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00:00These pictures were shot by the East German secret police.
00:15They show a spy called Alexander Feiklisov
00:19visiting the grave of a person he regards
00:22as one of the Soviet Union's greatest heroes.
00:24He was a real hero, you know, because he risked his life
00:32in order lives of tens of thousands of people,
00:38Americans, Soviet, British, and others, were saved.
00:44Colonel Feiklisov was one of the most important agents
00:47in the KGB's history,
00:48at one time in charge of the North American spy network.
00:51His hero is Klaus Fuchs, the German scientist
00:57who passed the secrets of America's atom bomb to Moscow.
01:01He had a famous name to the KGB's history of America's
01:18from the North American spy network.
01:21I don't know.
01:51The first Soviet bomb had gone down well in the Kremlin.
01:59The top men, Stalin and Beria, were reportedly ecstatic.
02:06The scientists who built it certainly were.
02:08Yuli Hariton, a key man in the team which built the bomb, became part of the privileged minority.
02:24Limousines, parties and all the perks the bureaucracy could provide.
02:27He and his boss, Igor Kurchatov, had delivered at least a year ahead of schedule, and their political paymasters were duly grateful.
02:39But the leadership knew the biggest debt they owed was to their spies.
02:45While the Americans spent the equivalent of some 20 to 30 billion rubles to develop the bomb,
02:54we spent far less.
02:57And that was certainly thanks to the Soviet intelligence services.
03:00One of the many spies to whom they owed such thanks was Alexander Feklisov.
03:13After a gap of over 40 years, he agreed to retrace his steps to the center of one of his most important assignments.
03:20His destination was London, just as it had been in 1947, when a message had reached the KGB that Klaus Fuchs wanted to reopen contact.
03:34Feklisov had been sent off with a special briefing from the KGB's chief of intelligence.
03:40Chief of the intelligence, he instructed me, he said,
03:44First of all, you should remember that Klaus Fuchs, he is one of the best of our agents.
03:53And he showed that he can observe secrecy very well.
04:03The man the KGB admired so much was now working at Harwell, Britain's new top-secret nuclear research center.
04:10He was once again at the cutting edge of the nuclear industry, theoretically for peaceful purposes,
04:24but really, as he later told East German intelligence, still working on the bomb.
04:31Harwell itself was concerned mainly with developing nuclear reactors.
04:35Naturally, most of the staff emphasized the future of peaceful applications.
04:50But the senior staff knew that the first reactor to be developed would be used to produce plutonium for military purposes.
05:05Feklisov's job was to make contact in London and pick up a package of information which Fuchs thought would be useful to the Soviet Union.
05:19Their first rendezvous was arranged outside a pub in North London called the Nag's Head.
05:24When you have a meeting with an important person, a person which will pass you materials of the utmost secrecy,
05:37you certainly could be holded up, could be arrested, could be beaten up.
05:45But certainly it was a very tense moment.
05:53Feklisov didn't have to wait long.
05:55Once he and Fuchs had identified each other, they slipped out into the street.
05:59He told me that he brought with him very important information about reactors and chemical plants to produce plutonium.
06:10And I told him that at the end of the meeting, while we will turn around the corner, he will quickly pass it to me and then we will depart.
06:23Feklisov got to know the pubs and parks of London well, as a succession of meetings followed.
06:28But both men were nervous.
06:30They knew that British and American counterespionage were stepping up the pressure.
06:36In April 1949, Fuchs failed to turn up for his meeting.
06:40The FBI had picked up his trail and tipped off British security.
06:45Concrete suspicions had been directed at me.
06:52From the questions that were asked, I had to assume that the material I had passed on from New York,
06:58that some kind of information about it had reached the American authorities.
07:09And then came the day when the deputy director, Dr. Skinner, a very close personal friend,
07:19he said to me,
07:21Klaus, accusations have been made against you.
07:27If you can assure us there's nothing in them, we'll stand by you to a man and fight it through with you to the end.
07:37I simply wasn't equal to that.
07:40As someone involved with intelligence, I should have been delighted.
07:44But as a human being, I was suddenly struck by the human relations aspect.
07:49The fact that one can feel such a close bond with one's friends, that they can place such trust in one.
07:55And that was the moment I betrayed myself.
08:01Fuchs was arrested.
08:02His old friend and mentor, Rudolf Peils, like Fuchs, a refugee from Nazi Germany, went to visit him in jail.
