- 5/31/2025
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00:00The Ocean, the largest habitat on earth, and an inhospitable place.
00:30For those of us who live on land.
00:37Yet, for a billion years, this was the only place on the planet where life existed.
00:50Today, descendants of those early life forms continue to thrive.
01:00They share the sea with fish, but outnumber them by ten to one.
01:07They have no backbones and have evolved into countless different forms.
01:16Some are huge, large-brained, and intelligent.
01:28Others are minuscule, yet build the largest natural structures on the planet.
01:35They are marine invertebrates, the creatures of the deep.
01:50They have colonized every corner of the ocean and have a mind-boggling range of solutions to the problem of staying alive.
02:13The ocean is by no means uniform.
02:20Differences in depth, temperature, sunlight and currents pose particular challenges.
02:27One and a half miles down, these hydrothermal vents spew out superheated water at 450 degrees centigrade from cracks in the Earth's crust.
02:34Despite the enormous pressure, the total darkness and the total darkness.
02:41The ocean is by no means uniform.
02:43Differences in depth, temperature, sunlight and currents pose particular challenges.
02:48In Asia said the desert, Beam, withrians with heat of surface to the top of the ocean superior.
02:49But baÄrect after low fluidity of the38.
02:50They can rave
02:59A sea at first tends toí to house more dense, having that tunnel through an east, out of the solid earth's deep,
03:04From now, to see a summit.
03:05They haveajaid discovered of Talen.
03:06This is a very fierce story.
03:07You can't see the outside of the world, but the surface of the bara vital conditions.
03:08The marine environmental oĐŸŃoughs and annual impacts of the persăăă alan ground.
03:13Pompeii worms, so named for their ability to survive volcanic heat.
03:24They share the vents with crabs and two-metre-long tube worms.
03:31They can only survive here because they're able to feed on bacteria
03:35that thrive around the vents.
03:43These colonies are extremely rare.
03:51Not surprisingly, most life thrives nearer the surface,
03:55where feeding is considerably easier.
04:06These are krill, tiny shrimp-like crustaceans.
04:10Swarms can reach astounding numbers, 60,000 per cubic metre.
04:21During the night, they rise towards the surface to feed on plankton.
04:28Here, in the Sea of Cortez off Mexico,
04:31the swarms attract hunters of all kinds,
04:34from humpback whales to shoals of predatory fish.
04:47Yet another hunter arrives.
04:49It's one from the deep.
04:55A Humboldt squid.
04:56Two metres long, they have a local reputation as man-eaters.
05:08Alone, they're formidable enough.
05:12But this is a pack...
05:15...of hundreds.
05:16They're highly intelligent hunters, their eyesight is exceptional.
05:25They have powerful tentacles, suckers,
05:27ringed with 70,000 hooks,
05:30and a razor-sharp beak for tearing through flesh.
05:39Now the fish find that they are under attack,
05:42and so group together, for safety.
05:51But the Humboldt squid work as a team,
05:53herding the fish against the rocks.
05:55It's thought that the squid flash red and white not only to confuse their prey,
06:19but also to signal to each other when they are about to attack.
06:25The sea is more powerful than us!
06:29The sea is better to make up the sea.
06:37It seems like the sea is more powerful than a sea.
06:45The sea is better than anyone else.
06:51Humboldt squid numbers are growing rapidly, but they remain mysterious.
07:14As fast as they arrived, they disappear back into the deep.
07:21800 miles from the South Pole, in the shadow of a smoldering Mount Erebus.
07:41Winter temperatures are a punishing minus 40.
07:49This, perhaps, is the last place you might expect to find marine life.
08:01Now, it's the beginning of the polar spring, and for the first time in months, light reaches
08:23the sea beneath the ice.
08:35It's extremely cold and completely dark for much of the year, so conditions are not
08:41unlike those of the deep ocean.
08:45Yet, in McMurdo Sound, life flourishes.
08:57The creatures here grow extremely slowly, but that does mean they can reach a great age
09:18and great size.
09:20And they occur in surprisingly large numbers.
09:24And they occur in the sea.
09:38Three-meter-long carnivorous nematine worms, red sea stars, and urchins carpet the sea floor.
09:48This monster worm will eat almost anything, and is constantly scanning the sea floor for food.
10:02The sea floor will always bring in and out of the sea.
10:06Some animals are swarming here in such numbers because of this, a dead seal pup.
