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00:00Dinosaurs ruled the planet for over 150 million years.
00:15They occupied almost every corner of the globe
00:19and came in almost every shape and size imaginable.
00:24Some were truly extraordinary.
00:30We now know that T-Rex was a powerful swimmer.
00:36Velociraptors were cunning feathered hunters.
00:41And that some dinosaurs had the most bizarre behavior.
00:48But new discoveries are being made almost every day
00:52that tell us more about life on this planet 66 million years ago.
01:00This time on Prehistoric Planet we reveal new animals and new insight into their quest to find a partner.
01:14The challenges faced by raising a family.
01:18And their titanic battles.
01:29Journey to a time when nature put on its greatest show.
01:33This is Prehistoric Planet 2.
01:39Prehistoric Planet 2.
01:41Prehistoric Planet 2.
01:43The vast swamplands of North East Asia.
01:59The vast swamplands of North East Asia.
02:04Within this low-lying flooded territory there are countless islands.
02:13Each of them is surrounded by slow-moving waters.
02:23And that makes them potential sanctuaries for new life.
02:30A young pterosaur.
02:40And as dark it, just a few hours old.
02:43Being on an island means that she's able to take her first tentative steps in safety.
02:57Having found her feet, it's time to try out her wings.
03:15Getting them to work properly will take some practice.
03:22Although she's only one foot tall, she will grow into a giant with a 30-foot wingspan.
03:32And to do that will require plenty of food.
03:36Something this tiny island can't provide.
03:49She will have to leave.
03:51To feed in the swampy forests that surround her island.
03:56Maiden flights are always tricky.
04:07Especially when they're over open water.
04:12Today there is a light breeze.
04:15That will help by giving some extra lift.
04:26But this youngster is not yet strong enough.
04:56Shamosuchus, 15 feet long predators.
05:08This island might offer safety.
05:10But the surrounding waters certainly do not.
05:19If the takeoff isn't perfect, it's difficult to gain height.
05:26And this is not high enough.
05:43Some of the stronger fliers have almost reached the safety of the forest.
05:51Others have still to make their attempt.
05:56All across the waters are always seen.
05:59The waters are broken, and the storm has fallen from the forest.
06:01But this is not the damage.
06:03It's rough.
06:04Let him get it.
06:06The waters have lost its wings.
06:08It's not the damage.
06:09It's a good damage.
06:10And he's probably not the damage.
06:12It's a good damage.
06:13The way we're Woods will keep in contact with us.
06:15And it's evil.
06:16So there are many of the new generations.
06:18To be conscious, he will be holding a bit.
06:21Oh, my God.
06:51A near miraculous escape, and now the chance to collect her rewards.
07:13In these rich swamp forests, there's all the food she needs.
07:21Here in the wetlands of South America, long summer days are fueling a greater feast.
07:40These swamps are teeming with animals of all kinds.
07:44And hunters are gathering.
07:55A ferocious three-foot-long garfish.
08:16Lunch for a giant austro-raptor.
08:19They are relatives of velociraptors, but much, much bigger.
08:3620 feet from head to tail and weighing over 800 pounds.
08:41And with teeth not unlike those of a crocodile, these dinosaurs are very skilled at catching fish.
09:03For most of the year, they're solitary hunters.
09:17But as the number of fish increases during summer, so does the number of austro-raptors.
09:24The biggest try to keep the best fishing spots for themselves.
09:40They won't tolerate rivals.
09:43For those not yet in their prime, it's a challenging time of year.
10:05This young male, still in his juvenile colors, has little hope of securing a good place to fish.
10:21However, there are other ways of getting a meal here.
10:25With so much food around, the adults are very wasteful feeders.
10:38They often eat only the choicest parts of the fish.
10:49And for the youngster, any leftovers will do very nicely.
10:55But, it's risky.
11:08To succeed, you will have to be sneaky.
11:11To succeed, you will have to be sneaky.
11:25You will have to be sneaky.
11:26You will have to be sneaky.
11:27I will try again.
11:34Bruised and empty-handed.
11:39But with the adults still feasting around him, there might be another opportunity.
11:44Two adults, fighting over the best fishing spot.
