- 29/06/2025
Documentary, Mankind: The Story of All of Us S01E07 New-World
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LearningTranscript
00:00We struggle for new lands, new opportunities, we fight for wealth and power, but now mankind
00:28embarks on a new journey, risking all for a new world.
00:46Amidst the chaos of an unforgiving planet, most species will fail, but for one, all the
00:53pieces will fall into place, and a set of keys will unlock a path for mankind to triumph.
01:04This is our story, the story of all of us.
01:21Guided by Thor, god of thunder, the Vikings set out across the world.
01:32Their longboats are fast, rugged, designed to navigate the most treacherous waters on Earth.
01:39The longboats almost like an all-terrain water vehicle, but allows these Vikings to go further
01:46and deeper and almost anywhere on the planet.
01:50From Scandinavia, warriors storm through Europe, raiding, settling, founding new cities, connecting
02:00the northern world.
02:05Now, they head west, across the Atlantic Ocean.
02:12Mankind on a new journey that will connect a divided planet.
02:21The first Europeans known to land in the Americas.
02:27Thorvald Eriksson.
02:32Legendary explorer.
02:35A hero whose exploits are remembered in Viking legend.
02:40They brought the ship to where they could moor her, and Thorvald walked ashore with his crew.
02:47This is a fine place, he said.
02:49I should like to make it my home.
02:54Since human beings first walked out of Africa 70,000 years ago, mankind seeks new resources
03:05and opportunities, new frontiers to explore and conquer.
03:10There are always resources and wide open spaces beyond the next mountain range, beyond the next ocean.
03:17We're never quite satisfied, nor is our curiosity ever quite satisfied.
03:22We want to know what's over there.
03:30But this land belongs to the Inuit.
03:33Descendants of the first pioneers, who came into America 19,000 years before.
03:4890 million Native Americans.
04:00A third of the planet's population.
04:03Cut off from the rest of the world.
04:06Until now.
04:11It's like aliens coming from outer space to land on your beach.
04:18They were strangers.
04:19They looked pale and grizzly.
04:26The Inuit are expert hunters.
04:29Armed with stone-tipped arrows.
04:34Swift.
04:36Silent.
04:37Deadly.
04:43The Inuit were people who hunted.
04:45They hunted caribou and moose and bear.
04:49If they could drop a great moose with their arrows, they could certainly drop a viking.
05:04The Viking weapon of choice.
05:29The iron broad axe.
05:31Designed to split a skull in a single blow.
05:36Viking culture was a warrior culture.
05:41Though man's greatest wish was to die.
05:46In battle.
05:48Doing a heroic deal.
05:51That ensured his seat in Valhalla.
05:56The Viking histories record.
06:21They killed eight Inuit.
06:26Exhausted, they made count.
06:30They were startled by the sound of a cry above them.
06:37Stand and fall!
06:44Suddenly, they were startled by the sound of a cry above them.
07:15Thorvald Eriksson, the first European to die on American soil.
07:30It will be 500 years before another European sets foot in the New World.
07:44In the Americas, no iron tools or horses.
07:54No wheeled vehicles.
07:57Yet America's people engineer great monuments thousands of years before the Egyptians.
08:05They map the stars with as much accuracy as any astronomer in Europe.
08:14And high on a mountain lake in Mexico, they build one of the greatest cities on the planet.
08:25Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire.
08:30Larger than London, Paris or Rome.
08:33Or Rome.
08:37At its heart, a stone temple 100 feet high.
08:44Where sky, earth and underworld meet.
08:51The center of a civilization dedicated to human blood.
08:55One hundred miles from the city.
09:09Aztec warriors are on a hunt.
09:14Aztec warriors are on a hunt.
09:21Their prey, not animals.
09:25But humans.
09:32They chase down the leader of an enemy tribe.
09:35The aim is not to kill.
09:53They need to take him alive.
09:54To keep the universe in balance, the Aztecs believe they owe a debt of blood to their gods.
10:15Today, a special offering.
10:17Clahuicole.
10:25Skilled warrior.
10:27Bitter rival.