10:23Such a great quantity of food may only arrive once in ten years,
10:30but a seal's body won't be easy to eat.
10:41Nemetines have a snout like a harpoon
10:44that enables them to puncture the skin of the corpse.
10:53It's harder work for the sea stars.
10:59They feed by pushing out their stomachs through their mouths.
11:07As this sea star presses its stomach against the seal's skin,
11:12it secretes digestive juices that dissolve the seal's tissue.
11:17But that takes time.
11:23These scavengers will feed here throughout the summer
11:29until all that remains of the seal will be a skeleton stripped bare.
11:42The shallows are only a tiny part of the marine world.
11:46Ninety percent of it is open water.
11:50Its currents carry life for thousands of miles.
12:02The masters of this nomadic existence are jellyfish.
12:09A life spent drifting in the empty ocean could be a lonely one,
12:13but not for this jellyfish.
12:19Aurelia.
12:23Swarms like this are not accidental.
12:26These individuals all hatched together
12:28when the temperature and currents were just right.
12:35Their timing has ensured that they can make the most of feeding
12:38on a late summer plankton bloom.
12:40The most of feeding on a late summer plankton bloom.
12:41The most of feeding on a late summer plankton bloom.
12:42It's fantastic.
12:43Jellyfish have no brain and no blood, but they do have eyespots that enable them to
13:13tell the difference between light and dark.
13:16And they can move independently of the current by a simple form of jet propulsion.
13:30All jellyfish have stinging tentacles with which to catch their food.
13:35As they pulse their bodies, the tentacles trap plankton, which is then passed towards
13:40their mouth in the center.
13:47A swarm of 100,000 stinging jellyfish might seem a daunting prospect for a present.
14:07But not for this one.
14:10A huge fried egg jellyfish.
14:14It is a killer.
14:18Its weapons are harpoon-like cells that cover its tentacles.
14:22When they come into contact with a victim, they spear it.
14:29The fried egg then hauls in its prey.
14:36The fried egg then hauls in its prey.
14:43The fried egg then hauls in its prey.
14:51The fried egg then hauls in its prey.
14:58A few lucky Aurelia do manage to pull themselves free.
15:06But for the majority, there's only one outcome.
15:19Death.
15:21Death.
15:22Death.
15:23Death.
15:24Death.
15:25Death.
15:26Death.
15:27Death.
15:28Death.
15:29Death.
15:30Death.
15:31Death.
15:32Death.
15:33Death.
15:34Death.
15:35Jellyfish, like a great many marine invertebrates, have soft, vulnerable bodies.
15:41They are protected by stinging cells.
15:48But there are other kinds of defense.
15:57...armour plating.
16:19These are spider crabs.
16:22They spend most of their lives in deep water.
16:24But once a year, off the coast of southern Australia,
16:29a quarter of a million crabs set off on a long journey to the shallows.
16:42They're here because they all share a problem.
16:45Each crab has been wearing the same suit of armour for a year now.
16:54And it's getting uncomfortably tight.
17:03So each crab eventually has to shed its shell and produce a bigger one.
17:10Replacing an old shell is, understandably, a tricky process.
17:15First, the crab grows an entirely new skin within the old shell.
17:27It then flexes its body to force its shell to split along the back,
17:31before gingerly backing itself out.
17:47The spider crabs are not only here to molt, but to mate.
17:54And they grab the opportunity with considerable enthusiasm.
17:58Coming together in such numbers does, however, have a drawback.
18:14It attracts predators.
18:20A stingray.
18:28Despite there being so many potential prey,
18:39the stingray seems to ignore them.
18:42Perhaps there's safety in numbers.
18:47Although not all the crabs are prepared to rely on it.
18:58Alarm spreads amongst the crabs.
19:11But in fact, most of them are safe.
19:13This ray is being very choosy.
19:16It's only interested in the softest shell,
19:18the most recently molted crabs.
19:28Once a target is singled out, there is no escape.
19:58When their new armour has hardened,
20:10the crabs return to the comparative safety of the deep,
20:14leaving behind only their old, empty shells.
20:17Like spider crabs, the behaviour of most marine creatures is controlled
20:26by a very simple nervous system.
20:30But there are exceptions.
20:37This cuttlefish is one of the cleverest animals in the ocean.
20:41She has a very large brain.
20:45In fact, it's larger for her size than that of most fish or reptiles.
20:53Her life is both complex and full of intrigue.
20:59Giant Australian cuttlefish usually live alone,
21:03but once in their short lives, they must come together to mate.
