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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Iron Lady.
Margaret Thatcher.
His political career and achievements.
Everything about the and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Margaret Thatcher.
Her life and everything about him.
Part.
1.
Iron Lady.
Margaret Thatcher.
His political career and achievements.
Everything about the and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Margaret Thatcher.
Her life and everything about him.
Part.
1.
Category
📺
TVTranscript
00:00prime minister of the united kingdom iron lady margaret thatcher his political career and
00:07achievements everything about the once de me and prime minister of the united kingdom
00:12margaret thatcher her life and everything about him part 1. margaret hilda thatcher baroness
00:19thatcher knee roberts the 13th of october 1925 to the 8th of april 2013 was a british stateswoman
00:26who served as prime minister of the united kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the
00:32conservative party from 1975 to 1990 she was the longest serving british prime minister of the 20th
00:38century and the first woman to hold the position as prime minister she implemented policies that
00:44came to be known as thatcherism a soviet journalist dubbed her the iron lady a nickname that became
00:51associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style thatcher studied chemistry at
00:56somerville college oxford and worked briefly as a research chemist before becoming a barrister
01:02she was elected member of parliament for finchley in 1959 edward heath appointed her secretary of
01:08state for education and science in his 1970 to 1974 government in 1975 she defeated heath in the
01:16conservative party leadership election to become leader of the opposition the first woman to lead
01:21a major political party in the uk on becoming prime minister after winning the 1979 general election
01:27thatcher introduced a series of economic policies intended to reverse high inflation in britain's
01:33struggles in the wake of the winter of discontent and an oncoming recession her political philosophy and
01:38economic policies emphasized greater individual liberty the privatization of state-owned companies and
01:44reducing the power and influence of trade unions her popularity in her first years in office waned
01:49amid the recession and rising unemployment victory in the 1982 falklands war and the recovering economy
01:56brought a resurgence of support resulting in her landslide reelection in 1983. she survived an
02:02assassination attempt by the provisional ira in the 1984 brighton hotel bombing and achieved a political
02:09victory against the national union of mine workers in the 1984-85 miners strike in 1986 thatcher oversaw the
02:17deregulation of uk financial markets leading to an economic boom in what came to be known as the big bang
02:24thatcher was re-elected for a third term with another landslide in 1987 but her subsequent support
02:29for the community charge also known as the poll tax was widely unpopular and her increasingly euroskeptic
02:35views on the european community were not shared by others in her cabinet she resigned as prime minister
02:41and party leader in 1990 after a challenge was launched to her leadership and was succeeded by
02:47john major her chancellor of the exchequer after retiring from the commons in 1992 she was given a
02:53life peerage as baroness thatcher of kesteven in the county of lincolnshire which entitled her to
02:58sit in the house of lords in 2013 she died of a stroke at the ritz hotel london at the age of 87.
03:05a polarizing figure in british politics thatcher is nonetheless viewed favorably in historical
03:10rankings and public opinion of british prime ministers her tenure constituted a realignment
03:15towards neoliberal policies in britain the complex legacy attributed to this shift continues to be
03:21debated into the 21st century margaret hilda roberts was born on the 13th of october 1925 in grantham
03:28lincolnshire her parents were alfred roberts 1892 to 1970 from northamptonshire and beatrice ethel
03:36stevenson 1888 to 1960 from lincolnshire her father's maternal grandmother catherine sullivan was born in
03:43county carrie ireland roberts spent her childhood in grantham where her father owned a tobacconist's and
03:49a grocery shop in 1938 before the second world war the roberts family briefly gave sanctuary to a
03:56teenage jewish girl who had escaped nazi germany with her pen friending elder sister muriel margaret
04:02saved pocket money to help pay for the teenager's journey alfred was an alderman and a methodist
04:08local preacher he brought up his daughter as a strict wesleyan methodist attending the fincan street
04:13methodist church but margaret was more skeptical the future scientist told a friend that she could not
04:19believe in angels having calculated that they needed a breastbone six feet 1.8 meters long to support
04:25wings alfred came from a liberal family but stood as was then customary in local government as an
04:30independent he served as mayor of grantham from 1945 to 1946 and lost his position as alderman in 1952
04:39after the labor party won its first majority on grantham council in 1950 roberts attended huntingtower
04:45road primary school and won a scholarship to kesteven and grantham girls school a grammar school
04:50her school reports showed hard work and continual improvement her extracurricular activities included
04:56the piano field hockey poetry recitals swimming and walking she was head girl in 1942-43 and outside
05:03school while the second world war was ongoing she voluntarily worked as a fire watcher in the local arp
05:09service other students thought of roberts as the star scientist although mistaken advice regarding
05:15cleaning ink from parquetry almost caused chlorine gas poisoning in her upper sixth year roberts was
05:21accepted for a scholarship to study chemistry at somerville college oxford a women's college starting
05:27in 1944 after another candidate withdrew roberts entered oxford in october 1943 following her arrival
05:35at oxford roberts began studies under x-ray crystallographer dorothy hodgkin the tutor in chemistry for
05:41somerville college since 1934 hodgkin considered roberts a good student and later recalled one could