10:30The Aztec's greatest prize.
10:35Fighting for his life.
10:36Aztec men!
10:37No!
10:38No!
10:42No!
10:44The Aztec!
10:46The Aztec, the Aztec, the Aztec!
10:48The Aztec, the Aztec!
10:49The Aztec, the Aztec!
10:50The Aztec men are trained to fight from puberty.
10:52Aztec men are trained to fight from puberty.
11:09The fiercest become jaguar knights.
11:14Their weapons, not metal.
11:22But obsidian, volcanic glass, so sharp, some surgeons today favor it over steel.
11:35It is the most superior cutting material known to man, perfectly capable of cutting a man in two.
11:45Tlauokole's weapon, a club decorated with feathers.
11:52Not only is it terrifying if you were to imagine yourself in that position, it's also the opportunity to find out what you're made of.
12:06A fight to the death that will become Aztec legend.
12:22Tenochtitlan, Mexico, the capital of the Aztec empire.
12:36A captive warrior fights for his life.
12:39A kicker!
12:54Ah!
13:09Elite jaguar knights slice at his flesh to wear him down.
13:24The Aztecs have created one of the most sophisticated civilizations on the planet.
13:32A great city with laws against drunkenness, theft and adultery.
13:39Compulsory education three and a half centuries before the United States.
13:45A city of philosophers, poets, mathematicians.
13:51They valued art, literature.
13:56They were a very, very great civilized society.
14:09But the Aztecs believe their gods need human blood.
14:22Eight men down, and Tlawakole is still standing.
14:39But his strength is fading.
14:41Meanwhile, by the United States, it is a very, very good division.
14:46The Aztecs are the only one who is taking place in the U.S.
14:49The Aztecs.
14:51The Aztecs.
14:53The Aztecs.
14:54The Aztecs.
14:56The Aztecs.
14:58The Aztecs.
15:00The Aztecs.
15:02The Aztecs.
15:03The Aztecs.
15:05The warrior who cuts him down will get to wear his flayed skin for 20 days.
15:17His family will eat his flesh, giving them the status of gods.
15:29Aztec priests sacrifice thousands of men, women and children a year.
15:34Up to 20,000 in one of their most important ceremonies.
15:40One of the greatest acts of human sacrifice in history.
15:47The Aztecs are very philosophical about death.
15:51Death is what gives meaning to life.
15:54And that by having the idea of death, it makes the here and now sweeter and more beautiful.
16:04Tlawakola's beating heart, offered to the god of the sun in war, Huitzilopochtli, guardian of the universe.
16:25In return, the Aztecs believe his blood will guarantee a bountiful harvest.
16:37A crop that will become key to mankind's future.
16:49Corn.
16:546,000 years ago, early farmers in the Americas turn a weed into a cereal that produces more calories per acre than any other.
17:04With almost twice as many genes as a human being.
17:08Corn.
17:11Found in a quarter of all supermarket products we buy today.
17:18Corn is the staple of Aztec life.
17:22But while Aztec power reaches its height, events 7,000 miles away are about to change their world forever.
17:37What the hell is.
17:39Constantinople.
17:41The Eastern capital of the Christian world.
17:44Founded by Rome's first Christian emperor, Constantine.
17:50At the city's heart, an icon of Christian faith.
18:09Irasophia, the largest cathedral of its day.
18:20The year is 1453, an epic battle is looming that will shift the balance of power between
18:32east and west and change the story of mankind.
18:38Constantinople is going to change the entire picture of the world that we have with the
18:44discovery of new continents. The two events are inextricably linked.
18:52Constantinople is under siege by the Ottoman Turks, an Islamic army 70,000 strong.
19:02Leading the attack, Sultan Mehmet II.
19:09Scholar, warrior, obsessed.
19:16Conquering this city has been his dream since the age of 13.
19:21Like the Mongol hordes of Genghis Khan, the Turks were once nomads from Central Asia.
19:38If Mehmet can take Constantinople, he'll control the key trade routes between east and west.
19:45And the city's vast trade in spices.