21:11And she approaches the traditional mating grounds,
21:21one of the largest males starts to show interest in her.
21:33She moves him away from his rivals to a quieter spot,
21:37a place where she will be able to lay her eggs in safety.
21:41The male takes the female in his arms and turns her to face him,
21:57before using one of his arms to pass sacks of sperm
22:01to an opening near her mouth.
22:11She follows her to the male's arms and turns her to be able to lay her eggs in the sea.
22:14Once mated, he hovers over her, standing guard.
22:44Until she's laid her eggs.
22:52But he's got a problem.
22:54Males outnumber females four to one.
22:57So keeping her to himself is a constant battle.
23:14This larger rival is more difficult to intimidate.
23:31Cuttlefish can make very dramatic changes to their skin pattern in order to signal their moods.
23:37Flushes of bright colour and stripes that pulse along his side tell the rival to keep off.
23:49Most rivals back down at this stage, but not this one.
24:07Although the male's flashing signals get more and more emphatic,
24:11in the end, he has no choice but to fight.
24:13To be continued...
24:16To be continued...
24:38Victory, and the male can return to guard his female.
25:00Cuttlefish are great communicators, but there is a flip side.
25:04They can also be masters of deception.
25:08This male is too small to fight for a mate,
25:20but he has another plan, and it's sneaky.
25:26He approaches the couple cautiously,
25:29holding his tentacles tucked up at the front,
25:31mimicking a female that wants to mate.
25:34To complete his disguise, he changes colour to appear even more like a female.
25:40The guarding male seems convinced.
25:44Maybe he thinks his luck is in.
25:46Another female to add to his conquests.
25:50The sly, cross-dressing male edges closer and closer to the female, holding his nerve.
26:02As long as he avoids being grabbed in a mating embrace, the sneak is safe.
26:18At what point the female guesses his true identity is unclear.
26:34But she isn't choosy and surreptitiously mates with him right under the larger male's tentacles.
26:40It's time for the female to lay her eggs.
26:42It's time for the female to lay her eggs.
26:44Using the sperm from both males,
27:02she fertilizes her eggs one by one and glues them to a rock in a hidden crevice.
27:18With luck, she will now have a mix of offspring.
27:22Some may become masterful males and others little sneaks.
27:30She'll have all the bases covered.
27:38The coastal waters of British Columbia.
27:42Home to this four-meter-long Pacific giant octopus.
27:58She is a formidable predator, but at the moment hunting isn't on her mind.
28:12She has just mated for the first time.
28:17And now she's searching for a safe refuge.
28:34She makes her choice carefully.
28:36This is going to be her home for many months to come.
28:42It's her nursery den.
28:59A hundred thousand eggs hang from its ceiling,
29:02and she's guarding them with her life.
29:05Without her to protect them,
29:10they would be eaten by predators or become diseased.
29:17She caresses them with her tentacles,
29:19ensuring that algae don't grow on them
29:22and that fish don't eat them.
29:26She constantly keeps the water moving around them,
29:29so they're well supplied with oxygen.
29:43She cares for them for six months.
29:46And during all this time, she doesn't eat a thing.
29:49And now, as they're hatching, she is dying.
30:03One night, as the baby octopus emerge,
30:17she jets water over them for the last time,
30:20helping them on their way.
30:22on their way.
30:28This will be her final act.
30:37This is the only time she will reproduce.
30:39And to give her young their best chance,
30:42she sacrifices her life.
30:56Out of the depths comes one of the largest
30:58and most aggressive starfish in the ocean.
31:01Pycnopodia, a giant sun star the size of a dustbin lid.
31:16It's a hunter.
31:17Each arm is covered by super-sensitive tube feet
31:20that can detect prey by touch and smell.
31:31But the sun star is also partial to carrion,
31:34and it detects the carcass of the giant octopus mother.
31:47The miniature suckers on its feet clamp onto the corpse
31:50and drag it out of the cave.
32:01Other scavengers rush to join the feast.
32:22Although it's a fearsome predator,
32:24Pycnopodia doesn't have it all its own way.
32:27These sea urchins aren't speedy enough to escape,
32:32but they do have a formidable defense.
32:36The sharp spines are hard to get past,
32:39and what's more,
32:40the urchins can move each spine independently,
32:43pinching the starfish's probing arms.
32:58Trapped by an army of urchins,
33:00Pycnopodia is spotted by an enormous king crab.
