- 6/20/2025
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00:00Transcription by ESO. Translation by —
00:16Surely, one of the most remarkable animals that have ever existed,
00:22and certainly one of the most famous, is a dinosaur.
00:27Tyrannosaurus rex.
00:30An animal to spark the imagination for all of us.
00:36What kind of an animal was it?
00:38What did it look like?
00:40How did it live?
00:42Now, scientific research has answered such questions,
00:46and not just about T. rex,
00:48but the other species that lived alongside it.
00:51And the latest imaging technology
00:54enables us to bring them all to life.
01:00Planet Earth, 66 million years ago.
01:05The skies are filled with flying giants.
01:12In the seas, monstrous reptiles patrol the depths.
01:24And on land, dinosaurs of every kind,
01:29all facing the struggle to survive.
01:33We now know so much about the world that was ruled by the dinosaurs.
01:45This is their story.
01:51The southern shores of the Great Inland Sea that splits North America.
02:01The southern shores of the Great Inland Sea that splits North America.
02:15And the tracks of the land's top predator.
02:32The Tyrannosaurus rex taking a swim.
02:36Hollow air-filled bones and powerful hind limbs make T. rex very effective swimmers.
02:52This is an adult male.
02:55With his young family.
02:58His offspring are now just old enough to follow him on a journey
03:06to one of the many offshore islands that fringe this coast.
03:11It's a short enough crossing, but it can still be a dangerous one.
03:39The Mosasaur, a giant marine lizard over twice the size of a Tyrannosaur
03:50and weighing over 15 tons.
04:03It's the largest predator on the planet.
04:09Turtles are normally on a Mosasaur's menu.
04:16But this brood would make a welcome snack.
04:22An adult T. rex, even in water, could still defend itself very effectively.
04:28An adult T. rex, even in water, could still defend itself very effectively.
04:43But the young must stay close.
04:45An adult T. rex, even in water, could still be more per whole.
04:48An adult T. rex, even in water, could still be more per whole.
04:50Look at that.
05:20Tyrannosaurus rex often lose at least two-thirds of their original brood of 15 or so in the
05:37first year.
05:45Now, there are only four.
05:50The island offers safety and the promise of food.
06:02Giant two-toned turtles are here to nest.
06:09But this is the one that has drawn him here.
06:12It's dead, and the tyrannosaur has smelt its rotting body.
06:21If he can just get to the underbelly, he will have over 2,000 pounds of easy meat.
06:38T-Rex has the most powerful jaws in nature and can bite with the force of over 5 tons.
06:51The young are keen for a taste, but he's not sharing it.
06:56It's time for them to learn to hunt for themselves.
07:02The beach, however, doesn't look very promising.
07:17The beach, however, doesn't look very promising.
07:27But as the evening approaches, things start to change.
07:31Baby turtles are beginning to hatch from the sand and rush down to the sea.
07:43The young T-Rex have been brought to an ideal training ground.
07:59Hatchling turtles are the perfect size for a novice to tackle.
08:19It pays for any hunter to be inquisitive.
08:23There's a lot to learn.
08:53And there's enough food here to satisfy both parent and young.
09:09And if all else fails, you can always steal supper from someone else.
09:23And if all else fails, you can always take a look at the sea of the sea of the sea of the sea.
09:36Across the globe, these shallow coastal seas cover an area of 25 million square miles,
09:43far more than even the largest continent.
09:46That, combined with the richness of the waters, makes them very important habitat.
09:59Wherever land meets sea, nutrients rise from the deep, fueling an abundance of life.
10:06It's especially rich here in the North Atlantic, where huge shoals of fish come close to the shore.
10:26One kind of animal thrives in such places and forms immense colonies.
10:36There are other animals, birds and animals.
10:37Flying reptiles, pterosaurs.
10:40Here, on the beaches of North Africa, there are seven different species of them.
10:49They come here to feed, to rest, and to raise their young.
10:56Tethydracos are well adapted to spend time on the ground,
11:00and not only make their nests here, but stay to protect their brood.
11:06And their young certainly need protection.
11:17The dagger beak of Phosphatodraco.
11:27A nine-foot-tall predator that stalks through these colonies,
11:32looking for the chance to snatch an unguarded hatchling.
11:36But some types of pterosaurs are less well adapted to life on land.
11:46They have a slightly different nesting strategy.
11:51They make their nests where they will attract less attention from predators.
11:58Isolated cliffs like this are ideal.
12:00Pterosaur eggs are leathery and can easily dry out, so they need to be covered.
12:10Beneath this pile of seaweed, something is stirring.
12:16A tiny Alcione hatchling, just a few inches high and weighing less than two ounces.
12:34Their mothers left the eggs here about two months ago.
12:37Calling to each other synchronizes hatching.
12:55There is safety in numbers.
12:57Their first instinct is to climb.
13:05Their first instinct is to climb.
13:05Hatchlings from hundreds of nests gather on the clifftop to prepare for their first flight.
