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00:01Previously, on the last days of World War II, under Stalin's watchful gaze, the Soviet Union celebrated victory over Germany with an elaborate parade in Moscow.
00:14In the Pacific, the bloody 82-day battle for Okinawa was finally won by US troops.
00:21Work began to turn the island into a staging area for the invasion of Japan.
00:25And in Washington, President Truman approved the invasion plans despite an enormous estimated death toll.
00:36This week, in the Philippines, fighting flares up once again as US troops face pockets of fierce Japanese resistance.
00:45In Europe, Stalin allows the first group of Western allies to enter Berlin.
00:51And in the US, intelligence officials endorse a controversial plan to bring the brightest German scientists to America.
01:00July 4th, American Independence Day.
01:01Manila.
01:02July 4th, American Independence Day.
01:03Manila.
01:04General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of Allied forces in the southwest Pacific,
01:07prepares to declare an end to conflict in the Philippines.
01:08July 4th, American Independence Day.
01:09Manila.
01:10General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of Allied forces in the southwest Pacific, prepares to declare an end to conflict in the Philippines.
01:11July 4th, American Independence Day.
01:12Manila.
01:13General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of Allied forces in the southwest Pacific,
01:18prepares to declare an end to conflict in the Philippines.
01:24As promised, MacArthur had returned triumphantly in October 1944.
01:25And now, after nine months of fierce fighting, the islands have been liberated.
01:31With General Tomyuki Yamashita in hiding in northern Luzon, MacArthur announces that the enemy has suffered
01:36under the war.
01:37General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of Allied forces in the southwest Pacific,
01:38the commander of Allied forces in the southwest Pacific, prepares to declare an end to conflict in the Philippines.
01:40As promised, MacArthur had returned triumphantly in October 1944.
01:45And now, after nine months of fierce fighting, the islands have been liberated.
01:50With General Tomyuki Yamashita in hiding in northern Luzon, MacArthur announces that the enemy
02:00has suffered an unbroken series of crushing defeats, and has been annihilated.
02:05But his victory is eclipsed by the devastating losses sustained on both sides.
02:1212,000 US troops have been killed.
02:18Another 48,000 are wounded.
02:22But American casualties pale in comparison to the losses suffered by the Japanese.
02:27It's estimated that as many as 200,000 Japanese perished in the battle for the Philippines.
02:36But despite MacArthur's declaration of victory, Yamashita refuses to give up.
02:41Hidden with his men in the dense cover of Luzon's jungles, he is determined to hold out.
02:47Small, isolated pockets of Japanese resistance remain intent on sabotaging US operations in the region.
03:01US forces on Mindanao are also ordered to weed out stubborn Japanese defenders.
03:12The US 24th Division organizes an amphibious expeditionary force to liberate Sarangani Bay in southern Mindanao.
03:20They are supported by fiercely committed guerrilla fighters.
03:26Throughout the long and arduous battle to liberate the Philippines, Filipino guerrillas played an instrumental role.
03:33The guerrillas, which I was a member of at that time, attacked and scattered the Japanese forces all over the countryside.
03:41And part of our job as guerrillas was to hunt them down.
03:46The dedication of many guerrillas stems from their country's long alliance with America,
03:51and the brutal experience of three years' occupation by the Japanese.
03:56MacArthur's dedication to the Philippines has also helped to create an emotional tie.
04:08Toward the very end, when MacArthur said, I shall return and guerrillas of the Philippines rise up in arms and fight against invaders,
04:16everybody rose up. I mean, it was just a spontaneous thing, and you never thought twice of it.
04:21The guerrilla forces are comprised of stranded regular soldiers organized by skilled and dedicated leaders.
04:29Ferdinand Marcos, a man who would later become president of the Philippines, claimed to have led one such battalion.
04:39The son of a politician, Ferdinand Marcos was born in northwestern Luzon in 1917.
04:45In 1939, Marcos received a law degree from the University of the Philippines.
04:53Two years later, when Japan invaded the Philippines, Marcos joined the army.
04:59He later boasted to have been a guerrilla resistance leader against the Japanese occupation forces,
05:04and to have earned a Congressional Medal of Honor.
05:07Both claims proved to be false, but significantly bolstered his political career.
05:12In 1965, Marcos was elected president of the Philippines.
05:19But seven years later, Marcos used a pretext to declare martial law and establish a dictatorship.
05:29A popular, non-violent protest known as the People Power Movement helped oust him from office in 1986.
05:37At that time, the U.S. government made public archived documents clarifying Marcos' service in World War II.
05:46His claims of bravery and leadership among the Filipino guerrillas were complete fabrications.
05:51His authoritarian regime is remembered for rampant corruption at the highest levels of government.
06:02Marcos died in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1989.
06:06As General MacArthur and the Filipino people savour their long-awaited victory,
06:15efforts to induce a Japanese surrender continue over mainland Japan.
06:23Relentless U.S. air raids continue to torch Japanese cities.
06:27July 1st, 152 B-29 Superfortress bombers attacked the main Japanese naval base at Kurei.
06:40400 more B-29s hit secondary targets identified in Shimonoseki City, Ube and Kumamoto on western Kyushu.
06:57The mission comprises the largest number of aircraft ever used against Japan in a single day.
07:023,600 tons of incendiaries had dropped over the targets.
07:07As the smoke clears from the latest bombing,
07:09Japanese authorities know that the country has suffered more than a million civilian casualties,
07:14and about 8 million are homeless.