33:12Pycnopodia has more than met its match,
33:14and within seconds the crab rips off one of its arms.
33:28But that is just a temporary inconvenience.
33:33Starfish are able to quickly regrow a lost limb.
33:43The most impressive invertebrates may seem to be the giants,
33:46but in fact it's some of the smallest
33:48that can make the biggest impact.
33:50Every square inch of this island has been created
33:56by an ever-growing living superstructure,
34:00a coral reef.
34:03It's taken thousands of years to reach this size,
34:06and it all began with creatures smaller than a pinhead.
34:10A reef can't be built just anywhere.
34:11It needs something to give it a firm footing.
34:13A reef can't be built just anywhere.
34:14It needs something to give it a firm footing.
34:15A wreck like this
34:20can be built just anywhere.
34:23It needs something to give it a firm footing.
34:27A wreck like this
34:32can be built just anywhere.
34:35It needs something to give it a firm footing.
34:38A wreck like this
34:43A wreck like this provides an excellent foundation.
35:00As soon as it settles on the seabed,
35:02the wreck comes under attack from invaders,
35:05plankton, carried here by ocean currents.
35:13These are the microscopic larvae of barnacles, sponges,
35:18and most importantly, corals.
35:30The larvae must attach themselves to the wreck.
35:34Once there, they can develop into young corals called polyps.
35:39But the polyps are very slow growing,
35:44and there is lots of competition from other invaders.
35:56Algae quickly cover the wreck,
35:58and that's a problem for the young coral.
36:01These are the moors coming from an agricultural environment.
36:06iada
36:10We're very calm here in the sea.
36:13The algae attract grazers.
36:15The polyps are in danger
36:18of being eaten before they've even got a proper foothold.
36:24The polyps are in danger of being eaten
36:26being eaten before they've even got a proper foothold.
36:32If conditions are right, the survivors can go on to build a reef.
36:41Position is critical.
36:44Too deep and not enough light will reach the corals for them to grow.
36:49Too shallow and they risk being exposed to the air at low tide.
36:56For the reef to really flourish,
36:58it also needs to be in the path of currents carrying food.
37:13Fast forward half a dozen years or so
37:15and the wreck will begin to show the first signs of corals
37:19visible to the naked eye.
37:26A decade later, and the wreck will be transformed.
37:37Thousands of polyps will form coral heads that encrust its surface.
37:47This ship was sunk during the Second World War,
37:50and there has been enough time for a substantial reef to develop.
37:59After decades of growth,
38:01different species of corals dominate particular areas of the wreck.
38:05The fastest-growing types grow best on the edges and overhangs,
38:17reaching far out into the water and up to the light.
38:23They need only a small area to establish themselves,
38:26yet they can rapidly grow dozens of plates or branches
38:30crammed with polyps to gather as much light as possible.
38:52Slower-growing, much more robust corals like these brain corals
38:56are better suited to the heart of the developing reef.
39:03It's these that give the reef their structure and permanence.
39:11There could be nearly 500 different species here,
39:14each striving to win a foothold on the rusting hulk.
39:17The pace of life for corals may seem to be so slow
39:23that it's hard to imagine that there is any conflict here.
39:33But as night falls, the mood on the reef changes.
39:41Corals are, in fact, extremely aggressive,
39:43and will fight to the death to expand their territory.
39:49There can be no honorable retreat.
39:52A winner will literally eat its enemy alive.
39:59Along the battlefront, the polyps of both combatants
40:02extrude their guts, long thread-like filaments,
40:05over their opponents.
40:07At the fringe, all that remains of the destroyed polyps
40:14are their skeletons.
40:17The coral that can digest fastest wins.
40:26Corals constantly grow over the skeletons of their dead comrades,
40:31building a bigger and bigger reef.
40:33Then, just once a year,
40:38a few days after the November full moon,
40:41the corals take part in a mass-spawning event.
40:51Millions of eggs and sperm are released into the water
40:55and join to develop into larvae
40:57that drift in search of a place to settle.
41:03And would ratherć ofow a pointer.
41:04But if the squirrel does not be absorbed into the water
41:05and the swath, the thickest of of the sea.
41:06If you want to know more thousands ofìed cases,
41:09you're the one to find a mateixth andrea.
41:10If you look in a picture in a reporter,
41:11the living room at the center of querer specjalism,
41:13and even though the process is still Rowlandsïżœ.
41:14The word that is alright Health allowed toì to this.
