that his

25:59brain was injured

26:00but I think

26:01it was from

26:02chronic traumatic

26:03encephalopathy

26:04rather than

26:05one singular

26:06incident

26:07chronic traumatic

26:10encephalopathy

26:11CTE

26:11is a brain condition

26:13linked to repeated

26:14blows to the head

26:15later in life

26:17it can cause

26:17aggression

26:18and mood swings

26:19something certainly

26:20seen in henry

26:22you get repeated

26:25blows

26:26little ones

26:27that cause

26:27little concussions

26:28or sub concussions

26:29which eventually

26:31turn into

26:32a large bruise

26:34or bleed

26:34in the frontal lobe

26:36of the brain

26:37that's where you keep

26:38your personality

26:38he was an avid

26:41jouster

26:42now when you joust

26:44you're basically

26:44taking the force

26:45of a small car

26:46behind a stick

26:47and hitting someone

26:48in the head

26:49with it

26:49we know

26:50he got hit

26:51in the head

26:51because in at least

26:52one incident

26:53he forgot

26:54to have his visor

26:55down

26:55proof of this

26:57head trauma

26:58is found in

26:581524

26:59when a chronicler

27:00of the day

27:01describes a duel

27:02against the Duke

27:03of Suffolk

27:03his helpers

27:06didn't put down

27:06his visor

27:07and he got hit

27:08in the face

27:08with splinters

27:08which could have

27:09killed him

27:09easily killed him

27:10and everybody

27:11was waiting

27:12for this rage

27:13to happen

27:14but he was still

27:15a young man

27:16he immediately

27:17forgave

27:18not only

27:18the night

27:19who hit him

27:19but he forgave

27:21the squire

27:22who had failed

27:22to lower his visor

27:24that is how

27:25even tempered

27:26and logical

27:26and decent

27:28Henry VIII

27:28was

27:29before he

27:30turned 40

27:31we know

27:33from incidents

27:34like that

27:34that not only

27:35was he

27:35gentle tempered

27:37we know

27:38that he was

27:38getting hit

27:39in the head

27:40by sticks

27:41as the damaged

27:43brain ages

27:44the symptoms

27:45of this illness

27:46take hold

27:47the athletes

27:49who have this

27:49they've done

27:51things like

27:51suddenly

27:52kill their

27:53families

27:53so when I

27:55say that

27:56CTE

27:56can cause

27:57a radical

27:57change in

27:58personality

27:58it can cause

28:00a lethal

28:00change in

28:01personality

28:02and Kira

28:04has come up

28:05with another

28:05theory

28:06that could

28:06also blow

28:07apart

28:07the accident

28:08hypothesis

28:08when we

28:10were first

28:10publishing

28:11our article

28:12in the

28:12Cambridge

28:13Historical

28:13Journal

28:14we were

28:15trying to

28:16figure out

28:16a reason

28:17for Henry's

28:18personality

28:19to have

28:19changed

28:20so drastically

28:21from 1531

28:22onward

28:23his 40th

28:25birthday

28:25he became

28:26more and more

28:28erratic

28:28paranoid

28:29until eventually

28:31he became

28:31the monster

28:32that everyone

28:33remembers

28:33and when we

28:35were looking

28:35at illnesses

28:37that may

28:37have applied

28:38to this

28:38one of the

28:39contenders

28:39that we

28:40thought was

28:40the strongest

28:40was something

28:42called

28:42McLeod

28:43syndrome

28:43McLeod

28:46syndrome

28:46an unforgiving

28:47genetic

28:48disorder

28:48causing

28:49physical

28:49and psychiatric

28:50problems

28:51later in

28:51midlife

28:52could this

28:53have afflicted

28:54the Tudor

28:55bloodline

28:55could Henry

28:57have suffered

28:57from it

28:58on the

28:59patient's

29:0040th

29:00birthday

29:01no one

29:02knows why

29:03it is the

29:0340th birthday

29:04that triggers

29:04it