13:10Hatchlings from hundreds of nests gather on the clifftop to prepare for their first flight.
13:33But their wings are still unformed.
13:45The bones of the long finger that supports their wing membrane must first straighten and lock together.
13:52And that will take some hours.
13:54take some hours but they can't stay here for long
14:07their bones are extremely light up to 90% air and that makes the effort needed
14:14to take off much easier even so test flights are essential they will only be
14:23one chance to get it right when the time comes to launch
14:34the cliff edge creates updrafts and they can help so it pays to gather there
14:41facing into the prevailing winds and towards the mainland
14:47but no one seems quite ready to take the plunge
14:52until at last one youngster sets them all on their way
15:04back
15:11back
15:12back
15:17They're not heading for the beach
15:46and its colony, they need to get to the mist forest that lies beyond.
16:00Barbarodactylus. Powerful predatory pterosaurs that normally catch fish.
16:07But the hatchlings are too good to miss.
16:16One way to take evasive action is to simply fold their wings and drop.
16:27But losing height will make it harder for them to reach the forests.
16:34.
16:45.
16:46.
16:47A crash landing in the colony.
17:14It's no place for the hatchling on its own.
17:42A lucky survivor from the first wave of hatchlings, still heading in the right direction.
17:54Sanctuary.
18:10Of the hatchlings that left the stack, few get as far as this.
18:20But for them, this forest offers all the shelter and food that a young pterosaur needs.
18:30For the next five years, this will be their home.
18:34Then, they will be large enough to join the adults catching fish out on the open ocean.
18:42Some marine animals that spend all their lives fishing out at sea must occasionally visit the coast for a very particular purpose.
19:00In the waters of the drowned continent of Zeelandia, a long journey is coming to an end.
19:10These are tarangosaurs, a type of huge marine reptile nearly 30 feet long.
19:24This female is accompanied by her calf, about six months old.
19:33At most, she'll have only one youngster every two years or so.
19:37It's a huge investment, and one that makes the bond between mother and young very important.
19:54She has brought her young calf many miles to this one bay.
20:11And they're not alone.
20:13Tarangosaurs come here from across the South Pacific.
20:24Males also gather here to display to females.
20:46But for now, courtship is not the female's first priority.
20:54This bay has something that few others can provide.
21:16Pebbles that are particularly smooth, hard, and rounded.
21:24They've been warned by the action of river water, but they're hard to find.
21:36Here, however, in the pool at the bottom of the waterfall, there are plenty of them, and the tarangosaurs can take their pick.
21:43They then do something rather remarkable.
21:51They swallow them.
21:53They need the stones to act both as ballast and as gizzard stones.
22:00Gastroliths, which will remain in their stomachs to grind up their untued food.
22:06For a youngster, learning to swallow pebbles for the first time isn't easy.
22:20It takes a little practice.
22:22But it's also a chance for his mother to find a suitable mate amongst the males.
22:27But it's also a chance for his mother to find a suitable mate amongst the males.
22:31What's the males?
22:32What's the males?
22:33What's the males?
22:35How do you feel?
22:44The males?
22:45The males
22:58For the calf, at last, success.
23:17Now, he will swallow as many as he can, and as he grows, he'll return here for more.
23:36It's time for the family to leave the coast and head back out to sea to feed.
23:42And for the young to orangsaur, that is an important step on the road to adulthood.
23:58In Southern Europe, where the Atlantic meets the Great Tethys Sea, Coast of Life reaches
24:04perhaps its greatest diversity.
24:09Having sea level means that there are countless submerged islands covered with sponges, clams
24:15and corals.
24:27They take advantage of the sunshine in these shallows, forming partnerships with algae
24:33that grow within their tissues.
24:34They collect tiny particles of food floating in the ocean currents.
24:41Myriads of these marine creatures encrust the solid rock.
24:48Myriads of these marine creatures encrust the solid rock.
25:09But one rock here appears surprisingly bare.
25:21Beyond is a sheer drop-off, and the deep sea, home to oceanic predators.
25:27And danger for unwary reef fish.
25:46But this Pycnodont's fish...
26:13has little to fear.
26:18This is Hoffman's Mosasaur, the ocean's deadliest predator.
26:24But he's not here to eat.
26:26He's come to be cleaned.
26:30Mosasaurs are giant lizards and have both a lizard's forked tongue and, during the mating season,
26:42a lizard's colorful skin.
26:46Now it's time to shed old skin.
27:02And when you need to look your best, nothing but an all-over body scrub will do.
27:07Fish and shrimp, pink scales shed from his body.
27:22Resting at the surface allows this sea-going, air-breathing lizard to fill his lungs...
27:43to fill his lungs...
27:46and relax.
27:50A rival.
28:07A younger male challenging for this territory.
28:11The old male is heavier.
28:12Over fifteen tons.
28:13But his rival...
28:14The old male is heavier.
28:15Over fifteen tons.
28:16But his rival...
28:17The old male is heavier.
28:18Over fifteen tons.
28:19But his rival is more nimble.