41:15nuts, we also need to commit largeïżœ
41:17months of the time to find Mickalwood.
41:18We've been there for you to know much more of your life.
41:19Yes, here are all our admirers in worlds,
41:23Let's begin to see the Aunqueque ĐĄĐżend FIRST WHO
41:25SchĂŒler,bat teammate,
41:26Westminsteríë„Œ over theäžć° Noah,
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41:33Eventually, every inch of the wreck's surface will be colonized, the steel will rust away,
41:45and the reef will be on its own.
41:57These reefs grow without the help of a wreck to start them off, but given time, they can
42:04create something as huge as this, the Great Barrier Reef, the largest living structure
42:10on Earth.
42:27A coral reef rivals even a rainforest for its diversity of life, yet corals like this
42:34are found in waters where food is very scarce.
42:42All the creatures here have had to adopt a different and highly specialized way to gather
42:47every nourishing scrap.
42:55Christmas tree worms bore into the coral skeleton for protection, swirling out and grabbing food
43:02particles with their feathery gills.
43:07Coral barnacles are in fact related to lobsters.
43:10They lie on their backs, waving their feet to gather any food floating past.
43:23Crabs have evolved many different ways of gathering food.
43:28This porcelain crab has a fan of filaments on his front legs.
43:38A boxer crab attaches a tiny sea anemone to each fist.
43:43As well as for defense, he uses their sticky tentacles to gather passing plankton.
43:53On a ngutan crab's whole body is coated with sticky hairs.
43:57In this case, perhaps just a bit too sticky.
44:23This strange creature is a sea cucumber.
44:29It uses its tentacles to grab food from the sediment.
44:33There are hunters here too, like these nudibranchs or sea slugs.
44:42Their vibrant colors are a warning that they're toxic.
44:45There are over 3,000 species.
44:48Many hunt just one specific prey.
44:51Some hunt each other.
44:58This emperor shrimp makes the most of the poisonous nature of its host.
45:04But it's a rather one-sided affair, as it feeds, the shrimp gets protection and a free ride.
45:17Other shrimps have developed a more balanced relationship.
45:20Some even solicit for partners.
45:25These dance for their dinner.
45:34And these advertise to passers-by that they are open for business.
45:46They are a parasite removal team providing a service for countless fish on the reef, including
45:52those that could happily eat them.
46:03In return for their bravery, they get a meal that comes to them.
46:11Coral reefs, built by the tiniest of creatures, occupy less than half of 1% of the ocean's floor.
46:34Yet they support a quarter of all marine species.
46:41other than half of the fish, they support a few animals.
46:43They support a little rural fish, they support a little animal.
46:47They support theñiest.
46:49They support a couple of fish for many animals, by the time.
46:51They support a few animals, by the time they can use them to agonize.
46:55Marine creatures, all without backbones, from corals to cuttlefish to crabs, make up the
47:23majority of life in the oceans. But they have also had a surprisingly important impact
47:31beyond the marine world. Their fossilized bodies, shells and skeletons form the limestone
47:39and chalk that now covers huge tracts of Asia, Europe and the Americas. They may be small,
47:46but over their two billion year history, they have literally changed the world.
48:02To capture some of the sequences in this episode, the life team had to take underwater filming
48:08into uncharted territory. One shoot meant spending weeks diving under two meters of ice. Another
48:17involved laying the foundation for a new coral reef in the tropics.
48:28A sunken ship can make an ideal location for corals to grow. So with this in mind, the life
48:34team set themselves a challenge to make their very own shipwreck. After months of searching,
48:43they find a boat in the Bahamas that might be suitable. But there's a lot to do before
48:48it can be sunk to the seabed.
48:50It's apparently been here for how many years, eight years on the jetty? All this fiberglass
48:54insulation, it's all going to be removed. And it's all hands to the pump again.
48:59It is. They're going to go and get a pair of overalls. The team have to put away their cameras
49:04and get their hands dirty.
49:08I've got a 50-ton boat, and I'm trying to clean it with a paint scraper.
49:12Thoroughly cleaning the boat increases the chance that coral will grow on it,
49:16and ensures it won't pollute the sea.
49:18Like changing rooms, isn't it?
49:19After eight years rusting on the jetty, there's no guarantee that she will even float.
49:26We actually, we do have some holes.
49:30All up!
49:32To get this ship ready in time for the inspectors is a massive task,
49:36and they're doing a brilliant job, and we're putting panels through
49:39to let the water rush through when she starts sinking.