29:05their personality

29:06can change

29:07so drastically

29:08that a few

29:09patients have

29:09been misdiagnosed

29:11with schizophrenia

29:11so we thought

29:14between that

29:15and the fact

29:15his health

29:16was progressively

29:17going downhill

29:18as would happen

29:19with McLeod

29:20syndrome

29:20we thought

29:21that it might

29:22be a very

29:22plausible answer

29:23whatever the

29:32cause of the

29:33king's torment

29:33just months

29:35after sending

29:36his wife

29:36to her death

29:37Henry

29:38even surpasses

29:39himself

29:39his religious

29:41reforms

29:41are causing

29:42a groundswell

29:43of discontent

29:44amongst his

29:45largely catholic

29:46subjects

29:47in october

29:501536

29:51a huge

29:52rebellion

29:52erupts

29:53against him

29:53it starts

29:54at louth

29:55in lincolnshire

29:55and a group

29:56of townspeople

29:57actually walk

29:57in procession

29:58behind their

29:59cross

29:59and as they

30:00do a rumour

30:01gets up

30:01that henry

30:01is going

30:02to dissolve

30:02the parish

30:03churches

30:03rebellion

30:06spreads

30:06like wildfire

30:08leading to

30:08an insurgency

30:09dubbed

30:10the pilgrimage

30:10of grace

30:11they ring

30:13their church

30:13bells

30:13and alarm

30:14and within

30:15weeks

30:15the whole

30:16of lincolnshire

30:16and then

30:17the whole

30:17of yorkshire

30:18are up

30:18in arms

30:19against henry

30:20it's an

30:21absolutely

30:21enormous

30:22rebellion

30:23it's estimated

30:2530 40

30:2650 000

30:27people up

30:27in arms

30:28against the

30:28king

30:28and he

30:29has an

30:29army of

30:29about 8 000

30:30people at

30:31best

30:31that he's

30:32able to

30:32cobble

30:32together

30:33so he

30:35negotiates

30:36with the

30:36rebels

30:37he agrees

30:38with them

30:39that he

30:39will hold

30:40a parliament

30:40at york

30:41he says

30:41you know

30:41you can

30:41all go

30:42home

30:42you'll

30:42be fine

30:43but a

30:44vengeful

30:45king

30:45has other

30:45plans

30:46in mind

30:46to make

30:49the traitors

30:49pay

30:50these people

30:52have risen

30:53against the

30:53king

30:54but they've

30:54then gone

30:55home

30:55on the basis

30:56that they'll

30:57receive

30:57pardons

30:58and they'll

30:58receive at

30:59least an

30:59assessment

31:00of what

31:00their demands

31:01were

31:01henry has

31:02no intention

31:03of doing

31:04anything

31:04he said

31:05he's furious

31:06with the

31:06rebels

31:06and he's

31:06really just

31:07biding his

31:07time until

31:08he can

31:08kill them

31:09following a

31:25rebellion in the

31:26north of his

31:27kingdom

31:27a tyrannical

31:28henry the eighth

31:29is seething

31:30at the start

31:33of 1537

31:34henry suddenly

31:35acts against

31:36the rebels

31:36he uses a

31:39smaller rebellion

31:39as a pretext

31:40to go against

31:41everyone who

31:42was involved

31:42in the earlier

31:43rebellion

31:43he has

31:45robert ask

31:45who's the

31:46rebels leader

31:47executed at

31:48york

31:48which is

31:49the center

31:50of his

31:50rebellion

31:51and he also

31:52moves against

31:52many of the

31:53people who

31:53are just

31:54minor figures

31:55in the

31:55rebellion

31:55there are

31:57mass

31:57executions

31:58henry had

32:03more than

32:03200

32:04everyday

32:05people

32:05eradicated

32:07obliterated

32:08simply because

32:10they opposed

32:11his reforms

32:12one of henry's

32:14most horrific

32:15offenses

32:16it really

32:18leaves a scar

32:19on the north

32:19of england

32:20that will take

32:20decades to

32:21heal

32:21this

32:23disproportionate

