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04:29At last the stage was set for life in many forms and true plants swarmed in prehistoric waters.
04:38Now, filter-feeding animals such as barnacles could flourish in the oxygenated water.
04:59The secret of life was established in an unwritten contract binding plants and animals together.
05:12Some animals might live by the green contract.
05:17Some animals might live by eating other animals, but every food chain must start with animals eating plants.
05:25That is the essence of the green contract.
05:28That is the essence of the green contract.
05:28By the time fish had evolved, by the time fish had evolved, another stage in the story of life on Earth was beginning.
05:46The teeming, the teeming, the teeming life of the oceans reached out to the dead land.
05:52About 400 million years ago, the first plants came ashore.
05:59About 400 million years ago, the first plants came ashore.
06:03Tiny growths clinging to rocks and mud.
06:06In time, they took a firmer hold on land.
06:10They developed roots.
06:36Plants also developed woody vessels within their stems, which made them rigid and enabled them to grow tall.
06:51And competition with other plants compelled them to grow taller still.
07:06With this dynamic lift-off, the first forests were born.
07:36Plants had successfully invaded the land.
07:40Their roots broke the Earth's surface and held together the topsoil.
07:45And the atmosphere they had created now made life on land possible for many kinds of animals.
07:51Among them, insects.
07:53Insects.
07:54Insects.
07:56Insects.
07:57Insects.
07:58Insects.
07:59Insects.
08:00Patterns.
08:01Insects.
08:02grievances.
08:03Turn in peut-être bodies sans bía.
08:04pools thoughum
08:052m taill geoc
08:23Wings meant that insects could follow the plants upwards into the sky.
08:50The first land plants had swimming sex cells and could therefore thrive only in moist places.
09:02But by degrees, plants developed new methods of reproduction.
09:11The conifer's male sex cells could be carried on the wind as pollen to female cones, which
09:17produced seeds.
09:19Once they reproduced in this way, the trees could move into new, drier territories.
09:33Like an advancing army, they swarmed over the foothills and occupied the high mountainsides.
09:38A far cry from the shoreline of the ocean.
09:43What are you Hawking?
09:44Halfway to the shoreline of the sea.
09:48The shoreline of the ocean is mainly Übers.
09:50The shoreline of the sea is changing, which is the shoreline of the sea.
09:53The shorelines of the ocean.
10:26Today, one-third of all the world's forests are conifers.
10:38Among them, the largest living organisms, the giant redwoods, capable of growing to
10:44the height of a 20-story building.
10:51A remarkable development.
10:53But there was an even more spectacular one still to come.
11:09The plant's male and female parts were combined in a single marvelous device, the flower.
11:21Flower pollen is an attractive source of food for insects, and they unwittingly carry some
11:27it on their bodies as they move from one flower to the next.
11:31In that way, the flower's eggs may be fertilized.
11:36Many flowers produce nectar, which attracts insects, with guidelines to help them find
11:42it.
11:43So, let's see.
11:44Let's see.
12:17Some flowers favor particular insects.
12:45The wild arum has a spike with a fetid odor, which attracts small mosquitoes.
12:54Many slide to the bottom, where the female parts are located.
12:59They remain trapped overnight.
13:01But next day, the male parts exude pollen.
13:05Now the bristles wilt and clear the way for the mosquitoes to escape,
13:28well-coated with a dusting of pollen that they carry to the next arum.
13:34Again, temporary prisoners.
13:37They pollinate their captor before escaping once more.
13:40The size and shape of certain flowers match the bills of particular types of bird.
13:51Members of the parrot family, such as the rainbow lorikeet,
13:55have adapted to feeding on certain flowers,
13:57and so have become their chief pollinator.
14:00Other flowers await pollination at night.
14:10In Australia, small nocturnal marsupials called honeypossums
14:27visit banksia flowers for the sake of their nectar.
14:30And by chance, they carry pollen on their fur as they move from flower to flower.
14:42The regular traffic to the flowers that feed them
15:11is an open invitation to the secret hunters.
15:23Some predatory mantids can disguise themselves as flower petals to fool their victims.
15:34The killer, poised to strike.
15:41Life in the new world of flowers became complicated with many variations on the theme of predator meets prey.
16:08In the new relationships linking plant and animal,
16:12it was not always the plant which was the passive partner.
16:19In some cases, the plants themselves became the killers.
16:23Growing on poor soil, this sundew plant gets the nitrogen it needs,
16:41digesting the insects caught in its sticky leaves.
