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00:00Imagine the freedom, the buzz, the excitement of taking to the skies.
00:30If only I could.
00:42Being able to fly is something that humans have always dreamed of.
00:46But for two thirds of the animals alive today, it's a reality.
00:50Flight is one of the greatest breakthroughs in the whole story of evolution.
00:54I'm going to find out how life achieved the miracle of flight.
01:22Over millions of years, a string of evolutionary accidents created wings.
01:29Not once, but several times, and in very different ways.
01:37Yes, look at you!
01:44I'm going to find out how life is going to be.
01:51I'm going to find out how life is going to be.
01:56I'm going to find out how life is going to be.
02:06It makes me feel like life is going to be all over the world.
02:12As it came out, I'm going to find out how life is going to be a disaster.
02:18Flight is a unique weapon.
02:38Mastering the skies leaves earthbound creatures at your mercy.
02:48When there's a black eagle on the wing, rock hyrax need to be especially alert to aerial
03:00attack.
03:18But wings aren't just about extra strike power.
03:45Flying is the fastest, most efficient way to travel.
03:51It allows you to find food, explore new territory or escape from danger.
03:59So there were lots of good reasons for life to get into the air.
04:03The trick was how to do it.
04:07There's one big problem facing any animal that wants to fly.
04:22And to fly, you've got to find a way to defy it.
04:31So in the journey of life, who was the first to conquer gravity and get airborne?
04:39500 million years ago, animals took their first steps onto land.
04:49The pioneers included millipedes, scorpions and spiders.
05:01But while these creatures crawled over the earth, the skies remained empty.
05:12Life stayed grounded for at least another 100 million years.
05:20Until one group of animals finally made the breakthrough.
05:37The insects, the first animals ever to fly.
05:42But how did they sprout wings?
05:47One idea is that it's all because insects love to sunbathe.
05:58Insects are cold blooded.
05:59They need heat from outside to warm themselves up and move around.
06:05They often bask in the sun.
06:07And maybe in the past, one bug developed small flaps on its back to help soak up the rays.
06:14Like mini solar panels.
06:18Purely by chance, these panels may also have helped the insect to be carried by the wind.
06:35Perhaps the panels then evolved into a more aerodynamic shape, eventually becoming wings.
06:47But there's a flaw in this theory.
06:49Insect wings have complex hinge joints, worked by muscles and tendons.
06:56Could they really have evolved from those simple fixed panels?
07:04There is another explanation as to how flight began.
07:09It all started not in the air, but in the water.
07:17Many insects spend the first part of their lives submerged.
07:23They breathe through gills, pumping them up and down to take in oxygen.
07:28They thought it was gills like these that gradually turned into wings.
07:36But how could such a dramatic change take place?
07:42One insect living in the rivers of North America holds a clue.
07:50Stonefly larvae spend almost a year under water, then emerge in late winter to start their adult
07:55lives.
07:58The adults live just a few days, and their sole purpose is to breed.
08:05But to find a mate, they have to make a death-defying crossing to the shore.
08:15Their wings are far too weak to fly.
08:20But they do make good sails.
08:24Perhaps this is how flight began.
08:26An ancient insect waved its gills to catch the breeze and set sail, just like stoneflies
08:32do today.
08:46Gills already had the joints and muscles to flap up and down, and could then have evolved
08:50from sails to wings.
08:55But then, insects really took off.
09:09Whatever that first flying insect was, it won the biggest evolutionary jackpot of all time.
09:21Its genes were now unstoppable.
09:25And today, its legacy is around 10 million flying insect species.
09:30The most successful type of animal on earth.
09:51ancient fossils have shed light on some of the oldest aerial pioneers.
10:11Among them is one design that's really stood the test of time.
10:18Dragonflies have been around for more than 300 million years.
10:27They were already on the wing when our four-legged ancestors were still crawling around in swamps.
10:42These are the red barons of the insect world, fast, agile, aerial aces.
10:51These are male emperor dragonflies, and they're fiercely territorial.
10:56When rivals meet, they test each other's flying skills to the limit.
11:22These dogfights can be vicious, even deadly.
11:31Dragonflies are among the largest, fastest insects on the planet.
11:36But compared to some, these modern ones are midgets.
11:42Go back 300 million years, and things were very, very different.