32:24level of

32:25violence

32:26is a key

32:26mark of a

32:27psychopath

32:27back at

32:39hampton

32:39court palace

32:40barely months

32:40into his

32:41third marriage

32:41to jane

32:42seymour

32:42the king

32:43seems to

32:44be getting

32:44itchy feet

32:45he frequently

32:49told other

32:50ambassadors

32:50other members

32:51of the court

32:51oh i see

32:52that pretty

32:53lady i wish

32:53i'd seen her

32:54before i got

32:54married

32:55he was

32:56waiting to

32:58see if

32:58she got

32:58pregnant

32:58it would

32:59have been

32:59very easy

33:00to divorce

33:00the daughter

33:01of a minor

33:01country

33:02knight

33:02the threat

33:05of the axe

33:06looms

33:06large

33:07over jane

33:08until

33:09suddenly

33:09a miracle

33:11she got

33:13pregnant

33:13and had

33:14a baby

33:14boy

33:14and then

33:15magically

33:16became

33:16the love

33:17of his

33:17life

33:17to royal

33:20fanfare

33:21jane produces

33:22a healthy

33:22son and

33:23heir to

33:24the throne

33:24edward

33:25edward

33:25the sixth

33:26in henry's

33:29eyes

33:29she is

33:29the only

33:30valid

33:31wife

33:31and i think

33:32that's purely

33:32because she

33:33provided the

33:34male heir

33:34twelve days

33:38later jane

33:39suddenly dies

33:40from complications

33:41after childbirth

33:42the grief

33:44stricken king

33:45retreats into

33:46mourning

33:47but within

33:49weeks

33:49the search is

33:50on to find

33:51a fourth wife

33:52with the help

33:53of his

33:54right-hand

33:55man

33:55henry

33:58doesn't like

33:59to get his

34:00hands dirty

34:00in fact he

34:01tends to vanish

34:01if bad news

34:03is coming for

34:03somebody

34:04he uses

34:05other people

34:06and of course

34:06when we think

34:07about henry

34:08yi's ministers

34:08we think about

34:09thomas cronwell

34:10who is undoubtedly

34:11his chief

34:12enforcer

34:13whatever henry

34:14wants thomas

34:14cronwell

34:15does it

34:15including the

34:17arrest of

34:17anne boleyn

34:18that's very much

34:19thomas cronwell's

34:20work

34:20henry is on

34:22the hunt for

34:23a queen

34:23who can give

34:24him his

34:25second son

34:25cronwell

34:27looks to

34:27central europe

34:28where they can

34:29forge a strategic

34:30alliance with

34:30the protestant

34:31german states

34:32he arranges a

34:35fourth marriage

34:35for henry

34:36with a german

34:37princess called

34:38anne of cleves

34:38and it turns out

34:45to be an absolute

34:46disaster

34:47henry can't

34:47stand her

34:48the feeling

34:49is probably

34:49mutual

34:50nothing to

34:51report in

34:52the bedroom

34:53either

34:53they're unable

34:54to consummate

34:55the marriage

34:55there's no hope

34:56of a second

34:56son for henry

34:57and henry

34:58is absolutely

34:59furious that

35:00cronwell has

35:01got him into

35:01this situation

35:02the writings

35:05on the wall

35:05for cronwell

35:06or maybe

35:08not

35:09it seems

35:09henry

35:10has decided

35:11uncharacteristically

35:12on forgiveness

35:13he actually

35:16creates

35:16thomas cronwell

35:17earl of

35:17essex

35:18which is

35:19a huge

35:19promotion

35:20for this

35:21lowborn

35:21man

35:22and it

35:23looks as

35:23though

35:24he's not

35:24too bothered

35:25about thomas

35:25cronwell's

35:26role in

35:26jan of

35:27cleves

35:27debacle

35:27and then

35:30suddenly

35:31effectively

35:31the axe

35:32swings

35:32cronwell

35:34goes to

35:34a council

35:35meeting

35:35one day

35:35and he's

35:36arrested

35:37he's then

35:37taken to

35:38the tower

35:38he's ordered

35:39to help

35:40the king

35:40annul