08:10When I said that I found it hard to believe that he accepted all the orthodoxy of Marxism and so on, and of the Soviet regime,
08:23he said, well, you must remember what I went through as a young man in Germany.
08:29But also, it was always my intention.
08:32When I had helped the Russians to take over everything, then I would get up and tell them what was wrong with their system.
08:38It seems to me a fantastic arrogance and naivety.
08:48He was prepared to meet death, and when he was later arrested, he expected that he would be executed.
09:02But Fuchs was sentenced to just 14 years.
09:08Technically, the Soviet Union had not been an enemy for much of the time he was spying.
09:15When the fuss died down, Alexander Fiklisov slipped back to Moscow, dismayed at the loss of a top spy.
09:21In a series of dawn raids, FBI agents swooped down on communists indicted on charges of advocating the violent overthrow of the government.
09:31But in America, the arrest fuelled anti-communist feeling.
09:35There is no doubt as to where a real communist loyalty rests. Their allegiance is to Russia, not the United States.
09:44FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover asked for funds to hire 300 more special agents.
09:50But already, the Soviets were getting far less dependent on their spies.
09:56In October 1951, Oleg Kiryushkin was given special instructions.
10:03Now a be-meddled veteran, he was then a navigator on a Tupolev-4 that had been detailed to test drop an atom bomb.
10:14It was October the 19th, 1951. The test centre chief called us together and said,
10:19Comrades, today you are making an important test flight.
10:23Fine. We lined up to get the final briefing from the Deputy Minister of the Interior.
10:28He warned us that if we told anybody, it would be the death of us.
10:45It would be the death of us because we were pioneers. We and our families would all die.
10:51But as he tried to intimidate us, we smiled, but our hearts sank.
10:56Who knew how it would go? It was the first airdrop.
11:05In the atmosphere of those days, the Soviet Union was working flat out to build an atomic arsenal that could threaten credible retaliation.
11:12They knew that the US had targeted all their major cities.
11:22The plane headed out towards the same test site in Kazakhstan where the first Soviet bomb had been tested.
11:28How would the plane behave after the explosion? What would we feel like ourselves?
11:37We dropped the bomb. You can picture the plane lost six tons and bucked upwards, climbing because it had lost that weight.
11:54Then for 56 seconds, we waited for the flash to come.
12:01It was worse when the shock wave hit. The plane began to creak and grow. Just imagine. It's a heavy plane.
12:23There were three almighty shocks, very powerful shocks.
12:27We've got an instrument called a variometer that shows the rate of climb and descent.
12:33Now that variometer needle went round the clock three times.
12:37It didn't register just 10 or 15 meters. It went round three times.
12:42The shock was so violent. The plane was just hurled upward.
12:46The plane could have broken up or caught fire from the flash. We were relieved and happy to make it safely back to base.
13:02Before we took off to make the bombing run, we were shown what we would be bombing.
13:12A factory had been built there and a railway station, an airport.
13:19There were tanks on the ground, artillery pieces, residential housing blocks, and all the structures were real, solid.
13:28And after we dropped the bomb, we were shown what we had done.
13:36Everything was destroyed, smashed, demolished.
13:41So they were right to claim that the bomb is the most horrible weapon.
13:46We were all against it, and we wanted it banned.
13:51But there was no chance of that.
14:01The production of a nuclear arsenal to match the Americans was now involving more and more of the Soviet Union's scarce resources.
14:08At various places in the vast expanse of the country, special troops were patrolling a network of secret nuclear work centers.
14:25To this day, they remain forbidding places to any visitor.
14:32Ours was the first Western team they'd ever allowed through these gates, and that took months of delicate negotiation.
14:38By 1950, these work centers were rapidly expanding into cities, as thousands of people were drafted in to work on nuclear weapons.
14:58Gone were the days when atomic scientists worked in freezing tents, with minimal help from above.
15:03Now they were top of the pile, all the resources of the state at their command.
15:12Inside these atomic cities, life was portrayed by the internal propaganda as an idealized collective.
15:18Work together, live together, stay together, and enjoy the rewards.
15:22But it was a privilege in a world of mirrors.
15:35These cities had no postal address, no place on a map, no contact with the outside world.
15:40Then they gave us free airline passes, we call them magic carpets, allowing free and unlimited travel on all forms of transport, planes, boats, and trains.
15:58But of course, since we weren't allowed out of the city, there wasn't much we could do with them.
16:02Altshula knew that beyond the barbed wire and the guards, there was another side to this story.
