- 6/2/2025
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00:00Plants have a family tree stretching back nearly
00:29half a billion years.
00:35They have developed an extraordinary range of strategies to survive.
00:43This tree is a bristlecone pine, it's taken thousands of years to reach this size.
00:50It has seen empires rise and fall, kings, queens and presidents come and go, and may have seen
00:57the sun rise more than one and a half million times.
01:03Bristlecone pines are the oldest living things on earth.
01:17Bamboo is the fastest growing plant.
01:23It will be full grown 30 meters tall in just 90 days.
01:38Like animals, plants are constantly competing for food.
01:45Striving to produce offspring.
01:50And battling against predators.
02:00They will deceive, and in some cases, they will even hunt.
02:06They will kill, and they will kill, and they will kill.
02:33We often don't notice such dramatic behavior because, to our eyes, it happens so slowly.
02:39But if time is compressed and you shift perspective to the plant's point of view, their world
02:45comes spectacularly to life.
02:48The events in this woodland can build to a view of half a year in less than a minute.
03:03For more information, visit www.fema.org
03:33Like animals, plants need food and water.
03:54But what sets them apart is their struggle for light.
04:03Plants must have light in order to grow and will do anything to get as much as they need.
04:20The forest might appear to be the perfect place for plants to thrive.
04:26Yet down here on the forest floor is one of the hardest places imaginable for a young plant to begin its life.
04:37The canopy above is so thick that only a little sunlight can filter through.
04:42For this sapling, too little light means death.
04:51But plants on the forest floor need not be passive.
05:12If the light won't come to them, they can go to the light.
05:17But they still have a problem.
05:26The light is 50 metres above them.
05:30So, they must climb.
05:32It's much easier to use another plant as scaffolding.
05:55But they won't get very high unless they can hold on tight.
05:59Like fingertips searching for a hold, this ivy's adhesive pads grip the bark.
06:11Instead of sticking to the trees, some climbers use sharp claws.
06:17The cat's claw creeper hooks its tendrils into the tiniest crevices and hauls itself to the top.
06:38With every metre it climbs, the light gets a little stronger, fueling more growth.
06:43This tendril of a passionflower seems to flail aimlessly in mid-air, but in fact, it's searching for an anchor point.
06:56An anchor point.
07:05Its tendril coils on itself, pulling the plant towards its support.
07:10In a matter of just days, these climbers make it to the canopy.
07:27Now, with light and plentiful supply, these plants are able to flower.
07:31Other plants have a different strategy to find the light they need in the crowded forest.
07:46These are air plants.
07:48They grow on the upper branches of tall trees and spend their whole lives basking in the light.
07:53But growing 50 metres above the ground does have its drawbacks.
08:00Most plants get water and nutrients through their roots in the ground.
08:06For an air plant with their roots planted in the treetops, this isn't an option.
08:12But they have a solution.
08:15First, the bare roots have an extraordinary ability to soak up water like blotting paper.
08:27The slightest rain or mist, and they absorb every drop.
08:36They also have a way of gathering nutrients.
08:38Their roots trap falling leaves, which eventually rot and provide the plants with their own personal supply of compost.
08:5720,000 different plants, orchids, bromeliads and ferns, have taken up this remarkable lifestyle.
09:08For a plant to thrive, it must not only get enough nutrients, but also the right balance of nutrients.
09:35The soil in this waterlogged bog is very poor quality, lacking in nitrogen.
09:43But these strange plants have an ingenious strategy.
09:49Their leaves are covered in tentacles, tipped with droplets of what appears to be morning dew.
09:59These droplets give the plant its name, the sundew.
10:04They're sweet-smelling and attractive to many insects.
10:09But they're also extremely sticky.
10:22Mosquitoes emerge in huge numbers from the boggy water, and the sundews are ready.
10:27Mosquitoes are ready.
10:32SPOTS
10:54The sun dew's tentacles are living flypaper.
11:12Struggling only makes matters worse.
11:18With each contact, the plant tightens its grip.
11:24As more and more tentacles envelop the prey, the droplets spread across its body.
11:37Eventually, the insect is smothered and drowns in sticky fluid.
11:44Digestive enzymes break down the body into a nitrogen-rich meal which is absorbed by the plant.
11:51Without animal tissues, this plant would not survive.