35:40his marriage

35:41to anne

35:41of cleves

35:42and then

35:42he gets

35:43beheaded

35:43for treason

35:44unlike

35:49cronwell

35:50anne

35:50of cleves

35:51gets to

35:52keep her

35:52head

35:52even though

35:53her marriage

35:54had lasted

35:55only seven

35:56months

35:56cronwell

35:57can't have

35:58seen this

35:58coming

35:58i don't

35:58think

35:59anybody

35:59saw

35:59this

36:00coming

36:00he is

36:01very

36:01loyal

36:01to

36:02henry

36:02and

36:03if you

36:04want an

36:04example

36:04of

36:05judicial

36:05murder

36:06this

36:06really

36:07is

36:07it

36:07in

36:07henry's

36:08reign

36:08now

36:18approaching

36:1850

36:19the moods

36:19of the

36:20cantankerous

36:20and ailing

36:21king

36:21are

36:22increasingly

36:22erratic

36:23henry's

36:25high life

36:25doesn't help

36:26his doctors

36:27implore him

36:28to cut

36:28down on the

36:29vast quantities

36:29of meats

36:30and fine

36:31wines

36:31that he

36:31gorges

36:32on

36:32the once

36:34athletic

36:34monarch

36:35can now

36:35barely

36:36walk

36:36what i

36:37think is

36:38really key

36:38with henry

36:39is that

36:39really for

36:40the last

36:40decade

36:40of his

36:40life

36:41he's in

36:41constant

36:41pain

36:42an agonizing

36:43pain

36:43he has an

36:43ulcer in

36:44his leg

36:44which won't

36:45close

36:45there's no

36:46painkillers

36:47really that

36:47are effective

36:48in the

36:48tudor period

36:48the fact

36:51that his

36:51ailments

36:52are all

36:52likely

36:52self

36:53inflicted

36:53won't

36:54have

36:54occurred

36:54to the

36:55sybaritic

36:56monarch

36:56he was

36:58very very

36:58fond of

36:59hunting

36:59in the

37:001500s

37:01you're going

37:01flat out

37:02over very

37:03rough terrain

37:04on horseback

37:05you land

37:06heavily

37:07so one

37:09of the

37:09things that

37:09could have

37:09done

37:10is jostle

37:11the long

37:12bones

37:12in his

37:13upper

37:13thighs

37:14and they

37:15can send

37:15off teeny

37:16tiny little

37:17microscopic

37:18sized

37:19splinters

37:19of bone

37:20and the

37:21splinters

37:21of bone

37:21work their

37:23way up

37:23through

37:23to the

37:24surfaces

37:24of skin

37:25causing

37:25ulcers

37:26in modern

37:27times

37:28osteomyelitis

37:29those are

37:30treated with

37:30a simple

37:31antibiotic

37:31or surgery

37:33if they

37:33really need

37:33to

37:34obviously

37:34there were

37:35no

37:35antibiotics

37:36at the

37:36time

37:36so every

37:38morning he

37:38wakes up

37:39he's going

37:39to be

37:39in agony

37:40and I

37:40really think

37:41that shows

37:41in his

37:42personality

37:42he's moved

37:44from an

37:45entirely

37:45luxurious

37:46pampered

37:47physical

37:48reality

37:49to one

37:50of suffering

37:50and pain

37:51moving from

37:53being adored

37:54for your

37:55physical beauty

37:55to one

37:56of repulsing

37:57other people

37:58Henry would

37:59not have been

37:59able to keep

38:00pace with this

38:01psychologically

38:02despite his

38:09age and

38:10ill health

38:10Henry makes

38:11a beeline

38:12for his

38:12soon-to-be

38:13fifth wife

38:14Catherine

38:15Howard is

38:16a pretty

38:16young maid

38:17she comes

38:17to court

38:18as a lady

38:18in waiting

38:18to Anne

38:19of Cleves

38:19and catches

38:20Henry's

38:20attention

38:21she may

38:22be as

38:23young as

38:2315

38:24when she

38:24meets

38:24him

38:24in

38:251540

38:25she's

38:26very

38:27young

38:27much

38:27younger

38:28than him

38:28and she's

38:29really

38:29sort of

38:30pushed

38:30in his

38:30direction

38:31when it