19:57They want to take Constantinople, it's rich, it's the center of a vast trade of spices and other things flowing into Europe.
20:04One dried berry makes up as much as two-thirds of the spice trade into Europe.
20:19Pepper, a spice that changes the story of mankind.
20:23One thousand tons.
20:26One thousand tons.
20:30Shipped from southern India every year.
20:36The sultan wants Constantinople as the jewel of a new Islamic empire.
20:42There must only be one empire, one faith, and one sovereignty in the world.
20:55But the city has the greatest defensive walls in Europe.
21:05Four miles long.
21:07Up to one hundred feet high.
21:17Mehmet's big challenge was to bring down the walls of Constantinople.
21:22No one had ever defeated the walls of Constantinople.
21:27Now, a devastating new use of weapons.
21:38Non-stop artillery bombardment.
21:41The key to the future of war.
21:46Artillery becomes the king of battle.
21:52And it's proven at Constantinople.
21:54The fate of Constantinople will change lives in every corner of the planet.
22:20Every corner of the planet.
22:36Mankind's destiny can turn on a single battle.
22:42If the walls of Constantinople fall under bombardment by the Turks,
22:46the world will never be the same again.
22:49Sixty-nine canyons.
22:51Dedicated teams working in shifts.
22:53Cool.
22:55Clean.
22:57Reload.
22:58Fire.
22:59Each cannon.
23:01Packed with up to ten stone blades.
23:03Cool, clean, reload, fire.
23:27Each cannon packed with up to 10 stone balls.
23:33Those people in Constantinople, they had never experienced anything like a cannon bombardment.
23:56I have been rocketed, I have been mortared before, and it ain't no fun.
24:08You know, you never know, you don't know where it's gonna land.
24:11Pounding the city round the clock for 53 days.
24:28The great cannonballs flew over the walls and crashed through the houses of the city,
24:37and then as they struck the ground, the stone shattered, and they burst in a shrapnel hail
24:46of jagged little splinters that killed and maimed and lacerated for hundreds of yards around.
24:54Defenders rebuild.
25:01But Mehmet breaks through.
25:16A new era of warfare.
25:30Stone walls will no longer protect us.
25:34Constantinople had managed to hold out for a century until my namesake, Mehmet the Conqueror,
25:45brought his Turkish tribes and was able to invade Constantinople.
25:49And that one very sleek move tilted the axis of human history, took an entire part of the
25:57planet that had preserved Christianity and made it Islamic.
26:04Christian Constantinople becomes Islamic Istanbul.
26:10The great cathedral, Hagia Sophia, becomes the largest mosque in the world.
26:18The world's most important trade routes now in the hands of a new empire hostile to the West,
26:26forcing Europeans to search for a new route to the riches of the East.
26:3330 years after Constantinople, a ship heads into a storm off the coast of southern Africa,
26:51on a journey that will open a new era of exploration.
26:56In command, Portuguese explorer, Bartolomeo Diaz, wealthy nobleman, expert seaman, risk-taker.
27:16Diaz is heading into uncharted waters, searching for a new route to India.
27:26Diaz around the southern tip of Africa.
27:33These boats were hard to navigate, and yet people got in ships and sailed across oceans.
27:42It's really extraordinary how many of those ships never came back.
27:49Diaz has been using the coast to navigate, but as the storm gets worse,
27:56his guide becomes his enemy.
27:59You don't want to be near the shore, because you don't want to get driven up on the rocks.
28:03You're getting blue water over the deck, and things are breaking, and, you know, all hell is breaking loose.
28:10You're terrified.
28:11You're terrified.
28:12You are sure this is it.
28:13I mean, you're making your peace with God and hoping for the best.
28:17Now, Diaz faces a choice that will determine the future for all of us.
28:32They think he's gotten into its control, detto, and they'reож الس yüz.
28:33They are in another direction for all of us!
28:34They are scared.
28:35And we're left.
28:36They are out ofè¿™æ ·s.
28:37They're out of×›.
28:38It's like the fuck's hand.
28:39They're around the fisget have crabs.
28:40They'll prayers.
