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Documentary, Origins-The Journey of Humankind S01E02
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00:00Humanity's struggle against death has been our most enduring fight.
00:14History has given us one weapon in this existential battle.
00:21We fight back with medicine.
00:25Tens of thousands of years ago,
00:27our ancestors scavenged the natural world for remedies.
00:31Imagine the incredible leaps of faith we had to take in an effort to ease the pain,
00:35mend the broken, and revive the sick.
00:39Medicine was a dark art full of false darts and false gods.
00:45But when we struck upon some form of relief,
00:48it swept like wildfire through humankind.
00:53We built on every success until medicine became a form of science.
00:59That's when we discovered the real killers within us.
01:03Microscopic armies hidden within our bodies,
01:05waging war on our species for thousands of years.
01:10Medicine is our great weapon to fight back against invisible, unthinkable death.
01:16From superstition to science, medicine has become one of humanity's most powerful tools.
01:28And though with each new challenge we may stumble,
01:32find a way to get stronger and smarter.
01:36To beat back fatal diseases and extend our lifespans.
01:40Even crack open our genetic code.
01:44This is the story of how our fight against death has determined our fate.
01:48How it became the driving force of our evolution.
01:52How our tireless pursuit of medicine has made us modern.
01:56And even made us superhuman.
02:00This is Origins.
02:12It's the greatest adventure story ever told.
02:16The story of humankind.
02:18And how we created the modern world.
02:20We're going back in time to explore key moments, origin moments,
02:24that changed the course of our shared history.
02:27In the beginning, survival was key.
02:30Not just from the violent threat of instant death posed by predators.
02:33No.
02:34Survival from all the little things that we take for granted today.
02:38Infection, bacteria, disease.
02:41Let's be honest.
02:42Any time before the last century,
02:44a common cold or a bug bite could kill you.
02:47Medicine is the name that we gave to the magic
02:50that allowed us to cheat death again and again and again.
02:55How we learned to fight.
02:57How we have managed to survive.
02:59In fact, all the little miracles that medicine brings us today.
03:03All of it adds up to a story about who we are as a species.
03:07These are moments in time.
03:11Origin moments that offer irrefutable proof.
03:14Medicine has made us modern.
03:17And it's been a key weapon in our fight for survival for thousands of years.
03:20We didn't know how old medicine was until 1991.
03:27Imagine, you're hiking through the Eastern Alps and you spot something in the snow.
03:32It's an ancient mummy.
03:35The oldest and best preserved corpse in history.
03:39We call him Otsiman.
03:42And he's more than 5,300 years old.
03:45Otsiman has given us an understanding of the origins of medicine.
03:50When we evaluated him, we were able to document ancient humans' best efforts at treating the human body.
03:56So, Otsiman has given us a glimpse on how he lived, but we also got an understanding of how he died.
04:02Otsiman lived in a time of brutality between humans.
04:10Ancient tribes often fought to the death over life's most precious resource, food.
04:15Ancient tribes feared mines onения's side, and found World親 and his and their words-
04:31Ancient tribes have given us to live in their past with the ice- big as many people.
04:35Ancient tribes who got involved.
04:44We know Otsi was a fighter from the scars on his body,
05:02but we also know that he and his tribe were true believers
05:05in the mysterious healing powers of nature.
05:10Medicine was largely a matter of whatever was at hand.
05:14Herbs, tree bark, those kind of things that may have a healing effect,
05:18but it was really kind of catch-as-catch-can.
05:33Today, we're inventing medicines in the laboratory.
05:36To do that, we need thousands of years of trial and error.
05:39Plants and nature are the foundation of modern medicine.
05:45Otsi lived in a world of unforgiving violence, but Otsi man and his people had learned the
06:03earth had remedies for their pain.
06:06Natural therapies passed down from generation to generation, each one improving on the last.
06:12Otsi man put his trust, his faith in the healing powers of the earth.
06:19But natural medicine could not protect him from human brutality.
06:27Otsi man put his trust, Otsi man put his trust, his faith in the healing powers of the earth.
06:34But natural medicine could not protect him from human brutality.
06:42Otsi man put his trust, his faith in love...
06:47Dritき, tretき!
06:48Do it, kid!
07:18Ootsie Man was found face down, the flint arrowhead in his shoulder.
07:30We think he died of blunt force trauma to the head.