16:11He'd only been saved from the Gulag because his boss told Beria he was too good a scientist to lose.
16:16But other victims of the program were now legion.
16:28Some of them lived by the Irtish river in Kazakhstan.
16:33The ferry there is meant to run every second day, but the local population is dwindling now, and more often than not the service is cancelled.
16:47The people around here are among the many Soviet citizens who suffered because their government wanted nuclear parity at virtually any price.
17:04The villagers of Darlon live within the fallout zone of the Soviet Union's main test site.
17:10Their first brush with radiation had come back in 1949 when the first red bomb was tested.
17:15The authorities today admit that not enough precautions were taken to protect them.
17:30Naturally, when it exploded, it sucked up a large quantity of dust from the ground.
17:35And all this dust was dispersed by the wind, and it settled on the area roundabout, causing radioactive contamination.
17:52We ought to have evacuated people from the populated areas downwind.
17:56But that just didn't happen.
18:03Over the next few years, they would see many such explosions, many such dust clouds.
18:09The local doctor tracked the consequences.
18:10We have a very high rate of infant mortality here.
18:11Apparently, this is linked to genes which were damaged during these radiation tests.
18:23And this infant mortality is specifically connected with the effects of radiation on the genes.
18:27We also get children born with birth defects, a great many.
18:31But in my opinion, it is reflected not in the first generation which suffered the radiation,
18:36nor to such an extent in the second generation, but in the third and fourth.
18:40Others suffered more directly from Stalin and Beria's ruthlessness.
18:59In 1993, there was an unusual reunion in the Czech mining town of Yakimov.
19:04Back in 1950, these men were political prisoners of the new communist regime in Prague.
19:30They became unwilling components of the Soviet bomb.
19:43Beneath the surface of the bleak countryside, the rock carried seams of uranium.
19:48When the Russians wanted supplies stepped up, political prisoners were drafted in to do the work.
20:04The conditions in the mines are very difficult because there is cold, there is water, there is danger of falling down of boulders, of fragments of the rock.
20:23And then also, especially in the uranium mines, there was radioactivity.
20:30Because it was the radiation either from the ore veins, from the uranium ores, or also, and it was far more dangerous, the breathing of radon, the gas radon.
20:48This is mill number one, the tower of the death.
20:58The material was milled down and brought through the elevator to the top of the tower.
21:08This very strong radioactive material was very dangerous for the health of the people who have been working here.
21:21This tower of the death was full of dust and radioactive danger.
21:30The most dangerous place in all this plant.
21:37When the snow melted, the survivors reassembled.
21:40One of them told us how disobedience was punished.
21:43Yes, there was one priest, the parson.
21:48He was put into what they call correction.
21:55And they force fed him, using a hose and a funnel.
22:01The hose was put down his throat and they poured food into the funnel.
22:07That was how they fed people who went on hunger strike and who didn't want to work here.
22:15Afterwards, they were driven away and they disappeared.
22:24Some of the men then decided to show us the way they'd had to march three miles to work each day.
22:30The difference, fifty years ago, was that they were badly fed, badly clothed and tightly bound together by sharp wire which cut into their flesh.
22:46It's the official statistic from the Ministry of Interior.
22:50They have been together, three hundred died, the reason illness, eighty-four, suicide, twenty-six, mortal injury, hundred thirty-four, shutdown when attempting to escape, twenty-four, one murder and unknown reason, thirty-one.
23:20They were the victims of the ever colder war.
23:27I am holding in my hand a microfilm of very highly confidential secret State Department documents.
23:46These documents were fed out of the State Department over ten years ago by communists who were employees of that department and who were interested in seeing that these documents were sent to the Soviet Union.
24:01The war of propaganda between East and West was now reaching a crescendo.
24:05I was determined, as far as it was humanly possible, to see that no disloyal person should be employed by our government.
24:14President Truman's post-war philosophy had taken root. Communism should be resisted wherever it showed its face.
24:20Are you now, or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?
24:23It is perfectly clear to me, gentlemen, that if you continue in this particular fashion, you have only one idea.
24:27Now, Mr. Chairman, will you direct the will?
24:29You have only one idea.
24:30You have only one idea.
24:31You have only one idea.
24:32You have only one idea.
24:33You have only one idea.
24:34You have only one idea.
24:35You have only one idea.
24:36All right.
24:37All right.
24:38Two ideas.
24:40Now, in Moscow, the propaganda machine was pushing the same message.