38:31becomes

38:31clear

38:32that the

38:32king

38:32is

38:32interested

38:33in her

38:33and she

38:34is

38:35massively

38:35unsuitable

38:36to be

38:37queen

38:37there's

38:37no doubt

38:38about it

38:38Catherine

38:39has a

38:40secret

38:40scandalous

38:41history

38:41of which

38:42the king

38:42is completely

38:43unaware

38:43she has

38:45had

38:45previous

38:45relationships

38:46although

38:47they begin

38:48so early

38:48in her

38:48childhood

38:49actually

38:49one

38:49when she's

38:50maybe around

38:5013 years

38:51or so

38:51that actually

38:51they look

38:52quite abusive

38:52in their

38:53nature

38:53she's

38:58married to

38:58Henry VIII

38:59in 1540

39:00and all

39:00goes well

39:01at first

39:01but in

39:021541

39:03word comes

39:04out that

39:04she's

39:04had these

39:05previous

39:05relationships

39:06during her

39:07childhood

39:08when she

39:08was a

39:08very young

39:09child

39:09it then

39:10comes out

39:10that she

39:12has been

39:12seeing

39:12Thomas

39:13Culpepper

39:13a member

39:14of the

39:14king's

39:15household

39:15in private

39:16with just

39:16Lady

39:17Rochford

39:17as her

39:18chaperone

39:19and that

39:20looks very

39:20much like

39:21adultery

39:21by now

39:23an unstable

39:24Henry

39:24is wracked

39:25with paranoia

39:26he sends

39:27his teen

39:27queen

39:27and her

39:28beau

39:28straight

39:29to the

39:29tower

39:29Culpepper

39:31and also

39:31Frances

39:32Durham

39:32who is

39:33her lover

39:33from her

39:34childhood

39:34who obviously

39:35met

39:35Catherine

39:35Howard

39:36before

39:37she became

39:38queen

39:38is also

39:38executed

39:39and then

39:41Catherine

39:41Howard

39:42is executed

39:42without a

39:43trial

39:43but actually

39:46she's a

39:46teenager

39:47Henry

39:47had grounds

39:48to send

39:48her back

39:49home

39:49she

39:50looks

39:51very much

39:51like

39:51she's

39:51validly

39:52betrothed

39:52to

39:52Frances

39:53Durham

39:53which means

39:54that her

39:54marriage

39:54to Henry

39:55VIII

39:55would have

39:55been

39:55invalid

39:55it is

39:57undoubtedly

39:58vindictive

39:58and it's

39:59undoubtedly

39:59murder

40:00to have

40:00killed

40:01Catherine

40:01Howard

40:01in 1542

40:02arguably

40:04one of the

40:05worst things

40:05Henry VIII

40:06actually does

40:06but all

40:16is soon

40:17forgotten

40:17by the

40:18ruthless

40:18king

40:18barely a

40:19year later

40:20once again

40:21wedding bells

40:22his sixth

40:27marriage

40:27was famously

40:28to a widow

40:28Catherine

40:29Parr

40:29that didn't

40:30result in

40:30pregnancy

40:30a mature

40:32Catherine

40:33survives

40:33where many

40:34of Henry's

40:35wives

40:35do not

40:35perhaps

40:36mellowing

40:37the mercurial

40:38and fractious

40:39king

40:39by that

40:40time

40:41he had

40:41become so

40:42corporal

40:42and in

40:44such ill

40:44health

40:45that it

40:45was very

40:46unlikely

40:46that he

40:47had

40:47consummated

40:48that

40:48marriage

40:48but Henry

40:51coins

40:51Catherine

40:52his

40:52sweetheart

40:52she acts

40:54as regent

40:54during his

40:55final war

40:56against

40:56France

40:57in 1544

40:58after promoting

41:00religious reform

41:01Catherine

41:01even survives

41:02an attempt

41:03by the

41:03king's

41:03ministers

41:04to get

41:04her arrested

41:05and executed

41:06for heresy

41:07Henry's

41:10final queen

41:11then nurses

41:11him through

41:12ill health

41:12until his

41:13death

41:14in January

41:151547

41:16a few

41:29years

41:30after his

41:30death

41:30people

41:30were really

41:31reminiscing