16:45The leaves of another flesh-eating plant form an even more ingenious trap.
16:57The Venus flytrap.
16:59Press the button and bang goes the trap.
17:13Even so, the plant has no guarantee of success.
17:19Win some and lose some is always nature's rule.
17:29Each hair is a trigger.
17:31Touch it twice and the trap shuts.
17:34Once it has secured its prey, the plant digests it.
17:45In all these subcontracts written into the green contract,
17:52there is a delicate balance maintained between killer and victim.
17:56Individuals will perish, but each species will survive.
18:01It is in the tropical forest that there is the richest variety of relationships between plants and animals.
18:20The success of flowering plants shows here more dramatically than anywhere else,
18:36for they have an ideal climate with warmth and continuous moisture.
18:40All ways of blessing on theomencture of plants,
18:44the imitability ofumsy flowering plants,
18:45they're not as estadies,
18:47for VarGr1 to compounds.
18:48por��週 is one of dependent류 wheat plants,
18:49It's very good to see bottomless plants of plants.
18:49It's very interesting that these new people INS bandle KEY,
18:50the planet earth,
18:51the animal does not live yet.
18:52It's very interesting that every rare with정이iana is rather than little eel till the animals are very ancient.
18:55After a new plant is near the plant of flowers,
18:57Go and resell the Neck with aproduction Network andablesying plants and plants and plants.
19:00That it's very BRPatital產 and plants that are also available to you.
19:02Absolutely unique to huntтр Makeral which is a platsch specialty of creaturesclosure plant.
19:05pepper,
19:07It's very interesting that the people they've scanned the plant.
19:40It is the variety of tropical vegetation that provides such an abundance of food and living conditions to suit an even greater number of animal species.
20:10Over two-thirds of all the flowering plant species in the world are found in tropical forests.
20:36Eat and be eaten so the food chain goes on.
21:05Body color that matches the background can be a good defense.
21:33Slow movers often rely on camouflage.
21:43It is a strange fact that this abundance of life often thrives on the poorest of soils.
21:53The plants survive because scarce minerals are constantly recycled.
22:03Decay, helped by insects and fungi, returns everything to the soil, ready to be taken up again by new life forces in plant and animals.
22:13There is one more relationship between the flowering plants and the animals to be found here.
22:23After pollination, the flowers are transformed into fruits.
22:33Succulent and often colorful, they have evolved to be eaten.
22:43Here, wild figs attract large fruit-eating mammals known as flying foxes.
22:59While the fleshy part of the fruit is digested, the seeds will pass through the animal's body to be dispersed at random and germinate where they fall.
23:09This is a very effective method of dispersing seeds.
23:37And so creating and regenerating forests.
23:41Each seedling will struggle to become a fruit tree and compete for a place in the sunlight.
23:59Fruits and berries were also an important survival food for our early ancestors.
24:27But even more crucial to human development were the seeds of another very special group of flowering plants, which provided the staple food of grazing animals, the grasses.
24:45Most plants grow from the tip, but grass leaves grow from the base, so after they have been cropped by grazing animals, the grass will continue to grow and make more food.
24:57Find more food.
24:59Find more food.
25:03Find more food.
25:27All the grasses and sedges are flowering plants. It's easy to overlook that.
25:57No need for insects. Grass pollen is carried by the wind. When the seeds are set, they contain a nutritious substance which gives them a good start. Grind it up and it becomes flour, a basic human food that can be stored for months.
26:27The wild grasses that we know as rice, oats, barley and wheat were the key to the growth of human civilization.
26:57What drives the combine harvesters is energy from the sun that was processed and stored in the remains of billions of microscopic marine plants in the world.
27:15Prehistoric times as oil, one of the so-called fossil fuels.
27:22Another fossil fuel is coal that was processed and stored in the remains of billions of microscopic marine plants in prehistoric times as oil, one of the so-called fossil fuels.
27:32Another fossil fuel is coal, the carbonized remains of some of the earliest forests. It provides more than forty percent of the world's industrial energy.
27:47The fossil fuel is coal, the carbonized remains of some of the earliest forests. It provides more than forty percent of the world's industrial energy.