07:34Ootsie Man comes from a farming community that was only 5,000 years into modern man.
07:41As a 45-year-old shepherd, Ootsie Man is a living document, so to speak, of the good
07:45and the bad of those societies.
07:48In some sense, the agricultural economy that they were living in was great in terms of
07:52letting them flourish and have stable lives and growing families.
07:58But then they had to come to grips with what are called mismatched diseases, such as tooth
08:02disease, dental disease, heart disease.
08:05All of those things that we now think of as human life and kind of what a lot of people
08:09die from is attributable to the civilization we've created.
08:14All of a sudden, Ootsie and his people were faced with new diseases because of the invention
08:18of agriculture.
08:20They needed new remedies.
08:21And their only resource is the natural world around them.
08:25Ootsie Man is sort of a champion survivalist.
08:27It's a testament to how well he did that he made it into the 40s, given how harsh the environment
08:32must have been.
08:33In his stomach, there were eggs of parasites.
08:35His toes had remnants of frostbite.
08:38He didn't have the medical firepower we do now.
08:41But he carried with him essentially a first aid kit.
08:43Inside it was a mushroom, birch polypore, which could have been a treatment for his intestinal
08:48parasite.
08:49Everyone thought that these ancient folk remedies from thousands of years ago had nothing left
08:53to teach us.
08:54But now that these synthetic drugs have reached a plateau, scientists are beginning to realize
08:59that maybe in order to go forwards, we need to go backwards and discover what nature
09:04has to offer us.
09:05Today, we're inventing medicines in the laboratory.
09:08But the best medicines, the most effective medicines, were discovered from nature.
09:14We learn from plants and nature, and then we go to the laboratory and try to copy them.
09:19Our ancestors' surprisingly modern and inventive medical treatments have left scientists scouring
09:26the earth and reaching back in time for forgotten cures.
09:36About 80% of the world's population relies on plants as a major form of medicine.
09:43Looking around in this habitat, you might see just some trees and weeds and not really think
09:49there's anything special about this area, but what I see is different.
09:52I see medicines, I see cures from the past and hopefully for our future.
10:00The Brazilian pepper tree berry has a unique mechanism of action that we've just started
10:06to uncover.
10:07It could be the source of the next big medicine in treating really nasty infections like MRSA
10:14in the future.
10:17Plants make these compounds to protect themselves.
10:21It works not by killing the bacteria, but by disarming it.
10:26So we're harnessing tools that are already in use to manage human infections.
10:32We're not looking for a needle in a haystack.
10:36We know that people have used these plants as medicines for hundreds and hundreds of years.
10:44Every traditional society had encyclopedic knowledge of the medicinal properties of the
10:55plants in their environment because that was the only medicine they had.
11:02During the American Civil War, soldiers would make teas out of the oak bark and use it to
11:07rinse their wounds and infections.
11:10Spanish moss has also been used as a tea to treat fever and chills.
11:16So all around us, we actually are surrounded by many interesting plants that could serve
11:22as future medicines.
11:24A lot of this information, which may seem bizarre folk medicine to us, in fact is pharmaceutically
11:31potentially extremely valuable.
11:33I think there are many, many more areas of medicine that can benefit from improving our
11:41understanding of how these ancient remedies actually work.
11:46These days, we can treat wounds and cure diseases that not too long ago would have meant certain
11:51death.
11:52But the medical skills that made us who we are today were built by the doctor who got his
11:57start the hard way, patching up gladiators in a second century fight club.
12:03Humanity is cursed by the knowledge of our own mortality, the terrifying realization that life is a fickle flame, that we and all our loved ones are destined for the grave.
12:12Humanity is cursed by the knowledge of our own mortality, the terrifying realization that life is a fickle flame, that we and all our loved ones are destined for the grave, drives us to find solace.
12:35Religion told us death is not the end, flesh is weak, but the soul survives.
12:43We could be reborn in infinite loops of reincarnation or live forever in the kingdom of heaven.
12:50To our ancestors, religion offered more than solace, it offered to cure our suffering.
12:59For thousands of years, we invoked the supernatural in search of remedies.
13:04Religion and superstition were woven tightly together, turned to divination, shamans and white witches to guide us to long life.
13:14For the ancients, no remedy was too strange.
13:24The Egyptians mixed spells and natural cures into magical remedies, they pioneered bloodletting, a cure-all around the world for 2000 years.