11:47Then there were giants.
11:58Dragonflies with two-foot wingspans, the size of a hawk.
12:03How did such megabugs stay in the air?
12:06Well, there was one big difference back then.
12:09One that could turn me into a super athlete.
12:20The atmosphere was supercharged with oxygen.
12:22There was almost twice the amount there is today to power those monster wings.
12:38Dragonflies are still dazzling flyers.
12:42But the best stunt pilot of them all is smaller and much less glamorous.
12:50ever tried to swat a fly?
13:03Tricky isn't it?
13:04They really are the most amazing of all flying animals.
13:14...and one of the most annoying.
13:30Their manoeuvrability is unrivaled.
13:34And their reactions are 12 times faster than our own.
13:39So what's their secret?
13:41Well, bizarrely, it's because their ancestors gave up a pair of wings.
13:50Like dragonflies, all early insects had two pairs of wings.
13:59In one type, though, the hindwing shrank,
14:02evolving into tiny rod and ball structures called haltares.
14:11They have become precision instruments.
14:14They work a bit like gyroscopic stabilisers on a modern helicopter or plane.
14:18Flies come in a great variety of shapes and sizes.
14:25They include the hoverfly, cranefly, mosquito and our friendly housefly.
14:31And they all have haltares.
14:34Haltares give the fly precise feedback on its position,
14:37helping it make split-second adjustments without losing control.
14:43So it can dodge a swipe and instantly regain perfect poise.
14:49Love them or hate them. You've got to admire them.
15:07There are now more than a hundred thousand kinds of fly.
15:14Their duck and dive design has let them take over the world.
15:20And though they're small, they have a massive impact on other life, including us.
15:26In fact, flies are the most dangerous animals on Earth,
15:33responsible for more human deaths than any other creature.
15:46They carry and spread disease.
15:48And because they're so small and manoeuvrable,
15:51it's impossible to escape from them.
16:03Having the top technology for flight
16:05isn't the only thing that's made insects such a success.
16:09It's also about when to fly.
16:12It's hard to believe that this and this are the same animal.
16:21Why does such a gorgeous creature have such weird and wingless offspring?
16:44It's because its life is split in two.
16:48One part for eating and one for breeding.
16:57Caterpillars are munching machines.
16:59Their only purpose is to eat and grow.
17:02At this stage, having wings would just get in the way.
17:05A caterpillar can balloon to an incredible 2,000 times its starting weight.
17:18That's like a human baby gaining eight tonnes in a month
17:22and becoming the size of a bus.
17:24Once it's finished gorging, though,
17:26the caterpillar uses all those calories to make a stunning transformation.
17:34From ugly bug...
17:40to winged beauty.
17:43The adult has a very different mission.
17:54To attract a mate and lay its eggs far and wide.
17:58Wings make this job much easier.
18:02And one species of butterfly has taken air travel to extremes.
18:10This is the monarch.
18:11Long haul operator of the insect world.
18:14It's late summer in Canada.
18:23And these are great, great grandchildren of monarchs that flew north in spring.
18:27Now they're ready to embark on one of nature's most miraculous journeys.
18:48Triggered by shorter, cooler nights, they head south.
18:52Flying the entire length of North America and beyond.
19:15Finally, having flown 3,000 miles,
19:18the monarchs reach their winter destination
19:21in the mountains of central Mexico.
19:34Somehow they find their way back to the same trees
19:37used by previous generations.
19:41Millions cluster together for safety and warmth.
19:48Insects flew unchallenged for about a hundred million years.
20:04But another twist of evolution would bring about a second wave of flight.
20:11Skulking in the undergrowth was the ancestor of another group of animals
20:14that produced some of the most successful flyers ever.
20:17Creatures that would dominate the skies for 150 million years.
20:23The smallest would be little bigger than a sparrow.
20:26And the largest, the size of a light aircraft.
20:30The biggest animal ever to fly.
20:32They were the pterosaurs.
20:38Sadly, there are none left to help us piece together their story.
20:45But what we do know is that they evolved from an ancient kind of reptile.
21:02But how did a four-legged reptile turn into one of nature's most magnificent flyers?
21:13Today there's a tree-dwelling reptile that offers a clue.
21:20For a green iguana cornered in the treetops, there's just one way out.
21:30Straight down.