12:00But there's another carnivorous plant that's an even more sophisticated predator.
12:06The Venus flytrap.
12:15The Venus flytrap.
12:17Like the sundew, it makes itself very attractive, oozing nectar across the brim of each leaf.
12:33But any visiting insect had better watch out for these six tiny hares.
12:50Six tiny hares.
13:04This fly has to tread carefully.
13:06If it strikes one hair, it can carry on feeding, but a timer has been set.
13:22A second strike in less than 20 seconds and the fly is doomed.
13:34An electrical impulse is triggered and the leaf snaps shut in just a fraction of a second.
13:40The tips lock together like prison bars.
13:54If the fly is very big or very small, it may just manage to escape.
14:00But most are trapped.
14:12And die.
14:15Ten days later, the trap reopens.
14:39All that remains is a husk.
14:48The plant has finished its meal and resets itself for its next victim.
14:57But there is one time of year when the Venus flytrap needs some of the visiting insects to live.
15:04It needs their help to be pollinated.
15:09It sends up flowers on tall stems, well away from the danger of the traps below.
15:15Here, insects can feed safely on nectar.
15:33In return, they provide a vital service, carrying pollen from flower to flower.
15:40But the truth is only temporary.
15:50When pollination is over, it's back to business as usual.
15:5480% of plant species on Earth have flowers.
16:10Flowers have just one role to enable the plant to produce offspring.
16:15Color, perfume, nectar, and shape all act to make a flower irresistible.
16:25Sunflowers grow to face the rising sun.
16:29The warmth of the rays speeds the production of nectar.
16:33And this lures pollinators.
16:38One after another, hundreds of individual florets produce pollen-covered stamens.
16:44And like most flowers, sunflowers establish a close relationship with animals in order to ensure their reproduction.
17:03As these bees busily feed on nectar, they unwittingly brush against the stamens, collecting pollen, and then carry it from flower to flower.
17:24The sunflower is fertilized.
17:26In the sun-drenched fields of southern France, the flowering season is a long one.
17:38But not all plants have this luxury.
17:44Cradle Mountain in Tasmania is blasted by bitter Antarctic winds.
17:49To reproduce, the richer honeybush must flower.
17:57But the delicate parts of the flowers risk being damaged by the cold.
18:02The plant appears to have an ingenious solution.
18:08The flower petals fuse together, forming an insulated protective case around its stamens.
18:15However, this creates another problem.
18:20The flower case is so well sealed that, unfortunately, it also keeps out pollinating insects.
18:28During brief sunny spells, the flowers warm up and suddenly start producing nectar.
18:34This attracts a bird, the black currawong.
18:42It has the strength to rip open the flower's outer casing and gets its reward of nectar.
18:50At the same time, it exposes the delicate stamens to waiting insects.
18:54With luck, there's enough time for pollination before the biting wind kills the flowers.
19:07For some plants, the relationship with their pollinators is not collaborative.
19:21It's warm.
19:24Butterflies, and in such numbers, would seem to be perfect pollinators for any flower.
19:30The sandhill milkweed blooms every spring in the sandy meadows of Florida.
19:38At times, it's flowering perfectly to match the arrival of monarch butterflies migrating here from Mexico.
19:46The monarchs search out milkweed plants, but they have something other than pollination on their minds.
19:54Rather than collect pollen, this female lays her eggs on the milkweed leaf.
20:06This is the only plant the caterpillars can eat.
20:18But the milkweed has a defense mechanism.
20:24As the caterpillar bites into a vein, a kind of latex swells out, engulfing it.
20:38If the caterpillar isn't quick, it will drown.
20:43Or find its jaws glued together.
20:46The plant's defense is so effective that only one-third of the monarch caterpillars make it through the first day.
20:58But the caterpillars that survive grow in size and strength.
21:03And they go for the jugular.
21:14By carefully chewing through the main vein, the caterpillar drains the leaf of latex and cuts off its supply.
21:23The milkweed's leaf is now defenseless, and the caterpillar eats in safety before preparing to pupate into a butterfly.
21:33But after about ten days, it becomes clear why the plant has endured this onslaught.
21:45A newly hatched monarch simply can't resist the nectar-filled cups of the milkweed flowers.
21:55As it moves across the flower heads, its feet slide between grooves in the petals, where the flower's pollen sacks are waiting.