13:34Even in our deepest desperation, we pushed on, slowly uncovering the truth behind our suffering.
13:42The pain of losing loved ones drove us forward.
13:47Over time, the answers began to reveal themselves.
13:51Superstition was giving way to science.
13:55Medical science has come a long way in the last century.
14:10To our ancestors, things like CT scans and laser surgery might look like magic.
14:15The medical skills that made us who we are today were built on a slow and steady accumulation of knowledge over centuries.
14:22Medical knowledge the world over came to a head here in ancient Greece, an empire of organized learning where the ruins of medical treatment centers still stand today.
14:35If you were going to be sick in the ancient world, I think you really wanted to be treated by the ancient Greeks.
14:41For one thing, they had temples of healing, these were called Asclepion, which were basically the world's first teaching hospitals.
14:48So we are here in the most famous sanatorium of the ancient world, in the sanctuary of Asclepios.
14:59People were cured here by the priests.
15:02But not just a priest who might say an incantation or wave a piece of smoky feather around you and hope that the spirits would leave you.
15:11This was based on trial and error. Medicine was more than just magic.
15:17Patients would visit this ancient teaching hospital.
15:21They would actually spend the night and the next day report their dreams, which guided the doctors to finding the next treatment.
15:27It happened always under the umbrella of the God.
15:34But it was a real cure, even surgery.
15:38They actually invented and developed scalpels.
15:41We can see evidence of minor surgeries when we look at the patients that were treated during that time.
15:46As time passed, the priests gathered experience.
15:51They became, at the end, practical doctors, real doctors.
15:56This is the real significance.
15:58Greek medicine actually created a structure for human disease and human experience that we still use today.
16:05The Greeks created the ritual and the process of diagnosis.
16:09Everything that we have today is built on the giant shoulders of those that came before us.
16:20Every step, every innovation is held onto. That is the scientific method.
16:28But we're continuing to build on the legacy of thousands and thousands of years for the fundamental advances for tomorrow.
16:34This trial and error approach became the scientific method, the basis of all modern medicine.
16:45Observe, experiment, formulate a hypothesis, and then test it again and again until it's proven false or true.
16:53It's a method passed down to us by the most famous graduate of the Asclepian, Galen of Pergamon.
17:01Roughly 200 years after the birth of Christ, Galen helped lay the origins of modern medicine.
17:08Galen was a fight doctor who actually managed to write down his best practices and writing down what he knew to be true.
17:16He created a corpus that was not just useful but was in fact revered for centuries.
17:21Four centuries.
17:51Wizards, Galen had not yet to work, the
17:58Nobody was raised, Halen.
17:58I have no idea why you are alive.
18:01You have to die.
18:03You can't worry about it.
18:04You can't worry about it.
18:05I've got no idea why you are alive.
18:07You have to die.
18:08I've got no idea why you're alive.
18:09Oh, man.
18:10Aren't you Jaime?
18:11You have to die.
18:12Those who have taken me by you?
18:13Why are you?
18:14They have to die?
18:15All you have to die.
18:16You have to die.
18:17I've got your feet right now.
18:18What?
18:19. . .
18:49No, stop, let's go.
18:56Montos, take it.
18:59That's not all.
19:04I'm going to get you.
19:06What?
19:07What?
19:08With each procedure, Galen was diving into undiscovered territory.
19:36Lucky for us, he kept detailed notes and recorded all his successes and his failures.
20:06The tradition before Galen was so bad that you were actually genuinely likely to die if you went to see a doctor.
20:17Which is why Galen himself is such an important doctor, because he wasn't in there simply to magic something up and hope for the best.
20:26He had a reason for treating a patient and that patient he expected to get better.
20:31Starting with Galen, the history of medicine is really an effort to see inside the human body, to perceive what we can't see.
20:39His discoveries and his books were incredibly powerful because it allowed that knowledge to be transferred and disseminated to Arabia, to Europe eventually, and became really the code of medicine for the next thousand years.
20:52Unfortunately, all of his autopsies were done on animals, not on humans.
20:57For about a thousand years, Galen colored modern medicine and the treatments and people's approaches to it.
21:03But there was an awful lot that was wrong for the principal reason that Galen couldn't do dissections.
21:08Religion didn't permit people to do dissections.