21:32They generally hang out over water for a safer landing.
21:39A simple freefall isn't very stylish, but it is a start.
22:00If you can add some control to your descent, then you're a step closer to taking flight.
22:09In the forests of Southeast Asia lives an animal that's done just that.
22:40This gecko has evolved a kind of onboard parachute.
22:45Webbed toes and flaps of skin along its sides act like air brakes, giving it some control over its speed.
22:58It can't travel far, but it's certainly a leap in the right direction.
23:01But if you think the flying gecko is impressive, wait till you see what its neighbour can do.
23:10The draco looks like any other lizard.
23:13Until it jumps.
23:18This simple wing is actually skin membrane stretched over its ribs.
23:22It lets this tiny lizard glide up to 100 metres.
23:28Strictly speaking, it's still not flying, but it saves an awful lot of climbing up and down.
23:41One ancient reptile took gliding a stage further.
23:43Once its arms became wings, it could develop the power of true flight.
23:52And this second airborne breakthrough spawned the pterosaurs.
23:55The pterosaurs.
24:26From fossils, we know that there were many different kinds of pterosaurs.
24:33One had a mouth with a built-in sieve to filter out small creatures from the water.
24:39Much like a modern flamingo does.
24:41Another had hooked teeth, good for snagging slippery prey.
24:56It used its beak to trap fish just below the surface, like a skimmer does.
25:04Another pterosaur had an expandable throat pouch.
25:07A built-in fishing net.
25:11It was a kind of prehistoric pelican.
25:31But there's one thing about the pterosaurs no bird can match.
25:35Their size.
25:37Some got as big as this.
25:41But how did these giants get off the ground and stay airborne?
25:46Well, John is going to show me how.
25:49OK, John.
25:53OK.
25:56Jumping up a cliff is a good start.
25:59Wow!
26:01That was pretty spectacular.
26:02Well, pterosaurs might have been slightly more graceful than that.
26:11The largest was Quetzal, Quatlas, and that got up to about 40 feet.
26:16But how did the world's biggest ever flying animal stay up?
26:22Pterosaurs were built very much like this.
26:26They were very little body and all winged.
26:29This hang glider is made of hollow aluminium tubes and the pterosaurs bones were also hollow to minimise weight.
26:40And once up in the air they'd have soared away and just used up drafts and thermals very much like what we're doing.
26:50Whoa!
26:51This is beautiful.
26:52It is completely effortless.
26:53On my part anyway.
26:54This must be the closest thing to just growing wings and flying.
27:08I see you in a ship there.
27:11Ok, I can't wait for a stand!
27:14where it would be again!
27:28Go, help...
27:30What?
27:32Are you all looking for a fisherman?
27:34It'sammży's 466, redhead.
27:36Now, the one thing we don't really know is how these large pterosaurs landed,
27:54but I think I'm about to find out.
27:57By landing into the wind, we hope to avoid crash landing.
28:01Slowing everything. Here we go. OK.
28:04Well, that's the theory.
28:06Excellent. That was great.
28:17Oh, my hat.
28:22Pterosaurs must have been a magnificent sight.
28:26They ruled the skies for 150 million years,
28:30but they mysteriously vanished along with the dinosaurs.
28:34By then, a third airborne animal had arrived.
28:38Its success was down to a brand new structure,
28:41one that would lead to the most beautiful flying animals the world has ever known.
28:45It's this, the feather.
28:48The feather.
28:51The feather.
28:59The feather.
29:01The feather.
29:02Let's go.
29:32The surprising thing about feathers, though, is that they didn't even evolve for flight.
29:48And not only that, birds didn't even invent the feather, they inherited it.
29:57Birds are directly descended from a group that includes the greatest predators of all time.
30:14These fossils are of small meat-eating dinosaurs, but look more closely and you'll notice some mysterious impressions made by feathers.
30:26So what made these scaly hunters go fluffy?
30:38Feathers are in fact modified scales. Over countless generations, some scales began to thin and fray.
30:54Evolving into fluffy down. But what did dinosaurs need these feathers for?
31:03Today fluffy feathers are still used by young birds like albatross chicks to keep warm.
31:13In the Antarctic, they must survive sub-zero temperatures for months on end.
31:19Downy feathers might well have helped insulate small dinosaurs, but what they weren't much good for was making a wing.