22:03As it flies off, the monarch's feet hook out the pollen and carry it to the next flower, and pollination is achieved.
22:17Although the milkweed has paid a heavy price, in the end it used the monarch to get its way.
22:23Here in Dominica, there's a plant that is so manipulative that it has enslaved its pollinator.
22:35The bright red structures of the Heliconia are actually modified leaves.
22:44These are its flowers.
22:47They may be small, but they play a very important role,
22:50keeping nectar well guarded at the very bottom of their long stems.
22:55The purple-throated carib hummingbird, with its long, curved beak,
22:59is the only bird capable of reaching this energy-rich food.
23:05But cleverly, the Heliconia rations the amount of nectar it produces
23:10to force the hummingbird into returning to the flower time and time again.
23:20Every time it makes a visit, it picks up more pollen on its beak and feathers.
23:32The hummingbird is like an addict.
23:34Not only does it never stray, but it will aggressively defend the flowers from thieves.
23:41The plant is the master in this relationship.
23:44To ensure it gets pollinated, Heliconia has made the hummingbird its prisoner.
24:00The plant's problems don't end once it's been pollinated.
24:06Plants need to spread their seeds as far away as possible,
24:09otherwise the adults will be in direct competition with their offspring.
24:16Here in South Africa, one flower achieves this by performing a remarkable trick.
24:29The plant waits dormant underground for more than a year.
24:33The first heavy rains for many months are the trigger the plant has been waiting for.
24:56Brunsvigia burst into flower.
24:58Brunsvigia burst into flower.
25:07Their timing is perfect.
25:09These conditions are ideal for insects too.
25:16The flowers enjoy a few days of frenzied pollination.
25:29But it's not long before the searing heat returns.
25:35The flowers start to wilt, shrivel, and die.
25:45Brunsvigia now needs to disperse its seeds widely.
25:49Yet the flowers still have their seeds trapped inside.
25:53But the flower isn't finished yet.
25:58There are strong winds that blow across this landscape.
26:04They snap the dry dead stalks, sending each and every plant cartwheeling across the ground,
26:11casting seeds as it goes.
26:12Brunsvigia still has a very good plant for the fall while it is albo.
26:13The river is perfect for the rest of the sins.
26:14And the flowers start to be on the plainest island,
26:15to use a little bit of soil.
26:16The flowers start to boil every night.
26:17It's a cold, quite cold, and down to the ocean.
26:18with the heat threatening to dry them out the seeds germination has to be immediate
26:48deep in the forests of Borneo some plants also use the wind to disperse their seeds
27:11but in a completely different way by giving their seeds wings some are helicopters that
27:22twist and turn their way down to the ground
27:25but there is one that has a design that enables it to travel greater distances than all the others
27:44this is also Mitra its football-sized pod is packed full of hundreds of extraordinary seeds
27:55each is an almost aerodynamically perfect glider that can be supported by even the slightest breeze
28:05its paper-thin upswept wings allow it to travel hundreds of meters through the forest
28:35once the seed hits the ground the wings rot away and the seed starts to germinate
28:44a new also my turbine starts to grow up towards the canopy and into the light well away from its
29:05end there are other ways to disperse seeds and plants have evolved different tactics depending
29:16on where they live in the desert of Arizona lives a master the saguaro cactus in the cool of the night
29:29the cacti open their radiant flowers
29:41they're soon visited by nectar feeding bats and as the bats move from cactus to cactus they pollinate them
29:52each flower only lasts a night but over three weeks each cactus will produce more than 200 flowers
30:20every pollinated flower immediately begins to form a fruit at its base packed with thousands of seeds
30:34the mature saguaro cacti are superbly adapted to survive out in the intense heat of the Sonoran desert
31:00delicate and must find shade or they will scorch to death before they germinate.
31:05The seeds are covered with succulent sweet flesh,
31:08a meal that all sorts of desert creatures find irresistible.
31:17White-winged doves are among the first to reach the ripening fruit.
31:22The seeds survive in the birds' stomachs and will be carried many miles before being deposited
31:29in their droppings, their own little packet of fertilizer.
31:36But the cactus doesn't just rely on birds. Fallen fruit provides a bonanza for creatures on the ground.
31:47Foraging ants quickly gather seeds and flesh. That's if a tortoise doesn't get there first.