21:12Andres Veselius, who was a Belgian doctor, he came along at a time when it became possible to do dissections and to actually look at the human body and how it was put together.
21:22Leonardo da Vinci, for instance, with his anatomical drawings, really began to create an environment in which medicine and human anatomy was looked at scientifically.
21:33When people actually studying with, essentially with an open mind, how the body works.
21:38It's an immensely complicated thing that we, even now, we don't really understand in a lot of detail.
21:43I mean, nobody really understands exactly how the brain is working, for instance.
21:47But it was the beginning. It was when we started to get a handle on all this.
21:52The invention of the x-ray machine and the invention of CT scans, it is all a process of trying to see what we could not see, of trying to look inside our bodies.
22:04Thousands of years ago, they only looked at the surface.
22:07And then Galen got us a little bit deeper inside the skin, into anatomy.
22:12When I think about my surgical practice now, it wouldn't exist if it were not for Galen.
22:16And now with the tools we have, we're relying on genetics and DNA and even atomic interactions within our body.
22:24So the progress in modern medicine is in parallel with the progress in modern technology.
22:29They go hand in hand.
22:31Better tools means a better understanding of us.
22:35Galen had a seismic effect on how your doctor treats you.
22:39Challenging established ideas, figuring out those missteps, using science to prove them wrong.
22:45Our knowledge base is built on thousands of years of trial and error.
22:50And it all adds up to who we are now.
22:53We have mastered the repair of our bodies.
22:55We can come back from what was once deemed almost certain death and be remade, almost good as new.
23:01And yet one enemy is always lurking, always evolving, always surprising us with sickness and deadly disease.
23:09We could have been wiped out as a species if not for a few origin moments that gave us a fighting chance against unseen, almost undetectable killers.
23:31The healers of the past fought blindly against disease for ages.
23:40But in the 17th century, their hidden enemy was revealed.
23:45Beneath the microscope, a strange new world came into focus.
23:52We had our first tantalizing glimpse of the hidden realm inside us.
23:56Under the lens, flesh became a latticework of nerves, capillaries, and blood, each playing a unique role in the concert of life.
24:10Everything we thought we knew about medicine, about life itself, was cast into doubt.
24:16As we plunged deeper, we came face to face with an alien universe, filled with minuscule creatures.
24:23We had revealed the realm of bacteria.
24:31Trillions of them live and die within every one of us.
24:35They are central to our survival.
24:37Yet among them are the killers that have plagued us with cholera, tuberculosis, and the Black Death.
24:43Looking deeper still, we discovered something even more sinister, the virus.
24:53Secret agents in our system that hijack the mechanics of biology.
24:57These microbes are our oldest enemies, a force we have fought for centuries.
25:09Over the ages, these tiny armies have killed billions.
25:14With medicine, we bring the fight to them.
25:18We live in the information age, an epoch where information can spread to billions of people around the globe instantaneously.
25:33Information that can illuminate, entertain, and save lives.
25:37In the recent outbreaks of SARS, measles, and Ebola, the transmission of information was crucial to stop disease in its tracks.
25:48But imagine finding yourself stripped of all access to information, and in the midst of one of the deadliest plagues known to humankind,
25:56where over the course of a few centuries, half of the entire population of Europe was lost.
26:02This was Europe in the 16th century.
26:05The Black Death stole up to 200 million lives.
26:08It was an invisible, relentless tidal wave washing over the world for hundreds of years.
26:20Medicine in the early Middle Ages in Europe was pretty rudimentary.
26:24A lot of it was to do with superstition rather than any sort of rational treatment.
26:28You might as well have expected, if you had a bad wound, to have someone press a dead rat to it, in the hopes that that will cure it.
26:35In 1528, one young doctor was determined to fight the plague with science.
26:41His name was Michel de Nostradamus, better known as Nostradamus.
26:46When we think of Nostradamus, we think about all its prophecies.
26:50But actually, he was a plague doctor taking care of the sick as a young clinician.
26:53We know now the Black Death is an infection, but back then they didn't know.
27:00So they blamed everything, from God to foreigners and even earthquakes.
27:05A few days.
27:28Don't be afraid of me. I'm going to help you.
27:47Please, sir.
27:51It's time for me.
27:55Save me.
27:58Please, please.
28:02Save me.
28:21Please, sir.
28:37Mom!