31:29So how did fluffy feathers like these turn into stiff ones like this used for flight?
31:34Well, the latest theory is that evolution hijacked the feather for a completely different job long before it was used for flight.
31:41Hello.
31:42Hello.
31:43It's now thought that feathers might have been used for display.
31:46Hello.
31:47Just like many birds do today.
31:49Hello.
31:51Hello.
31:52And stiff feathers make for far more spectacular displays than fluffy down.
32:08Male birds flaunt themselves to win over a female.
32:12And perhaps it was the same for dinosaurs.
32:15By choosing the most striking males, the females helped feathers evolve in a completely different way.
32:24As soft feathers became longer and stronger, they were also much more suitable for building wings, as well as showing off.
32:31So feathered dinosaurs weren't just the warmest, they were also the prettiest.
32:40Yes.
32:41And they were ready to take flight.
32:48But how did that first leap into the skies actually happen?
32:52One theory is that feathered dinosaurs lived on the ground and flapped their feathery arms to help them jump into the air to catch insects.
33:07But the most popular theory, and certainly the one I find easiest to believe, is that flight started up here, in the trees.
33:22A set of feathered arms would come in very handy for a tree-dwelling dinosaur.
33:37For a start, they'd break a fall.
33:40And it's easy to imagine, with a few modifications, how they could turn leaping into gliding.
33:45Then, as feathers and the muscles moving them continued to develop, arms were reshaped into wings, strong enough to flap their way into the air.
33:56Gliding became true powered flight.
34:00Enter the birds.
34:15The evolution of birds was a massive breakthrough.
34:23Their superb flying ability unlocked a way of life that has proved very successful.
34:30The dinosaurs died out, yet birds survived, and more than that, went on to dominate the skies.
34:45All this thanks to the fabulous feather.
35:11The arrival of the birds marked a new era in the history of life, and the beginnings of an evolutionary battle that would push flight to the extreme.
35:28Each spring, adult mayflies have just a few short hours to get out of the water, find and mate, breed and lay eggs.
35:50But many never make it.
35:58Are you, as ghosts as you can see?
36:03Your people who have thought of the bird's heart, feel shy and bam, keep your peatling.
36:05They're first of all having fun.
36:06I'm not hungry, but most of them are thirsty.
36:08I'm hungry.
36:10Under your ownnalia in the world, they'll break out the cursing.
36:11I'm hungry.
36:13You don't get hungry.
36:15I'm hungry.
36:16I'm hungry.
36:18You don't have an emotional battle.
36:20You don't have to get into it.
36:21I'm hungry.
36:23I'm hungry.
36:24You don't have to get into it.
36:25The mayfly feast lasts just a few days, but there's lots more insect food on offer if
36:45you can get to it.
36:55In an average summer month, it's estimated that around 4 billion insects fly over each
37:01square mile of Britain.
37:05That's around one tonne of insects.
37:13And I bet the people down there have no idea what's floating around above their heads.
37:20We can't see them up here because they're so small, but there are birds that can, that
37:25have evolved to reach this banquet in the skies.
37:29And none are better at it than the swift.
37:33It's the ultimate high flyer.
37:39Swifts spend most of their life on the wing, and all because of insects.
37:44They fly from South Africa each year for our summer's insect feast, a return trip of around
37:5014,000 miles.
37:52A long history of aerial pursuit has given swifts a streamlined body with long narrow wings
38:01to slice through the sky.
38:10Only when filmed at normal speed, can you really appreciate how well they live up to their
38:15name.
38:35Insects are so specialised for living on the wing, they can't even land on the ground.
38:40Their tiny legs and long wings would make it impossible for them to take off again.
38:47That's why they always nest up high.
38:53One mouthful like this contains up to 500 insects.
38:57And when food is plentiful, the chick may get 10 meals, 5,000 insects in a day.
39:08But in bad weather, most insects are grounded, and the parents have a hard job finding food.
39:23Sometimes the adults have no choice but to desert their chicks and fly ahead of the storm to feed.
39:36A British swift will even cross the sea to Europe.
39:51A trip to Holland's no big deal when you can cover more than 180 miles in a day.
40:03Back at the nest, the helpless chick can only wait whilst the adults feed in fair continental
40:08skies.