24:42One crucial difference, of course, the aggressor was America, the intended victim—the Soviet Union.
24:43One crucial difference, of course, the aggressor was America, the intended victim, the Soviet
24:55Union.
25:13This film shows how the authorities were preparing the population for nuclear attack from America.
25:38Just as Londoners had sheltered from German bombing in the city's underground system,
25:42so Muscovites were now taught how to survive bombardment in their own underground shelters.
26:12The country had lost over 20 million people during the war against Hitler.
26:19With the new war now raging in Korea, it was not hard to convince them that the threat from
26:27America was serious.
26:34The Pacific is the chosen proving ground for the United States H-bomb experiments, here
26:55amid vast ocean spaces far from human habitation.
26:57Both sides were fast approaching the moment when they could threaten each other with a
27:02weapon 20 times more powerful than any they'd tested so far.
27:06In November 1952, the Americans prepared to explode a massive device on an atoll in the Pacific.
27:12In less than a minute, you will see the most powerful explosion ever witnessed by human eyes.
27:20The blast will come out of the horizon just about there.
27:24And this is the significance of the moment.
27:27This is the first full-scale test of a hydrogen device.
27:31If the reaction goes, we're in the thermonuclear era.
27:36Eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, one.
27:48The explosion showed the terrifying power of thermonuclear fusion.
27:54The shock waves of the world's first H-bomb rushed towards the onlookers, and spellbound, they watched something never seen before.
28:03But the device was so cumbersome that it could never have been dropped from a plane, or in that sense regarded as a usable weapon.
28:11So the race was on to turn that technology into a bomb, and two new figures were dominating the picture.
28:17In Los Alamos, Edward Teller was leading the American research team.
28:25Like so many other nuclear scientists, a refugee from the Nazis, but untroubled by doubts that communism now needed to be fought at every turn.
28:36In the secret city of Arzamas-16, Andrei Sakharov, later to be the great dissident against communism, but now the wonder boy of Soviet science.
28:45A close colleague of his at that time was Yuri Trutnev, now scientific director at Arzamas, then one of the team working on the hydrogen bomb.
28:56The atmosphere was very creative.
29:02Fresh ideas were valued, and somehow the way it went was that the young specialists who had arrived here worked with enthusiasm.
29:11And the fresh ideas came tumbling out.
29:18We actually had this concept of a fresh idea.
29:23A few months later, the Soviets were back at the Kazakhstan test site, preparing to explode Sakharov's latest fresh idea.
29:30A bomb using a layer of a light hydrogen isotope called lithium.
29:36They felt certain this was an advantage over the Americans, because they'd seen early American plans, courtesy of Beria's spies.
29:43Zildović was the one who examined the materials, which, it subsequently turned out, were tellers' work.
29:57But after analysis by Zildović and his colleagues, they turned out to be flawed.
30:09Then, not for the first time in this saga, the unexpected intervened.
30:13Stalin died.
30:17In the power struggle which followed, his apparent successor and head of the atomic program, Lavrenti Beria, lost out.
30:27Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the new leader, and Beria was executed.
30:32Many of his associates in the Lubyanka lost their jobs or were dispatched to prison, including some in the spy network which had accumulated the secrets of America's bomb.
30:49Only the importance of the nuclear program stopped his protégés at Azamas going the same way.
31:03It was September before preparations resumed in Kazakhstan.
31:09The American test the previous year had demonstrated the awesome potential of such a device,
31:15but theirs was more of an exploding laboratory than a weapon.
31:22Although Sakharov's would be exploded from a tower, it was small enough to be dropped from a plane.
31:27So if it worked, Sakharov and the Russians could claim that they had overtaken the Americans in the race to build a usable hydrogen bomb.
31:57It was the future of the bomb.
32:11Forty years ago Ilja Radugin was a young lieutenant in the Red Army.
32:16His task had been to build this house specially to test the destructive power of the explosion.