28:39Leave me alone, Mom!
28:42It will help, my dear.
28:44It will help me.
28:46Mom!
28:47Mom, please leave.
28:49No, no, no, no, no, no, no!
29:19No, no, no, no, no!
29:49No, no, no, no!
30:19No, no, no, no, no!
30:49No, no, no, no, no, no!
31:19No, no, no, no!
31:51No, no, no, no, no!
31:53No, no, no, no, no, no!
32:25No, no, no, no, no!
32:27No, no, no, no, no, no!
32:29No, no, no, no, no, no!
32:31No, no, no, no, no, no!
32:33No, no, no, no, no, no!
32:35No, no, no, no, no, no!
32:37No, no, no, no!
32:39No, no, no, no, no!
32:41No, no, no, no, no!
32:43No, no, no!
32:45No, no, no, no!
32:47No, no, no, no, no, no!
32:49No, no, no, no, no, no!
32:51No, no, no, no, no, no, no!
32:53We know today that our macroscopic world is controlled by microscopic beings.
33:11Most of them help us, but some microbes are killers.
33:15Medical technology is now so powerful, we can see them in fine detail.
33:19But in the 19th century, doctors had no idea what caused epidemics of cholera, yellow
33:26fever, influenza, measles, diseases that ravaged the most sophisticated modern societies on
33:32earth.
33:33A lot of the very finest minds put themselves to the challenge of understanding the human
33:39body and illness and how they work.
33:41But the problem is that the human body is a very complex thing, and they didn't understand
33:45one of the basic mechanisms, which is that a lot of what determines how healthy we are
33:50or not is invisible.
33:52It's microbial.
33:54Imagine what it must have been like to look into a microscope and see for the first time
34:01organisms invisible to the eye operating in our blood, within our bodies.
34:06But how would you know if you were looking at the product of a disease or its cause?
34:13This was the central question facing a young doctor working in the outskirts of the German
34:18Empire in 1875.
34:21His name was Robert Koch.
34:25King Floral.
34:32King Floral is still a dangerous thing.
34:38King-Tong-Tong-Tong.
34:44Him-Tong is getting notices for sure.
34:49King Floral again.
34:53Robert Koch was a country doctor in a small town that was filled with sheep
35:11farmers. He had an outbreak of anthrax. They asked him to find out what was
35:16killing the local sheep. So Koch started a series of experiments. Robert Koch
35:22believed the germ theory of disease, that disease could spread by means of microbes,
35:28these things we observed under microscopes. People had observed bacteria for many hundreds
35:34of years. There was no way to prove that that had anything to do with causing the disease.
35:39In fact, it was thought that they resulted as a consequence of the disease.
35:44How could you do this, Robert? This is a getrudes house here. I have already explained that I will
35:53get a new one. This is not the same. I don't have time for this. This is important work, Emma.
36:00So Koch took the blood of the local sheep, and he moved it to another animal. And that
36:23animal died. He saw bacteria in the blood that had an outbreak of anthrax. Robert?
36:41After he had reproduced the disease in 20 or 30 animals, and in each case seen the blood go
37:02from pure and clean to infested with these pathogens. Koch had actually created a chain of evidence that
37:10had identified that there was, in fact, one bacteria, one pathogen that caused this disease.
37:18The germ theory of disease became a true breakthrough of medicine.
37:21Right up until the time of Koch, a common notion was that maladies were caused by bad air,
37:33miasmus, as they were known. I mean, malaria means bad air. It just seems so counterintuitive,
37:39the idea that something small and invisible could make you ill and even kill you.
37:46Eventually, Robert Koch started to make this amazing pattern of discoveries.
37:50Typhus, anthrax, tuberculosis, all these diseases that caused millions of deaths a year,
37:56were suddenly cataloged and identified as being caused by bacteria.
38:01And so, Robert Koch signs up to give a lecture in a library in Berlin.
38:06The doctors in the room were there to challenge Koch. They had staked their careers on arguing against
38:12germs. And he finished his lecture, and the room was completely silent.
38:16Paul Ehrlich, another famous scientist who was in the room, said he knew that he had witnessed a
38:24pivotal moment in medical history, and the world had suddenly changed.
38:27The ability to identify and prevent infectious diseases is the key to almost all of modern medical
38:35science. Without it, humanity can die in a matter of months.