28:00武漢忠 setup
28:04武漢忠
28:29and it takes energy to operate the great earth moving thrust into the depths where the prized
28:45black sea lies fossil fuels coal and oil contain energy which can be released so easily by fire
29:15in 1991 the gulf war focused our attention on what happens when nature is wantonly put into reverse
29:26originally when the plants first gathered this energy from the sun carbon dioxide was used up
29:34and oxygen given off to enrich the atmosphere now fire uses up oxygen while carbon gases pour back
29:45into the air
30:15less violently it goes on in peacetime too
30:34modern transport relies on the burning of oil
30:41the carbon gases discharged by city traffic and industry build up in the atmosphere and prevent
30:54the release of heat by radiation thereby causing a greenhouse effect
30:59other harmful urban chemicals attack the ozone layer which shields us from ultraviolet rays damaging to
31:10human skin and also to the plant life of the oceans
31:14trash garbage litter the dead end of life what is biodegradable is transformed into a new life cycle
31:32but mankind has introduced the non-biodegradable the junk outside nature's regeneration which poisons land and sea
31:42for the first time a single species the human species is threatening the life support systems
31:51we have broken the green contract
31:57but we are at last learning to be less wasteful as the world's resources shrink we are recycling more and more
32:09this factory already uses thirty percent waste paper
32:37soon it will recycle sixty percent waste into new paper
32:42we are also learning how to capture energy without burning fossil fuels or timber
32:56besides nuclear energy there is tidal power solar panels wind power
33:04we can harness the elements
33:11our space-age technology can monitor the damage we are inflicting
33:19satellites report the frightening speed of loss of vegetation
33:23particularly in the rain forests
33:27this is a stretch of forest in Brazil about 100 miles across
33:32forest clearance and roads are clearly visible
33:36three years later the same view provides a grim record of the rate of destruction
33:42time is running out for those research scientists that work up there in the canopy of a threatened forest
33:57locked away in the chemistry of the rare plants and insects the scientists collect
34:03our secrets perhaps of medical cures still to be discovered
34:10our heritage is a pool of genetic material beyond price
34:18this periwinkle comes from the forest of Madagascar
34:25not very important we might think
34:27but now it is cultivated and harvested to make a drug used to treat leukemia in children
34:33any species we exterminate may be an opportunity lost
34:52lost forever
34:55forever
35:05by discovering how plants and animals relate to each other
35:09we can enrich our own understanding of life
35:12the rain forest shows us that true life sustains itself
35:16within the available resources that it can recycle perpetually
35:30living in harmony with nature instead of abusing and degrading it
35:35may demand a change in our habits but it will bring new benefits
35:41some of our world's most beautiful sights are under the sea
35:52even these are no longer denied to us
35:56more than that
35:57the sea
35:59the sea
36:08the world's most beautiful
36:13the rock
36:24ORGAN PLAYS
36:54It seems to be a natural human desire to make close contact with wild animals.
37:16This desire is gratified each day for visitors to a remote beach in Western Australia by wild dolphins.
37:28It's true they're encouraged with food, but the dolphins do seem to enjoy contact with humans as much as the humans.
37:58Do you know what her name is?
38:05Do you know what her name is?
38:07Do you know what her name is?
38:09Do you know what her name is?
38:11Do you know what her name is?
38:13Do you know what her name is?
38:14Do you know what her name is?
38:15Do you know what her name is?
38:20Do you know what her name is?
38:21Do you know what her name is?
38:23Do you know what her name is?
38:26Do you know what her name is?
38:27Do you know what her name is?
38:28Do you know what her name is?
38:33Our world has developed over many millions of years.
38:39What gave it stability and increasing variety was an unwritten contract between plants and
38:45animals acknowledging their dependence on each other within a system nourished entirely
38:51by the sun.
39:03But we can no longer take for granted the age-old rhythms of nature.
39:18The growth of human knowledge has given us a decisive influence everywhere, from the
39:23depths of the oceans to the sky's final delicate skin of our atmosphere.
39:29It is our actions which will change the world, for good or for evil.
39:48In the sheer joy of our existence, we must love and cherish those delicately balanced forces
39:54of nature which are enshrined in the green contract.
39:59They formed the rules of the created world before we joined the long march of evolution.
40:07They hold the secret of our life on Earth.
40:11Earth.
40:12Earth.
40:13Earth.
40:14Earth.
40:15Earth.
40:16Earth.
40:17Earth.
40:18Earth.
40:19Earth.
40:20Earth.
40:21Earth.
40:22Earth.
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40:30Earth.
40:31Earth.
40:32Earth.
40:33Earth.
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40:38Earth.
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