12:14Time for the youngster to make a move, and time to leave.
12:40Success, and more than just scraps, a lesson learned, and when the good conditions return
12:51next year, perhaps he'll be able to challenge for a fishing spot of his own.
13:06In northern Madagascar, conditions are already changing.
13:12The first rain in months is reviving the parched land.
13:21As pools and channels refill, the animals return.
13:30And they're not all dinosaurs.
13:53Lurking in these muddy pools is a monster.
14:00Beelzebufo, the Devil Toad.
14:07Beelzebufo, the Devil Toad.
14:14It's so big it can swallow a small dinosaur whole.
14:20But this male isn't here to hunt.
14:27He is looking for a mate.
14:33Female Devil Toads are fussy, so he needs to find a good spot.
14:48Only then will he be able to entice them in.
15:03His deep croaks travel far and wide.
15:19Go for a healthy croaks, so a close.
15:20The moon is really easy.
15:28The moon is reaccred in the pot.
15:31This isn't quite what he was hoping for.
15:37This isn't quite what he was hoping for.
15:50Fifty foot long Rapito soils.
16:01They have been attracted here by the promise of a mud bath.
16:14For Beelzebufo, their timing couldn't be much worse.
16:31His pools now lie beneath 70 tons of soripora.
16:47Time is short.
16:52The female devil toads will only mate at the start of the rainy season.
17:01He needs a new pool.
17:08There's one.
17:21Reaching it will be dangerous.
17:25Reaching it will be dangerous.
17:42Reaching it will be dangerous.
18:01Finally, he's got there.
18:07But he's been noticed.
18:24He's not known as a devil toad for nothing.
18:32Time to try more singing.
18:38But he can't make himself heard above the sound of satisfied sauropods.
18:54Luckily for him, there's one thing that Rapito sores enjoy even more than wallowing in mud.
19:03And that is food.
19:10The hungry herd moves on.
19:15Although not without leaving something useful behind.
19:24Dozens of giant footprints.
19:27Full of water.
19:38Perfect for a Beelzebufo to continue his quest for a mate.
19:43The devil toad can only survive here because every year the land is flooded by seasonal rains.
20:12However, there are places where changing climate means the rains are less certain.
20:21This inland basin in North America was, in the past, several feet deep in water.
20:32But after a decade of drought, it's now bone dry.
20:41Nonetheless, some dinosaurs still linger here.
20:47Nonetheless, some dinosaurs still linger here.
21:02The herd of bachycephalosaurs.
21:05Bizarre creatures with thick, dome-shaped skulls.
21:09They prefer to feed on fruit and leaves.
21:24But now they're forced to make do with roots and insects.
21:30The herd is led by a large male.
21:51He keeps order.
21:52So everyone is able to search for food in peace.
22:00But trouble is brewing within the herd.
22:19The young male is slowing his weight around.
22:28It's time for the dominant male to put him in his place.
22:44Or kick him out.
22:47He flaunts his colourful headgear.
22:57Trying to intimidate the youngster.
23:07The youngster.
23:08But he's not going to back down that easily.
23:17But he's not going to back down that easily.
23:20Gosh.
23:22You think the
23:26and he trying to in
23:31love is aえ,
23:33you.
23:36You're perfectly good for the
23:43future.
23:48Hands fell down.
23:4910-inch thick skulls enable them to survive powerful head-on collisions.
24:19The older male is heavier, but the younger is more agile and has more stamina, and that
24:43tips the balance in his favor.
24:57A bellow of victory.
25:10But, too soon.
25:25The loser has to pay a heavy price.
25:38Exile.
25:45Alone, it will be a struggle to fend for himself.
25:53But life here will not be easy for the winner, either, unless the water returns to this land
26:00and soar.
26:07Across this vast continent, there are over 100,000 square miles of swamplands.
26:15And most of them remain flooded all year round.
26:22Here in spring, new plant growth creates excellent feeding grounds for the gathering herds.
26:29But where there are large numbers of plant eaters.
26:36There are great hunters.
26:43There are great hunters.
26:50T-Rex.
26:51T-Rex.
26:52T-Rex.
26:53The most powerful land predators on the planet.
26:59T-Rex.