38:39The germ theory of disease led us to the creation of vaccines. And that was a pivotal moment.
38:47We haven't yet conquered death, obviously. But one of the things that we have conquered,
38:52thanks to vaccinations, is the insane infant mortality rate that used to exist.
38:58A hundred years ago, families had to be of three, four, five, seven children, because at least half
39:07of them weren't going to make it to adulthood. And of course, it prevented women from having careers,
39:13having lives outside of the family. But thanks to vaccinations, we can be pretty sure that the
39:18children we give birth to are going to make it. Suddenly, you now only need to have one or two children.
39:25Women are no longer just baby machines. They are human beings.
39:32And so you have the rise of feminism. You get the rise of the middle classes.
39:37So, in fact, there's this huge social revolution that comes out of this medical revolution.
39:49The collective wisdom of all of humankind led to the medical advancements that made us modern.
39:54We're attacking the things that harm us on a microscopic level. We're finding new ways of
40:00preventing disease every day. The question is, how far can we go?
40:07What seems to be fantasy and sci-fi in the world of health and the human body is actually just right
40:13around the corner. Imagine having your own personal catalog of replacement tissue sitting on a shelf.
40:22We can tweak a skin cell and turn it into a brain cell and rebuild your body parts. That's the horizon.
40:30And it's not far away. It's not 50 years away. It's going on right now.
40:34This lab is to genetics what the printing press was to written work.
40:44Here in this lab, we synthesize DNA. So a lot of people have heard about the Human Genome Project,
40:50where DNA was decoded. But here, what we're doing is actually building pieces of DNA.
40:57The DNA code in every cell, it's not only a source of information. For example, your eye,
41:02color your hair, color your height. But it's also a source of control of different processes in your
41:07body. Things like regenerating cells at different speeds and different parts of your body.
41:13It's an incredible, incredible technology. Our overarching goal is making DNA ubiquitous,
41:21to make it available to everyone.
41:26The things that we're working on right now, we know can be game-changing.
41:29Better, more specific drugs. Personalized drugs.
41:36We're enabling a lot of different types of projects. But I always like to think about the
41:41people that are studying cancer. There's been a lot of cancer in my family. Cancer is a very dynamic
41:49disease. But if you can accelerate research, then you can actually create a designer therapy for a
41:57specific tumor. And the faster you can do that, the earlier you can intervene. And that's everything in cancer.
42:06In the world of synthetic biology, it's either going to be the thing that saves humanity or the
42:10thing that kills humanity. So we're part of an organization that self-polices in the industry.
42:16We have different protocols to ensure that none of us will design and build something harmful to humanity.
42:23And I think as we think about medicine, this is the next revolution in medicine. This is the ability to
42:31really create personalized medicine. It's an opportunity to help humankind.
42:38With the discovery of DNA and the mechanisms of genetics, we have discovered the language of life.
42:44We have realized that we are linguistic all the way down. DNA is code. And we are diving deeper
42:50into what makes us uniquely human. We are repairing flaws that have built up over millennia of
42:56evolution so we can chase off death and thrive in this modern world today and beyond tomorrow. As
43:04Alan Harrington once wrote, any philosophy that accepts death must itself be considered dead,
43:09its questions meaningless, its consolations worn out.
43:18Across time, the advancement of medicine has done more than save lives.
43:24It has given us a new understanding of ourselves and our world.
43:30We have grasped the inner workings of our bodies and our minds.
43:34We have gazed upon the very building blocks of life, the clockwork of biology that makes us tick.
43:45We have even discovered an entirely new way of thinking.
43:49Through medicine, powerful ideas about logic and reason have taken root and blossomed into science.
43:55Even when the unknown outweighed the known, even as we fought an invisible enemy, we refused to accept the inevitable.
44:09With medicine, we have seized our own fate.
44:13We owe it all to the visionaries of medicine, the healers and thinkers who paved the way.
44:20We have come far. Our species is on the verge of medical revolutions that will change what it means to be human.
44:28As we turn to face the future, we fight death with more power than ever before.
44:35Standing on the shoulders of giants.
44:38We are ready to face the unknown.
44:49We will fight until we see the end of disease.
45:03And just maybe the end of death.
45:20Chicken—
45:30——
45:33——
45:33—
45:34——
45:35...
45:40——
45:42——
45:44—
Recommended
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