41:31thinking

41:31wasn't it

41:32lovely

41:32when we

41:33lived under

41:33Henry VIII

41:33England

41:35enters a

41:36period of

41:37turmoil

41:37with a

41:38short

41:38succession

41:38of rulers

41:39Henry's

41:41beloved

41:41male heir

41:42Edward VI

41:43lasts

41:44just seven

41:45years on

41:45the throne

41:46until his

41:47death from

41:47tuberculosis

41:48at the

41:48age of

41:4915

41:49despite his

41:52father leaving

41:52a legacy

41:53of debt

41:53from failed

41:54wars

41:54and his

41:55numerous

41:55executions

41:56and purges

41:57Henry's

41:58subjects

41:58harked back

41:59to a golden

42:00era under

42:01his iron

42:02fist

42:02he was

42:04surprisingly

42:05popular among

42:06the peasantry

42:06and that's

42:07quite surprising

42:07as you would

42:08imagine

42:08the monstrous

42:09Henry VIII

42:10but actually

42:11people quite

42:12liked him

42:13in general

42:14he's this

42:15larger than

42:15life figure

42:16that said

42:18it is quite

42:18a dark

42:19time to

42:19live

42:19even among

42:20the lower

42:21levels of

42:21society

42:22with an

42:29estimated

42:3070,000

42:31deaths to

42:32his name

42:33was Henry

42:33VIII a

42:34hard ruler

42:35at a time

42:36of bitter

42:36internal

42:37conflict

42:37and religious

42:38strife

42:38or was

42:39he just

42:40plain

42:40bad

42:40how

42:43will

42:43the

42:43sands

42:44of

42:44time

42:44treat

42:45this

42:45killer

42:45king's

42:46legacy

42:46I think

42:49it's

42:49arguable

42:49that

42:50Henry VIII

42:50is one

42:51of the

42:51people

42:52responsible

42:52for

42:53the

42:53most

42:53deaths

42:54in

42:54English

42:54history

42:55certainly

42:56no other

42:57English

42:57king

42:57ever

42:58responsible

42:58for

42:59executing

42:59two

42:59of

42:59their

43:00wives

43:00we look

43:02at his

43:02record

43:02of the

43:03killings

43:04during

43:04his reign

43:04he is

43:05a serial

43:05killer

43:05and I

43:06don't

43:06think

43:06it's

43:07going

43:07too far

43:08to say

43:08that

43:08my

43:11interpretation

43:11of

43:12Henry VIII

43:12is one

43:13of

43:13purely

43:14bad

43:15he

43:15has

43:16a

43:16psychopathic

43:17potential

43:17disposition

43:18that's

43:18clear

43:19and

43:20it's

43:20a

43:20disposition

43:21that

43:21he

43:21chooses

43:22to

43:23fully

43:24express

43:25purely

43:26because

43:26he

43:26can

43:27in

43:27the

43:27acts

43:27of

43:28sadism

43:28that

43:28he

43:29commits

43:29in

43:29his

43:29later

43:29life

43:30that

43:30still

43:30shock

43:31us

43:31down

43:31the

43:32centuries

43:32later

43:32obviously

43:35you need

43:36to be

43:36able

43:36to think

43:37to know

43:37what you

43:38were doing

43:38is wrong

43:39so the

43:40fact that

43:41Henry

43:41became more

43:42and more

43:43bloody

43:44and violent

43:45and paranoid

43:46and irrational

43:46it would have been

43:48consistent with his

43:49brain deteriorating

43:51so I think it would be

43:53unfair to call him a

43:54killer king

43:54he was a good

43:56person

43:56who became

43:58a killer

43:59due to

44:00circumstances

44:01beyond his

44:01control

44:02but of course

44:03Henry VIII

44:04was a monarch

44:04so no one

44:05was ever going

44:06to bring him

44:06to account

44:07or bring him

44:07to trial

44:08but today

44:09if he was

44:09hauled

44:10before a

44:10tribunal

44:11I think

44:11he would

44:11undoubtedly

44:12be charged

44:12with murder

44:13I think

44:14it's highly

44:14likely

44:15he would

44:15be convicted

44:16he would

44:18be convicted

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