40:17The other day, and still the chick waits, living on its fat reserves.
40:29Swift chicks are tough.
40:30They can lose half their body weight, surviving for days without a meal.
40:35But there is a limit.
40:37This chick needs to eat, and soon.
40:41The parent is in sight of home, after a round trip of perhaps a thousand miles or more.
40:54It's just in time to deliver a life-saving meal.
41:06Millions of years of chasing tiny winged insects have shaped swifts into true aerial aces.
41:16Nothing to think, they started as feathered dinosaurs that clambered around in the trees.
41:38The land from America is home to the swift's closest living relatives, a group of birds
41:43that push flight along a very different evolutionary track.
41:49Hummingbirds.
41:52Hummingbirds can fly backwards, forwards, up and down, and all with unbelievable precision.
41:59Hummingbirds.
42:13These aerobatics are unrivaled among birds, and all because of flowers.
42:25How did flowers lead to such fancy flight?
42:28Well, over millions of years, hummingbirds and plants have struck up an evolutionary deal.
42:35The hummingbirds get to drink nectar, in return for pollinating plants.
42:45And hovering has proved the most efficient way to get a meal.
42:51It's a relationship that's been perfected until bird and flower fit together like a key in a lock.
43:00Plants have forced hummingbirds to become more like feathered insects.
43:04And that's why, at first glance, it's hard to tell a hummingbird from a hummingbird hawkmoth.
43:15It's a great example of what's known as convergent evolution, where two entirely unrelated animals
43:21come up with almost identical solutions to the same problem.
43:31But the hummingbird's supreme flying ability comes at a great cost.
43:46Their wings flap an amazing 80 times a second, needing flight muscles twice as big as those
43:51of other birds.
43:57Their heart beats an astonishing 1,200 times per minute, nearly 20 times faster than yours
44:03or mine.
44:05To fuel all that, a hummingbird eats roughly half its weight in sugar every day.
44:11They've become slaves to their own lifestyle, locked in a never-ending quest for food.
44:17And they can only achieve such precision flying by staying very small.
44:25But swans have the opposite problem.
44:27They're so heavy that just getting into the air is a struggle.
44:31Come on then.
44:32Come on.
44:33Come on, swans.
44:34Come on.
44:35Come on, swans.
44:36Come on.
44:37Come on.
44:38Come on.
44:39Up you go.
44:40Come on, boys and girls.
44:42Here we go.
44:44Fantastic.
44:45Look at that.
44:46Hello.
44:47Hello.
44:48Come on.
44:49Come on.
44:50Oh, yes.
44:51Look at you.
44:52You beauty.
44:53Swans are one of the heaviest of all flying birds.
45:06They're like the bird equivalent of a jumbo jet.
45:20So they take a lot of energy to get into the air.
45:25Once they're up in the air, it's all about saving energy.
45:29And that's why they fly in this formation.
45:34By sticking close together, each bird gains a little extra lift from turbulence created
45:39by the bird in front.
45:41And it's enough to make up 50% energy saving.
45:58And when you're this big, landing is also a problem.
46:02OK, girls.
46:04OK.
46:05Here we go.
46:06Here we go.
46:07Whoa.
46:08Skids down.
46:10Perfect.
46:11Perfect.
46:32I don't think I have ever seen anything quite as spectacular as that.
46:35Nothing prepares you for that.
46:37That is unbelievable.
46:39I think you deserve a bit of a treat after that.
46:45Easy.
46:46Easy.
46:47There we go.
46:48Very good.
46:52Thanks to that first feathered dinosaur, today more than 9,000 species of bird fill the air,
47:00across every continent.
47:01All of these are the animals in the south, we can see them outside the sea.
47:09The sea.
47:11The sea.
47:12All the sea.
47:13It's all about the sea.
47:14Oh, no, no, no.
47:15It's all about the sea.
47:16The sea.
47:17And then, this is the sea.
47:18I think we have in the sea.
47:19You are a wonderful way ahead.
47:20The sea.
47:21We are not about the sea.
47:22But we have to ride in the sea.
47:23From the sea, the sea.
47:24And the sea.
47:25The sea.
47:26And the sea.
47:27The sea.
48:28And the eagle is the king of them all, the ultimate symbol of power and dominance of the skies.