27:00They usually ambush their prey.
27:06T-Rex.
27:07T-Rex.
27:08The most powerful land predators on the planet.
27:13They usually ambush their prey.
27:14But, with so many watching eyes this is not the right time to attack.
27:36It's time to attack.
27:48As darkness falls,
27:50some of the herds that had been grazing out in the open
27:54retreat into the forest for shelter.
28:01Now, the odds switch in favor of the predators.
28:06It's time to attack.
28:19Tyrannosaurs have the largest eyes of any dinosaur,
28:24which gives them superb low-light vision.
28:36And they're able to move through the forest in near silence,
28:52thanks to cushioned pads on their feet.
28:56A group of Edmontosaurs.
29:08They lack armor, but they're as big as T-Rex and twice as fast.
29:26To catch one needs cunning.
29:32Each of the hunters carefully moves into position.
29:38Then, one deliberately makes a noise.
29:42Grrr!
29:43Grrr!
29:44Grrr!
29:45Grrr!
29:46Grrr!
29:48It carefully moves into position.
30:01Then, one deliberately makes a noise.
30:05The Edmontosaurs are alarmed.
30:28They now know hunters are close,
30:31but they don't know exactly where they are.
30:36Time to spring the trap.
30:43One T-Rex rushes out.
30:55The herd panics and bolts to where the other T-Rex is waiting.
31:00In ambush.
31:05In the rain.
31:06Don't want to die.
31:07And there's not one.
31:08We'll stay there at the end.
31:09There's no parent's.
31:10Da-Rex rushes out.
31:11Let the cmurals do that.
31:12Then, another time to keep in mind.
31:14The D-Rex rushes out.
31:15The D-Rex rushes out.
31:16The D-Rex rushes out to where the third-rash
31:19was burnt.
31:20A perfectly executed plan.
31:44...by one of the greatest land predators that have ever lived...
31:57...in the swamps of our prehistoric planet.
32:14This is the skull of a pachycephalosaur, a 16-foot-long plant-eater.
32:29Despite years of research, we're still trying to understand why it had this bizarre-shaped head.
32:44The most distinctive feature about the pachycephalosaurs, of course, is this really weird dome that they have on their head.
32:55All around it is a series of very odd tubercles and nobbles and bobbles. They look quite dragon-like.
33:04When they first saw these very thick dome skulls, and these domes could be up to 30 centimetres in thickness,
33:11they were thought to be very strong. It was thought that maybe they were using them for head-butting each other in contests over social hierarchy.
33:21Today, animals like bighorn sheep butt heads in this way.
33:28A thickened skull helps protect their brain from impact.
33:34But does this fully explain pachycephalosaurs' domed head?
33:38A number of paleontologists thought they should look inside the skulls.
33:46They sliced up a number of pachycephalosaur domes.
33:50And when they did that, they found out that maybe it wasn't strong enough to withstand these direct head-on impacts.
33:57However, they did discover something else, suggesting the dome had a different use.
34:03The surface was marked with a mesh of tiny fibres.
34:09Perhaps they supported brightly coloured skin, used to attract the mate.
34:16This new theory seemed to be accepted until 2013, when a new discovery was made.
34:26A pachycephalosaur was found with marks showing it had survived multiple injuries to the top of its head.
34:37And it wasn't a one-off.
34:40They went back and looked through historic museum collections and discovered that actually there was quite a lot of evidence for these lesions in a similar place across a whole bunch of different pachycephalosaurs.
34:53This is good evidence that they probably were head-butting.
34:56So, were the skulls strong enough to protect pachycephalosaurs' brain after all?
35:10To find out, scientists turned to the latest scanning technology.
35:15We can use CT scans to build virtual models of the bones, and then we can subject those to various engineering tests in the same way that we do with an aeroplane part or an artificial hip.
35:28This provided the final piece of evidence.
35:32What they've shown is that pachycephalosaur domes could actually have withstood an enormous amount of force.
35:43It's the sort of force that goes through American footballers when they hit each other.
35:48We now believe pachycephalosaurs used their head both as a formidable weapon and as a colorful display.
36:06Two ways to demonstrate who was boss in their prehistoric world.
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