32:21power of the explosion he was watching from only a few miles away when the bomb
32:25went off and the house disintegrated it's difficult to put it into words you
32:35have to see it this crackling sound you get the impression that the material
32:39explodes in one or two seconds it's a drawn-out period the crackling goes on
32:46for several tens of seconds that has a powerful effect on the nerves the ears
32:51everything and then afterwards comes the shockwave and then the secondary shock
32:57it's all very unpleasant very unpleasant at the short distance
33:05and this was a bomb which had not relied on American secrets the Russians effort
33:11had paid off they had overtaken the Americans all the evidence there is
33:18shows that this was an independent Soviet design it was not a copy of anything
33:23that had been received from the United States and in fact all the early
33:28intelligence or all the intelligence we know about on the hydrogen bomb from the
33:32United States would have been quite misleading because it was all leading
33:37down to dead ends in thinking about how you would design such a weapon
33:41you can judge the power of the explosion at least from the wrecked basement where
33:57we are standing this was supposed to be a bomb shelter with a reinforced concrete
34:01capping there are some steel rods sticking out it's as if they've been cut off
34:06with a knife there's concrete under our feet and that's not to mention the
34:10fact that there were three brick stories above they were swept away they've gone
34:14the shockwave of the explosion on those remote planes was also felt in Washington
34:23you guys really had underestimated Soviet progress the bomb was tested three years
34:33before the CIA estimated was the earliest it could be tested so there was a very
34:40unstable and dangerous situation in which you had some people arguing for a
34:46preventive war against the Soviet Union before the Soviet Union really developed
34:51the capacity to strike with nuclear weapons at the United States both sides knew that
34:58the cost of fighting a war with such weapons would be fearsomely high but it wasn't beyond imagining and
35:04it was for that both sides now planned
35:08the bridge over the river Yurul near the town of Orenburg in central Russia is technically the dividing line between Europe and Asia in September
35:271954 Vasily Kovalov and Ivan Skvortsov were privates in unit of the Red Army stationed nearby
35:34they were told to report for special manoeuvres near the town of Totsk some 50 miles away
35:51they were told to report for special manoeuvres near the town of Totsk some 50 miles away
35:55as a young communist leader I was given the job of organizing preparations I had to see to it that
36:08squad personnel kept strict disciplines and to check their morale because we had to carry out a very important government mission
36:15the area had been chosen because it had some similarities with the Fulda gap in West Germany
36:27where Soviet forces planned to drive through NATO lines in the event of war everything that happened
36:35was kept secret for years records of who took part was suppressed and this film was locked in the military archive until the Soviet Union collapsed
36:42but we have found witnesses to what was an extraordinary rehearsal for nuclear war
36:49some of the preparations were unsurprising
36:53trenches have been dug across the plain as though for an infantry battle
36:59tanks were left camouflaged and aircraft positioned for takeoff
37:05less expected were the livestock tethered round the battlefield in the autumn sun
37:12and this was the reason
37:18an atomic bomb was going to be exploded over the site as part of the exercise
37:22and the Soviet leaders wanted to find out how close a living creature could go and still survive
37:28military chiefs from the communist countries turned up to watch what happened from the bunker
37:35the code word to start the exercise was molnia or lightning
37:41подается сигнал
37:44атомная тревога
37:45который дублируется с наблюдательных пунктов командиров соединений
37:48частей и подразделений
37:50полния
37:53полния
38:01полния
38:03полния
38:07и
38:31the next signal.
39:01At that point there was a flash that blinded the men in the trench.
39:21Then the explosion took place.
39:24It was unusual.
39:27Now I'd fought in the war, and I'd seen explosions of conventional ammunition during the Second
39:34World War.
39:35But that explosion was very sharp, very abrupt.
39:42And when the explosion went off, there was a blinding lightning, so to speak, a powerful
39:48beam, a very powerful beam.
39:52We had black pieces of glass installed in our gas masks.
39:56You could hardly even see the sun through those glasses.
40:00But that light was stronger than an electric arc welder.
40:07It was a few seconds before the blast hit them.
40:10Of course, we covered our eyes with our hands, as we had been told to do.
40:16We crouched in the bottom of the trench, and this was followed by a sensation like an earthquake.
40:22It was as if we were on board a large seagoing ship with a ground rock.
40:29Some animals died instantly.
40:54Others survived the attack, and in that bleak sense, the experiment yielded useful data.
41:01The cloud was still rising when 40,000 troops were ordered to start their mock battle under
41:07its deadly shadow.
41:08The cloud was still rising when 40,000 troops were ordered to start their mock battle under
41:13its deadly shadow.
41:14We received the order to break cover, board the trucks, and move forward.
41:21to the firing position, the site of stage two of the exercise.
41:28followed up by an attack on the enemy defensive positions.
41:35The moment we got out of the trenches, we saw a gigantic mushroom cloud rising in the distance.
41:42The moment we got out of the enemy in the vehicle-
41:51The current we got out of the trenches-
42:05Then, as now, people lived and farmed in the countryside around where the exercise was held.