48:36But like most birds, it does have a weakness. Its eyes work best in daylight.
48:44That left the night sky up for grabs, and another family of animals sees their chance.
48:52Baths. Some of the most mysterious of all animals. Creatures of the night that can find their
49:03way around in complete darkness and live secret lives in deep, dark places. But perhaps their
49:10biggest secret is how they evolved.
49:24Baths are descended from a small nocturnal mammal that took to the trees in search of prey,
49:29like tree shrews do today.
49:30They probably began to glide on skin flaps stretched between their limbs, just like flying squirrels
49:49and sugar gliders.
49:54It's a great way to get around, but still not real fun.
50:24But it's the kaluga that may provide the missing link to show how bats evolved through wings.
50:39The difference is in its hands. They're webbed.
50:44The bat's ancestor had these too, but its fingers got longer, and the skin between them stretched
50:55to turn hands into wings.
50:58Eventually, it flapped these wings and took off, making bats the fourth and final group, after insects,
51:07pterosaurs and birds, to really fly.
51:10You might think that one bat is pretty much like any other, but in fact they're one of the most widespread
51:17and diverse of any kind of mammal.
51:19This one is a fruit bat, and apparently likes his banana.
51:24Oh, go on, get that into you.
51:27Oh, I think you really have bitten off more than you can chew.
51:34Fruit bats like this flying fox are the biggest of all bats.
51:39They have a wingspan of up to five feet.
51:44They spend the day crowded together in their favourite trees.
51:49There can be millions in a single colony.
51:56Then, as dusk falls, there's a mass exodus.
52:03The power of flight means that they can cover up to 30 miles a night in search of the ripest fruit.
52:16No other mammal puts on a show quite like this.
52:33Bats are now one of the most successful types of mammal on Earth.
52:48There are nearly a thousand species, each with its own special habits.
52:53Many are fruit lovers.
52:56But others sip nectar.
53:01Other bats have even learned to fish.
53:25But what most like to eat is a big, fat, juicy insect.
53:30Bats need more than wings, though, to track down food in the dark.
53:35These creatures of the night had to evolve a whole new way of mapping out their world.
53:41They listen to the echoes of their own calls and create an image of their surroundings.
53:49It's called echolocation.
53:56But how did such a complex system evolve?
54:02It's likely bats began by using simple clicking sounds, which gave them just a very rough picture of what's around.
54:13But detecting even basic shapes is better than flying blind.
54:21Then, by using a more complex range of sounds, echolocation was improved.
54:31Bats were gradually able to pick up smaller details in their surroundings, including their prey.
54:40Insects filled the night sky long before the bats arrived.
54:44There were a meal waiting to happen.
54:47And the bats tucked in.
54:49And there seems to be no limit to their sensory perception.
55:08Using its finely tuned echolocation skills, the Natteras bat can even pluck a spider from its web without becoming entangled.
55:27Once it's got its prize, the bat goes instantly into reverse, keeping its wings clear of the sticky threads with just millimetres to spare.
55:53The ultimate refinement of seeing with sound.
56:06Bats were the last group of animals to get airborne.
56:09And, like all aerial creatures, they've used their wings to reach almost every part of the globe.
56:16Their sheer numbers are testament to the success of flight.
56:22Being able to fly is one of evolution's greatest triumphs.
56:31Through countless twists and turns along life's journey, the power of flight has shaped some of the most spectacular and successful animals that have ever lived.
56:53And today's winged creatures make up around two thirds of all the species on the planet.
57:11And yet they're all descended from just four ancestors, who managed to grow wings and take to the air.
57:29We humans have always dreamed of joining them, and now we can.
57:38Well, almost. We do need a little bit of help from something big, noisy, and compared to what evolution has created, rather crude.
57:48Let's start the cruise!
57:49Let's start the cruise!
57:50Let's start the cruise!
57:55Next week on The Journey of Life, I'm going to discover how relationships between all living things have shaped the variety of life we see today.
58:14Next week on The Journey of Life, I'm going to discover how relationships between all living things have shaped the variety of life we see today.
58:27Next week on The Journey of Life, the unclean and his Kindergarten in May, who was one of000 years later,
58:43Since everyone had become a book that he would love to wake you up road, we became settled between abroad,
58:48And even if you'd like to hear whatắm we are saying.
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