49:42Right here, didn't you?
49:44That's the last bit.
49:45Let's go, guys.
49:47Havuz!
49:50Ship shape at last.
49:53Oh, she's clean.
49:54She's being inspected.
49:56She's ready to be sunk.
49:57What can go wrong now?
50:01Here's heaven.
50:02All right, Christina.
50:03Here's the very latest with Dean again.
50:04As the tail end of Hurricane Dean sweeps through,
50:07the team are forced to put their plans on hold.
50:14Luck doesn't seem to be on their side.
50:23But two days later, good weather returns.
50:27Here comes the crane.
50:28Finally.
50:33Fingers crossed, arms crossed, legs crossed, everything's crossed.
50:35They urgently need to get the boat into the water,
50:38or they won't reach the chosen wreck site before nightfall.
50:45She's safely in the water.
50:47So far, so good.
50:49It floats!
50:53Her final voyage.
50:56Cameras are mounted around the deck
50:58to film her sinking below the surface.
51:00We've spent a week preparing for this.
51:03And finally, the afternoon's arrived.
51:05But the light's going very quickly,
51:06so we have to make a move.
51:10The last few holes are cut.
51:13It's time to pump in water and to abandon ship.
51:21The crew dive in, ready to film her descent,
51:24while the support boat moves away to a safe distance.
51:30There's nothing more to do but wait.
51:32Here I'll proceed.
51:33There we go, look at this.
51:34Straighten out, straighten out, straighten out.
51:36I'm going to do this.
51:40She gently comes to rest, and the right way up, just as they'd hoped.
52:10Now, it's time to let nature take its course.
52:22The crew will be back over the next two years to see how life takes hold.
52:27At this site, the wreck has a very good chance that it'll be colonized by coral.
52:32With luck and time, it will eventually become a full-scale reef.
52:40Meanwhile, at the other end of the world, the life team's challenge is very different.
52:49Here, in Antarctica, just getting underwater will be tough.
52:58In order to work in such a demanding location, the team needed the help of the National Science
53:03Foundation at the McMurdo Polar Research Station.
53:12Everyone here has to be able to cope out on the ice if there's an emergency, so the life team
53:19joins research scientists for survival training to prepare them for any situation.
53:27even one like this.
53:34A colleague lost in a whiteout is very serious.
53:41This training might mean the difference between rescue or not.
53:46This is supposed to simulate a whiteout.
53:49We've been looking for someone who's been lost.
53:51And you wear the bucket so that you cannot see at all what is going on.
53:55And it does actually work.
53:57It's just, you can't see anything in this.
54:03With the training over, it's time to travel over the ice to the dive site, ready to go beneath
54:09the frozen surface of the Ross Sea.
54:14But to get through this ice, thick enough to land a jet on, needs the help of McMurdo's specialist drilling team.
54:44Once the hole is drilled, a specially designed hut is slid into position.
54:57This will be the team's base for the next four weeks of diving.
55:03Look, this is all we need.
55:05All we need to go in here.
55:08The door to another world.
55:10All the equipment the team need for the shots must come in and out of this hole.
55:15And this is as far south as it's possible to dive.
55:18The ice is eight feet thick.
55:20It's here for eleven and a half months of the year.
55:23And we're going to go down underneath and have a look to see just what it's like underneath it.
55:28Doug and the team venture below the ice.
55:40The under ice landscape is both surprising and spectacular.
55:55But it's the animals they've come to film.
56:10So specialist time-lapse cameras are moved into position.
56:16The animals move very slowly at these freezing temperatures.
56:30But by using time-lapse to speed up the action 500 times,
56:34the team hopes to reveal the behavior of these creatures for the first time.
56:51With air and warmth running out for this dive,
56:55Doug makes his way back to the lifeline and the surface.
56:59deadie three two takes it off as a
57:08road.
57:09Oh, that is amazing.
57:12It is so beautiful down there.
57:14All sorts of colors,
57:19That is amazing. That is so beautiful down there. All sorts of colours, beautiful stalactites made of ice crystals hanging down from the top of the ice.
57:32All sorts of things on the bottom, starfish, urchins, just an amazing profusion of life. Really lovely, totally unique, unlike anywhere else.
57:41However, after an hour underwater, it is getting pretty cold, so can you give me a hand up please?
57:51There would be another month here and over 100 dives before the sequence was eventually completed.
58:31You
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