28:41They're in another direction for hell.
28:42A mantra, they're out of 5000 years.
28:43It's like the must.
28:44A pioneer on a journey that will change the shape of the world, caught in a storm off
29:03the coast of Africa, searching for a new sea route to the east, Bartolomeo Diaz has two
29:13options, risk death on the rocks, or head out into the Atlantic Ocean and the unknown.
29:25He lowers the ship's square sails and puts his faith in an ancient Roman technology that
29:33will become the key to a new age of exploration, of the triangular latine sail.
29:43The sail acts like a wing, almost.
29:46It actually develops lift, much like an airplane's wing.
29:49And if you have a strong rudder able to steer that ship towards the wind, it transmits all
29:56that energy into forward motion.
30:00You can at least make a tiny bit of upwind headway.
30:04Maybe you can claw your way off those rocks and not wreck and smash and destroy your boat.
30:09Dias turns his ship and heads into the uncharted waters of the South Atlantic, risking everything
30:20if he can't find his way back to shore.
30:37Out of sight of land for 13 days.
30:41Dias, no idea what lies ahead.
30:46His maps are useless.
30:50Lost at sea.
30:58His fate now turns on a powerful force of nature beneath the waves.
31:04An ocean gyre.
31:10A vast circular current caused by prevailing winds working against the rotation of the earth.
31:19Creating a conveyor belt of water.
31:224,000 times more powerful than the Mississippi River.
31:26So if you're sitting becalmed in an ocean gyre, it feels like you're, you know, a painted ship
31:34on a painted ocean.
31:35Nothing's happening.
31:36But what's really going on is you're covering ground.
31:40But the whole sea is moving in this arc.
31:44The discovery of ocean gyres will revolutionize seafaring.
31:48But Dias has no idea of the forces that slingshot his ship.
31:58From an empty ocean toward the southern tip of Africa.
32:03He really had everything going for him.
32:05He had the prevailing winds with him.
32:06He had the current with him.
32:08And he was on a ride that he may not even have fully understood.
32:11Dias claims the land in the name of God and country.
32:33It will become known as the Cape of Good Hope.
32:36The key to a new sea route to the east, bypassing Constantinople.
32:46A direct passage to India.
32:53Within 50 years, it becomes one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world.
32:5944,000 tons of goods shipped around the Cape each year.
33:07Building new empires, new connections, and a new future.
33:17The race to profit from the riches of the east is on.
33:24October 12th, 1492.
33:29A date seared onto the hard drive of humanity.
33:34Spanish sailors discover land.
33:37Leading them an Italian.
33:39Christopher Columbus.
33:44Maverick.
33:46Hustler.
33:47With his own dream to find a shortcut to the east.
33:51His plan, to sail west, to China.
34:03He calculates the journey from Spain will take him just 21 days.
34:09He underestimates the distance by 7,000 miles.
34:13What was striking about this is that any educated person at the time would know that Columbus was wrong.
34:21Undaunted, convinced he's right, Columbus has been all over Europe begging for support for his journey.
34:28Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, throw some money his way.
34:36Barely enough to fund the expedition.
34:40It's kind of the way that a wealthy person might bet a hundred bucks on poker.
34:44You know, without much expectation, but you could afford it.
34:59After five weeks at sea, close to starvation, thousands of miles from his target, he reaches land.
35:07Which he believes is Japan.
35:11In fact, it's the Bahamas.
35:14Off the coast of a vast new world.
35:25The Americans.
35:26The Americans.
35:37Two worlds, isolated from each other for 10,000 years.
35:52It's not only a huge event in history, but it's a huge event in the history of life.
36:00Energy.
36:01Energy.
36:01Energy.
36:02Energy.
36:02Energy.
36:03Energy.
36:03Energy.
36:03Energy.
36:03Energy.
36:03Energy.
36:03Energy.
36:03Energy.
36:04Energy.
36:04Energy.
36:05Energy.
36:05Energy.
36:06Energy.
36:07Energy.
36:08Energy.
36:09Energy.
36:10Energy.
36:11Energy.