42:22A few days before, they'd been evacuated from their land.
42:28But they were allowed back almost before the dust had settled.
42:35When we returned, the village was still burning.
42:42There was military equipment ablaze.
42:45The fire engines were putting the fires out.
42:48Bulldozers were working away.
42:51But they actually allowed us to eat everything right away.
42:55We'd got cucumbers, tomatoes, melons in our vegetable gardens.
42:59And when we got back, all this vegetable crop was ripened.
43:03The tomatoes and such.
43:05They were all red.
43:10And they said, go ahead.
43:11You can eat everything.
43:13It's not dangerous.
43:14Of course, we and the children began eating.
43:20Forty years later, in the long grass nearby, a moth emerged from its chrysalis into the summer sun.
43:26But it will never fly.
43:27It's right wing has inherited a genetic fault from the poisoned earth around Totsk.
43:36On the surface, most of the scars have healed.
43:42Kovalev and Skvortsov have never been back to the epicentre before.
43:46There is no official record to prove that they, or any of the other 40,000 soldiers, actually took part in the exercise.
43:57But at the local hospital in Totsk, the truth has been harder to obliterate.
44:09Despite opposition from his superiors, Dr. Nikolai Sidorov kept a record of how the local population fared.
44:16In the 1960s, there was a definite explosion of tumorous illnesses in both the region and in the whole province.
44:33I should mention here that at the end of 1991, we had 28,000 people suffering from tumorous illnesses in the province.
44:41If we compare the statistics relating to 1950 with those for the current years, we will see that the number of cases has gone up 500 percent.
44:56And the mortality rate has gone up accordingly as a consequence.
45:00Despite the damage to humans and to the environment, the testing went on.
45:16And Sakharov, in those days, was a loyal servant of the Soviet arms race.
45:20After his explosion of August 12th, Sakharov racked his brains to see if it was feasible to make a bomb that was more powerful and more efficient.
45:40Towards the end of 1954, there was an idea for a new type of hydrogen bomb, on a far more economic and efficient principle.
46:00The device carried in this plane in 1955 was, to that date, the most powerful bomb ever tested in the atmosphere.
46:10It was called Sakharov's third idea.
46:19It should have been a moment of triumph for Soviet science, but it wasn't entirely.
46:40At least, not for the very scientists who had created it.
46:53Just as their counterparts in Los Alamos had been shocked when the first atom bomb was actually tested,
46:58so too were the Soviet scientists when they saw what they had done.
47:05Igor Kurchatov, the man who led the Soviet team from the start, returned to Moscow two days after the explosion.
47:13Friend said he was appalled by the implications of the test.
47:16Kurchatov was terribly depressed by everything that had occurred.
47:25I asked him, how did it all go?
47:27Was it difficult?
47:28Very difficult, he replied.
47:30And from that point on, he devoted himself completely to peaceful applications.
47:35By the time of his public funeral in 1960, the military men had taken complete control of the project.
47:45They and their counterparts in the West had devised a policy for peace of a sort.
47:49It was called MAD, Mutually Assured Destruction, a far cry from the vision Kurchatov had inherited
47:56from pioneers of physics, like Rutherford, Bohr, and Einstein.
48:00Kurchatov had died in the arms of his old friend and colleague, Yuli Hariton.
48:09Hariton was the man who had actually built the first red bomb.
48:13He's 90 now.
48:15More out of habit than need, he still lives in isolation and secrecy.
48:19Only his closest friends know the toll it has taken on his personality and life.
48:29When he was young, he liked to dance, to sing, to go to theatre, to have many friends.
48:40He was interested in beautiful women, but his science was too serious.
48:46And he made, the science made him also so serious, because it was a secret, secret, secret.
48:59Andrei Sakharov, the genius who built the hydrogen bomb,
49:03turned against the system which required it to survive.
49:09He became communism's most famous dissident,
49:12believing that building bombs to protect a nation was pointless
49:16unless the nation first protected human rights.
49:19It was a fight he continued until his dying day.
49:25Klaus Fuchs was released from prison after serving just eight years for what he'd done.
49:31He returned to his communist homeland, East Germany,
49:34where he remained till he died.
49:36To the end, he believed he'd acted in the interests of peace on Earth.
49:42Klaus Fuchs
49:59Klaus Fuchs
50:02Klaus Fuchs
50:07A.
50:07Transcription by CastingWords
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