28:36The old male is heavier.
28:38Over fifteen tons.
28:40But his rival...
28:41is more nimble.
28:49When they are as evenly matched as this, these battles can be lethal.
29:03Mosasaurs have been found with the shattered teeth of rivals embedded in their skulls.
29:16The old male snatches a breath.
29:26Now he has the advantage.
29:33By dragging his rival down, he could drown him.
29:46In one more, he can't warn you.
29:47Is he a man.
29:49In a more, you're a man.
29:50In a more, you'll be the one.
29:51By the way, you have to take the점.
29:52My friend, my friend, my friend, and my friend, is whining.
29:55The other man...
29:56That's what he had to say.
29:57The zombie is a man.
29:58The end of his mother...
29:59The only one was a man that...
30:01The only one was a man.
30:02He could not be a man.
30:03He could not be a man.
30:04A man.
30:05I could not be a man.
30:06His son is a man.
30:07Was he a man.
30:08The other man who had found his wife,
30:09The other man who's been bullied her.
30:11The idea was going to be a man.
30:12He could not be a man.
30:13The old male has triumphed.
30:27For now, at least, this reef is still his territory.
30:39A crescent moon.
30:42Off the coast of North America.
30:49The calm, dark nights that follow trigger a rare and beautiful event.
31:04Tonight, even in the deep, there is light.
31:11Glowing ammonites rise from the abyss.
31:24Ammonites are mollusks related to octopus and squid.
31:37These scophytids are no bigger than a human hound.
31:50For weeks, they've been gathering in the coastal depths.
32:00In the deep, these lights may help lure plankton as food.
32:05But tonight, they serve a different purpose.
32:13They've been drawn to the surface to mate.
32:16And soon, there are thousands in each shoal.
32:19Neighbor triggers neighbor, creating waves of bioluminescence.
32:34They have complex nervous systems controlling light-producing cells called photocytes.
32:50The males jostle for a place around the larger females.
33:08Clues from their displays tell her who is the fittest and who is the best mate.
33:15As couples entwine, they coordinate their light displays.
33:25If he can't match her precise rhythm, he'll be rejected.
33:31But there is perfect synchrony.
33:44This pair will now spawn and help produce the next generation.
33:54After fertilization, the females enter the shallows
33:59to release their eggs.
34:11As with most cephalopods, breeding is the final act of their short lives.
34:22By morning, these lights will have flickered and died.
34:26This magical night will be their last.
34:40All over the globe, the coast provides an ideal place for countless animals to mate, raise their young, and to feed.
34:54Back in the shallow waters of Sealandia, large groups of Twarangisaurs have come together.
34:55In the shallow waters of Sealandia, large groups of Twarangisaurs have come together.
34:59As we are in the shallow waters of Twarangisaurs, the famous and onaurs they are now.
35:01It is the first time they are out of the city.
35:02In the shallow waters of the river, they have taken the large amounts of salt and oil.
35:03They will show us all the creatures of Twarangisaurs and all the creatures of the river,
35:04which is the reason that all the creatures, his people are alive.
35:07Or they will be able to feed their fish and the birds, and it may come together to feed them.
35:10Back in the shallow waters of Sealandia, large groups of Twarangisaurs have come together.
35:20They propel themselves with all four fins
35:37and travel almost effortlessly to find the fish shoals that gather here in summer.
35:44Occasionally, they break the surface to gulp air
35:48before continuing on their underwater flight.
36:00But one female is not swimming with her usual grace.
36:05She and her two-year-old calf are lagging behind the rest of the group.
36:14She's moving rather laboriously.
36:18And that has not gone unnoticed.
36:22A deadly hunter.
36:26Kai Kai Filu.
36:32The apparently stricken female is a tempting target.
36:39Diving to deeper water might make her less vulnerable.
36:49For the calf, trying to distract the Mosasaur is a dangerous game.
36:55But it's buying time.
37:06The mother and calf are not entirely alone.
37:08They are not entirely alone.
37:21These individuals may be related.
37:23And it's in all their interests to drive Kai Kai Filu away.
37:27This is the reason for the female's apparent distress.
37:42This is the reason for the female's apparent distress.
37:57She's pregnant.
38:12And now, after a one-and-a-half-year pregnancy, a baby.
38:36Over ten feet long, nearly half the length of its mother,
38:41one of the biggest babies of all time.
38:53It needs to get to the surface to take its very first breath.
39:06This young to a wrangisaur could live for 80 years.
39:24Now, supported by her family, she can take her place as a predator.
39:31In one of the richest habitats on Earth,
39:37the sea is around the coasts of our prehistoric planet.
39:43Next on prehistoric planet, giant dinosaurs wrestle to win a mate in baiting hot deserts.
40:05And across the globe, remarkable specialists must use every trick they can
40:12to survive in the most inhospitable places on Earth.
40:17To discover the science behind the stories,
40:20go now to the prehistoric planet show page.
40:25Wood résult J.
40:39Area E9
40:48Near the last corrished planet,
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