05:47always rely on her producing a sensible well-read essay she opted to read for a classified honors
05:53degree entailing an additional year of supervised research as her thesis supervisor hodgkin assigned
05:59roberts to work with gerhard schmidt a researcher in hodgkin's lab to determine the structure of the
06:04antibiotic peptide gramocytin s although the research made some progress the peptide structure proved more
06:11complex than anticipated and schmidt would only determine its full structure much later roberts
06:16by then thatcher learned this in the 1960s while visiting the weizmann institute where her former
06:22research partner was then working roberts graduated in 1947 with a second class honors degree in chemistry
06:28and in 1950 also received the degree of master of arts as an oxford ba she was entitled to the degree
06:3521 terms after her matriculation although hodgkin would later be critical of her former students
06:40politics they continued to correspond into the 1980s and roberts in her memoirs would describe her mentor
06:47as ever helpful a brilliant scientist and a gifted teacher as prime minister she would keep a portrait of
06:54hodgkin at 10 downing street later in life she was reportedly prouder of becoming the first prime minister
07:00with a science degree then becoming the first female prime minister while prime minister she attempted
07:05to preserve somerville as a women's college twice a week outside study she worked in a local forces
07:11canteen during her time at oxford roberts was noted for her isolated and serious attitude her first
07:18boyfriend tony bray 1926 to 2014 recalled that she was very thoughtful and a very good conversationalist
07:26that's probably what interested me she was good at general subjects she was a member of wesley memorial
07:32church became a lay preacher and joined the john wesley society she also attended somerville college
07:39chapel in saint mary's roberts coursework involved subjects beyond chemistry as she was already
07:44contemplating an entry into law and politics her enthusiasm for politics as a girl made bray think of
07:51her as unusual and her parents as slightly austere and very proper roberts became president of the
07:57oxford university conservative association in 1946 she was influenced at university by political works
08:04such as friedrich hayek's the road to serfdom 1944 which condemned economic intervention by government
08:10as a precursor to an authoritarian state after graduating roberts secured a position as a research chemist
08:17for british xylanite bx plastics following a series of interviews arranged by oxford she subsequently
08:23moved to colchester in essex to work at the firm little is known about her brief time there by her
08:28own account she was initially enthusiastic about the position as she had been intended to function as a
08:34personal assistant to the company's head of research and development providing opportunities to learn about
08:39operations management but on my arrival it was decided that there was not enough to do in that capacity
08:46instead she seems to have researched methods of attaching polyvinyl chloride pvc to metals
08:53while with the firm she joined the association of scientific workers in 1948 she applied for a
08:59job at imperial chemical industries ici but was rejected after the personnel department assessed her as
09:05headstrong obstinate and dangerously self-opinionated john agar in notes and records argues that her
09:13understanding of modern scientific research later impacted her views as prime minister roberts joined
09:18the local conservative association and attended the party conference at landudno wales in 1948 as a
09:25representative of the university graduate conservative association meanwhile she became a high-ranking
09:31affiliate of the vermin club a group of grassroots conservatives formed in response to a derogatory
09:37comment made by anurin bevan one of her oxford friends was also a friend of the chair of the
09:42dartford conservative association in kent who were looking for candidates officials of the association
09:47were so impressed by her that they asked her to apply even though she was not on the party's approved
09:52list she was selected in january 1950 aged 24 and added to the approved list post-ante at a dinner following
10:00her formal adoption as conservative candidate for dartford in february 1949 she met divorcee dennis
10:07thatcher a successful and wealthy businessman who drove her to her essex train after their first
10:13meeting she described him to muriel as not a very attractive creature very reserved but quite nice in
10:20preparation for the election roberts moved to dartford while she supported herself by working as a
10:24research chemist for j lyons and company in hammersmith reportedly as part of a team developing
10:30emulsifiers for ice cream as the work was more theoretical in nature than during her prior role
10:35with bx plastics roberts found it more satisfying while at lyons she worked under the supervision of
10:42hans jelinek who headed the company's physical chemistry section jelinek assigned her to research
10:48the saponification of alpha monosterine glycerol monosterate which has properties as an emulsifier
10:55stabilizer and food preservative agar has noted the research may have been connected
11:00with the emulsification of ice cream but only as a possibility in september 1951 their research
11:06was published in the journal of the science of food and agriculture a recently launched publication
11:11of the society of chemical industry as the saponification of alpha monosterine in a monolayer
11:17this would be roberts's sole scientific publication in 1979 following his former assistance election as
11:23prime minister jelinek by then a professor of physical chemistry at clarkson university in the united
11:28states said she had done a very good job on the project showing great determination she sent jelinek
11:34a congratulatory letter upon his retirement in 1984 and another letter shortly before his death two years
11:40later i stop at this point today until next time stay curious stay informed and keep exploring the
11:46world's incredible stories soon we will publish part two if you have any comments please leave us your
11:54comments because they are important to us thank you for watching
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