36:12Energy.
36:13Energy.
36:14Energy.
36:15Energy.
36:16Energy.
36:17Energy.
36:18Energy.
36:19Energy.
36:20Energy.
36:21Energy.
36:22Energy.
36:23Energy.
36:24Energy.
36:25Energy.
36:26Energy.
36:27Energy.
36:28Energy.
36:29Energy.
36:30Energy.
36:31Energy.
36:32Energy.
36:33Energy.
36:34Energy.
36:35Energy.
36:36Energy.
36:37I presented them with some red caps and beads.
36:40They were much delighted
36:44and became wonderfully attached to us.
36:58Living in a different ecosystem for thousands of years,
37:02the people of the Americas have no immunity to a deadly threat.
37:08Disease.
37:15Europeans were sort of swimming in this bacterial and viral soup
37:19that was utterly unlike anything over there.
37:25First contact with an invisible killer
37:28that will one day change the destiny of the new world.
37:38But Columbus is on a search for treasure.
37:45I kept my eyes open and tried to find if there was any gold.
37:49Then I saw some of them had a little piece hanging from a hole in their nose.
37:59I gathered that by going further I'd find a king who possessed in great quantities of gold.
38:04Columbus returns to Spain a hero.
38:14His journeys open the floodgates.
38:17All of Europe wants a piece of the Americans.
38:31The old world and the new are on a collision course.
38:43Tenochtitlan, Mexico.
38:57Part of the Aztec Empire.
38:5928 years after Columbus, the lust for gold is about to change the destiny of the new world.
39:09Through the ambitions of one man.
39:13Hernan Cortes.
39:16Devious, charming, and ruthless.
39:25Leading a band of just 500 European adventurers.
39:29Cortes was quite a manipulator and quite savvy.
39:39He knows how to motivate people.
39:41And the objective is gold.
39:43And that's what of course was the prime motivation.
39:55Aztec Emperor Montezuma.
39:57The richest, most powerful man in the Americas.
40:05Ruler of 25 million people.
40:10He's welcomed Cortes and his men into his palace.
40:14A mistake that will change the fate of a continent.
40:19Their numbers were small.
40:21How could they constitute a threat when you have an army that's a thousand times,
40:25a thousand times, ten thousand times larger than the few hundred souls that they brought, right?
40:35Cortes' plan?
40:37Proìœ ë¦¬ Xeh Onlymen.
40:38Mark Methodist.
40:39Are Venus.
40:40一樣ed.
40:4110 hundred houseищ.
40:42Cortes' Plan.
40:43Rip Re placas.
40:44Tune.
40:45alfstr Feld.
40:46A hand.
40:46Move out.
40:47For reference.
40:48Open Mario.
40:49ahahist.
40:50F kost3.
40:51Kh todos.
40:52Tuneơn.
40:53that we can take over at this level,
40:56you know, incarcerate the head of the empire,
41:01maybe the rest of the dominoes will fall.
41:08Montezuma's treasuries are filled with gold.
41:11The Spanish lust for plunder astonishes the Aztecs.
41:16An eyewitness reports.
41:19They snatched up the gold like monkeys.
41:21They were swollen with greed.
41:25They hungered for that gold like wild pigs.
41:29The people dubbed their captive emperor Cortez's whore.
41:35And revolt.
41:51Trapped inside the palace, Cortez receives word from his men.
42:01We're in imminent danger.
42:04We'll all perish unless Montezuma commands the hostilities to stop.
42:07The tedesco's death is stuck.
42:20It ain't nothing.
42:20An eyew!
42:22Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon!
42:52Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon!
43:22Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon!
43:52Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon!
44:22Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon, Shimon. Shimon, Shimon. Shimon, Shimon! Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Shimon. Sh
44:52His victory complete.
45:01He's hijacked the mighty Aztec empire.
45:10An empire of 25 million, brought down by just 500 men.
45:22The quest for luxuries and power sends pioneers across oceans in search of opportunity.
45:42Now, a new world brings new beginnings.
45:46The riches of a continent flood out across the planet, changing lives in every corner of the globe.
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