31:54The greater range of animals the cactus can get to eat its fruit, the more likely the seeds within
32:02will be carried to the perfect place to germinate. The ants carry the seeds underground into their nests,
32:09often excavated among the roots of trees.
32:12The tortoise too will head for shade. It spends much of its day cooling off under trees,
32:21where it's sure to leave undigested seeds in its dung.
32:24Now the seeds wait for the rains to come.
32:33Of the 14 million or so seeds a cactus produces in its lifetime,
32:51the chances are that only one will develop into a plant that outlives its parent.
32:56If it was lucky enough to find shade, a seed will still take ten years to become a five centimeter tall cactus.
33:08To reach the size of its parents, possibly ten meters, will take at least a hundred years.
33:19Plants can survive in the most unlikely and inhospitable places on earth.
33:26Here on Socotra, a remote island in the Arabian Sea, the dry season is brutal.
33:33But this strange tree has a strategy to survive it.
33:43The dragon's blood tree.
33:45The key to their success lies in their bizarre shape.
33:55They live on the mountain tops where there's little soil, but there are critical compensations.
34:05Occasional morning mists sweep across the high ground.
34:15The mist condenses on the skyward-pointing waxy leaves.
34:27The droplets run down to the center of the trunk and down to its roots.
34:32Water is so precious that the tree cannot afford to waste any.
34:47Drops that do escape and fall to the ground are not totally lost.
34:52The tree's huge, densely packed crown acts as a parasol.
35:05It shades the ground so effectively it allows time for the water to seep into the sand.
35:11And it also shades the network of roots that lie just under the surface.
35:24Another plant shares this parched desert, but survives in a very different way.
35:33The desert rose.
35:34In really harsh conditions, it jettisons its leaves to minimize water loss.
35:43Strangely, it chooses this time to flower.
35:48Its bulbous trunk is like a barrel that stores water all year round.
35:57It's so hardy it can grow out of bare rock.
36:04It might seem that conditions can't get much tougher for the plant than here.
36:13But for some, the conditions are even harsher.
36:21Six hours ago, here on the coast of Australia, this tree was high and dry on a sandy beach.
36:27For almost all plants, salt water is lethal.
36:32So, submersion of this tree's roots by the tide twice a day should kill it.
36:45Yet, this red mangrove is flourishing.
36:48The retreating tide reveals the key to surviving the sea's assault.
37:02The mangrove's roots are covered in warty growths.
37:08The growths surround pores that take in oxygen from the air when the roots are above water.
37:18But the pores become useful in a quite different way when they're submerged again.
37:30They allow water into the plant, but filter out 99% of the salt as it passes through.
37:36Any salt that gets in is pumped into a few sacrificial leaves that turn yellow and are discarded.
37:55Plants can not only cope with being poisoned, parched and scorched, but they can also survive being frozen.
38:02In the world's northern forests, the changing of the seasons creates its own challenges.
38:23As summer moves to autumn, plants prepare themselves for the toughest time of their year.
38:28Plants prepare themselves for the first time of the year.
38:32Broadleaf trees unveil what seems to us a colorful spectacle.
38:37But for these plants, it's the beginning of a series of urgent and drastic survival strategies
38:44to cope with the coming cold.
38:47They begin by pulling all the water and nutrients within their leaves back into the trunk.
38:53The last rays of useful sunlight are channeled into making a sugary antifreeze that will protect the body of the tree.
39:07The green pigment, chlorophyll, disappears, leaving purples, reds, oranges and yellows.
39:13Finally, the leaves die and the trees discard them.
39:28As temperatures drop below freezing, the plants of broadleaf forest settle down to hibernate until spring.
39:35The green pigment, chlorophyll, disappears, and the green pigment.
39:50Pine trees can survive much colder conditions.
39:56They have antifreeze in the leaves themselves.
39:59That means that they can keep them all winter.
40:01The needle-like leaves also have a thick waxy coating that limits any water loss through pores.
40:12The winters here are long and hard.
40:18The trees have to survive temperatures of down to minus 40 centigrade for five months.
40:31The
40:40The
41:00But one pine tree is capable of surviving even harsher conditions.
41:21These pines live at the limit of life,
41:24above 3,000 meters in the mountains of Western America.
41:30Almost continuous freezing temperatures and savage winds make life so tough
41:36that these bristle cones only manage to grow for six weeks of the year.
41:43Everything is about conserving energy.
41:47They hardly ever shed their needles, which can last more than 30 years.
41:54After centuries of being blasted by storms,
41:57a full-grown tree still survives with only a strip of bark a few inches wide.
42:07These trees live life at such a slow pace that they can reach great age.
42:12Some are over 5,000 years old.
42:15It's been said of the bristle cones that to live here is to take a very long time to die.
42:26As the northern spring approaches, the warming temperatures and increased day length
42:39release the land from winter.
42:41The plants that have lain dormant begin to grow again.
42:42The plants that have lain dormant begin to grow again.
42:54These have overwintered, buried in the mud at the bottom of this frozen lake.
43:04The retreating ice allows the water to warm and this white water lily to flourish for another season.
43:20And as all the trees come out of their winter rest, the vivid green of new leaves returns to the land.
43:44From the frozen north to the southern deserts,
44:09the spring bloom symbolizes the success of plants in surviving against the odds.
44:39But the most successful type of flowering plant is one that makes up 20% of all plant life on the planet.
44:52Grass.
44:54There are 10,000 different species.
45:03Today, they form the diet of many thousands of different animals.
45:07And a few grasses, particularly rich in nutrients, have developed a relationship with one animal.
45:20And together, the two have changed the world.
45:2310,000 years ago, we humans started to cultivate rice in order to harvest its food-rich seeds.
45:41Now, half of the world's population depends on it.
45:53But there is one other grass that has spread even further across the planet due to its relationship with humans.
46:09Wheat.
46:11It underpinned the development of Western civilization.
46:21Today, it covers more of the land than any other kind of plant.
46:34Plants have been residents on land longer than animals, and have had nearly half a billion years to evolve.
46:50During that time, they've diversified into countless forms, and have colonized every habitat.
46:59As well as collaborating with animals, plants are sometimes their masters, exploiting them to their own advantage.
47:16Plants capture energy from the sun, and all life on land, directly or indirectly, depends on them.
47:34So, ultimately, plants fuel the diversity of life on Earth.
47:46To see the behavior of plants as they struggle to survive presented a unique challenge.
48:00The plants team had to employ many techniques, including time-lapse and high-speed photography.
48:14They filmed in jungles, deserts, swamps, and plains.
48:21But they also spent many hours shooting in a converted barn just outside Exeter.
48:26All under the watchful eye of green-fingered cameraman Tim Shepard.
48:44Filming plants in time-lapse takes so long, and is so susceptible to changes in light levels and weather conditions,
48:54that some key sequences had to be filmed in this studio.
48:58In time-lapse, a camera takes a series of pictures over an extended period of time,
49:10so, when played back, the action appears speeded up.
49:14These sunflowers actually take three days to open, but are seen opening in a matter of seconds.
49:21The most complex time-lapse the team attempted showed an entire growing season in an English woodland in one continuous shot.
49:36A shot that took two years to create.
49:39I just want to come over here, because I think this is going to be the spot.
49:50As the producer, Neil Lucas, leads Tim and Mick Conair, the graphic designer, out to the location, he explains his idea.
49:58Well, this is the one that I thought, which is just here,
50:03because I think that would be great to have the brambles growing a lot.
50:06It will be a tracking shot through the wood, with plants growing, flowers blooming,
50:11and the woodland coming to life over the course of a year.
50:15Yeah, yeah.
50:16We're condensing that one year down into less than a minute.
50:18We're going to have to have them all coming out at the same time, and that's going to be multiple passes, isn't it?
50:23How long does a foxglove take to grow?
50:25Well, if we start with the, just before the bud's about to open,
50:29you've got the whole long spike from top to bottom, that's probably about three weeks.
50:33So even if you wanted to, you couldn't shoot the plants actually here, because, I mean, three weeks,
50:38the weather's going to change, you've got the day, night, and also just leaving the equipment here running.
50:43It's not feasible, is it?
50:45You just have to imagine the changes that would happen here in three weeks,
50:49and if that was all joined together, and one frame, the plant might be there,
50:54and you take a shot of it an hour later, and if the wind's blowing, it's over here somewhere,
50:58and then you join those two shapes together.
51:00So what we've got to do is not only have we got to produce a move that is exactly the same,
51:06repeatable move, a track that can be built exactly the same again in a studio,
51:11build exact models of every object in here so we can put plants in the right places,
51:16and then time everything so they grow just as the camera happens to be pointing at them?
51:20Yes.
51:21Okay.
51:22The scale of the challenge is dawning on them. Months of planning lie ahead.
51:26Oh wow, a black slug.
51:30The following spring, the team head back to the wood.
51:32With no road access, manpower is the only way to get the tons of equipment into position.
51:38Everyone's wondering how this will turn out, including the locals.
52:00Go up about an inch.
52:01Straight round.
52:05Start like that.
52:08Position now is 2215565.
52:17I don't think we've done it wrong.
52:18That's...
52:19Do you want to hit?
52:20Go.
52:21Don't have a really dance.
52:26That's pulled it, hang on.
52:27That's pulled it terribly.
52:32F***ing.
52:34Did that snap?
52:35No, it's pulled this wheel round.
52:41Two days of building, levelling, test runs, and even a few minor disasters.
52:47And finally, the track is ready to run.
52:49Okay, that's just...
52:51That's pretty close.
52:52If you move your...
52:53Can you see that little bit of light?
52:55Go to...
52:568900.
52:58Accuracy is paramount.
53:02Yeah, I mean, whatever we shoot in the studio, it's got to match this landscape exactly so unless we know precisely where everything is relative to the camera, there's no way of placing the plants in the studio in the right place.
53:16So we have to measure the hell out of it.
53:19Oh!
53:20Oh!
53:21Bloody hell, it's spot on!
53:22Look at that!
53:23So...
53:24250.
53:25Okay.
53:30I think we've done it well.
53:34Shot by shot and step by step, the camera inches its way back up the 30 metre track.
53:40Well, that's working.
53:45This is only the background shot.
53:47There is still a huge amount of other filming to be done.
53:54The track has to be rebuilt exactly as it is on location back in the studio, a task that will take weeks to get right.
54:10Right in front of the tree and the rock.
54:25Using the detailed measurements taken in the wood, the position, size and shape of every structure has to be matched precisely.
54:33The slightest discrepancy will put the team back to square one.
54:49Chiquinoire and polystyrene form the rocks and trees of the woodland.
54:55Blue screen is used to cover every inch of the set to allow the original shot to be mapped on later in graphics.
55:04Once built and with the plants placed in their exact locations, filming can start.
55:09The stars of the show finally make an appearance.
55:12Timing is everything.
55:13With each plant taking up to three weeks to flower, there's only one chance of getting it right.
55:14Timing is everything.
55:15With each plant taking up to three weeks to flower, there's only one chance of getting it right.
55:16Timing is everything.
55:17With each plant taking up to three weeks to flower, there's only one chance of getting it right.
55:18Timing is everything.
55:19With each plant taking up to three weeks to flower, there's only one chance of getting it right.
55:24Timing is everything.
55:25Timing is everything.
55:30With each plant taking up to three weeks to flower, there's only one chance of getting it right.
55:40A year later, and thankfully, so far, all had gone to plan.
56:08The final stage is to bring all the pieces together seamlessly, a challenging task for any graphic designer.
56:23We've got things overlapping that wouldn't necessarily grow at the same time, but all the growth of each individual plant is absolutely accurate.
56:30It's exactly what they would do. We've just seen it in a short space of time.
56:34That big rock in the foreground at the end of the shot that we wanted to try and get stuff climbing along, well, that's worked really, really well.
56:41This is the bramble pass here. We had to measure it so carefully so we knew exactly where these things were, how round they were, how deep they were from the camera.
56:51And then when we take the blue out of that, you can see that the plants start to sit into the shot exactly where we wanted them to be.
56:58Things disappearing from behind the tree, crawling along the top of the rock.
57:01It's fantastic.
57:02So here they go. And if I switch those off, you can see how just how neatly they slot into the shot.
57:07It's amazing.
57:08If we play it, you can see that everything's sticking in pretty well.
57:1796 layers, 15 tracks and two years later, the shot is finally complete.
57:28A 60 second shot that proved to be one of the most complex ever attempted in natural history filmmaking.
57:38.
57:47A 60 second shot that was probably in the world.
57:56A 60 second shot that was a wattage of being.
58:01Transcription by CastingWords
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