07:16The low-level incendiary bombings have decimated Tokyo's population.
07:41Three years ago, 6.9 million people lived in the city.
07:44Now, less than 40% of them remain.
07:52Japanese officials have ordered the evacuation of children, mothers and old people to the countryside.
08:03The bombings continue almost daily.
08:09As B-29s wreak havoc on the mainland from the skies,
08:12the U.S. Navy launches a series of attacks on Japan from the sea.
08:19July 2nd, the USS Barb quietly emerges from the Pacific.
08:23The American submarine plans to launch a daring attack.
08:32Their target? Cayo Island.
08:35USS Barb is on its 12th and final patrol of the Pacific.
08:40Using rockets and light artillery, it's the first attack of its kind by a submarine.
08:4560% of the town is destroyed.
08:46The USS Barb would receive eight battle stars, a presidential unit citation and a Navy unit citation before the end of the war.
09:02In the American service, the submarine crews were hand-picked.
09:08And living in such tight quarters, you really had to get along with each other.
09:12So, submarine crews were the elite of the Navy, and they thought of themselves.
09:16They were also the silent service.
09:20That is to say, they just didn't talk about what they did.
09:23Because loose lips sink ships.
09:28In 1975, the USS Barb will be sold for scrap for just $100,000.
09:33The US Navy strikes another blow against Japan, this time from the air.
09:46A fleet of modified B-24 liberators called privateers wreak havoc on Japanese shipping in the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan.
09:54Several ships are sunk or sustain heavy damage.
09:57As the Allies net tightens on the Japanese homeland, the Japanese army in China faces defeat.
10:08China and Japan have been at war since 1937.
10:12Although quickly overwhelmed by invading Japanese forces in the north,
10:16the Chinese army refused to surrender and withdrew deep into the country's rugged interior.
10:21Now, eight years later, Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek has finally gained momentum against the occupier.
10:38July the 1st, Southeast China.
10:41Supported by US forces, Chiang Kai-shek's army liberates the city of Liu Chao from the Japanese.
10:46The victory comes a week after Chiang's army reclaimed a nearby airfield.
10:54The US entered the China defensive campaign in 1941.
10:59The hope was to prevent the defeat of China, keeping the country in the Allied camp,
11:04whilst tying down Japanese troops who might otherwise have been deployed to the Pacific.
11:08The US army was preoccupied with the European front for its army and then with its navy in the Pacific against Japan.
11:21So they couldn't really offer the kind of logistical troop support that the Chinese nationalists might have wanted.
11:28What they could do is give them equipment, military supplies and advice.
11:32Reluctantly, Chinese nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek had accepted the US offer of military assistance and supplies.
11:42Theoretically, the Chinese nationalists had the largest army in the world.
11:47But in practice, this was a very ill-trained, not very well-led and above all, very poorly supplied army.
11:53Many of the soldiers suffered from malnutrition and disease because they couldn't get enough food,
11:59they couldn't get the medical supplies in.
12:01So the Chinese nationalist army faced extraordinary obstacles in fighting the Japanese.
12:06The task of supplying troops in the remote locations of China proved incredibly difficult.
12:16American supplies and equipment had to take the long sea passage to India.
12:21From India, the cargo was then airlifted to China.
12:27The flight path was a treacherous route over a colossal obstacle.
12:31The only way to get supplies from the allied controlled areas to the Chinese nationalist army was over the so-called hump,
12:44which is the Himalaya mountains, some of the tallest mountains in the world.
12:48Stretching between India and China, more than 30 peaks of the Himalayas rise above 25,000 feet.
12:54They provided a challenging environment for U.S. Army Air Force pilots.
13:03These propeller-driven planes often would not make it over and would crash.
13:08It was an extraordinary feat of logistics and endurance.
13:11One weapon that has helped pave the road to China, overseeing the safe passage of supplies, is the Curtiss P-40.
13:27The P-40 had a crew of one, but it mounted a 50-caliber shingle, which could really put out a devastating amount of firepower.
13:40The first mass-produced U.S. single-seat fighter monoplane, the P-40 Warhawk, of which there were several variants, went into production in 1939.
13:49P-40s scored the first American victories of World War II when they downed 10 Japanese aircraft over Hawaii during the attack on Pearl Harbor.
14:00When the U.S. entered the war the same day, the Warhawk accounted for 50% of all U.S. fighter power.
14:08The P-40's greatest claim to fame came with the American Volunteer Group in China, organized under the command of Claire Chennault.
14:20The Flying Tigers was the nickname for Chennault's American Volunteer Group that he established in 1941.
14:27They were called that because they had painted these large shark teeth on the side of the planes to intimidate the enemy.
14:35The quintessential picture of the P-40 is the shark-faced airplane.
14:40It had a big cowling underneath the engine as a scoop for the cooling system of the aircraft.
14:46It had a very distinctive feature, so it looked like a shark.
14:51The AVG destroyed an estimated 300 Japanese aircraft.
14:56Armed with nose or wing-mounted machine guns and sometimes a bomb, depending on the variant,
15:01the all-metal P-40 had a top speed of around 378 miles an hour and a flight ceiling of 38,000 feet.
15:10Under the lend-lease deal, 1,500 of the first P-40s were supplied to the Royal Air Force.
15:16Under this plan, the Soviets also received P-40s.
15:20The aircraft was eventually flown by 28 countries.
15:23The aircraft received mixed reviews.
15:28Some critics claimed the P-40 lacked maneuverability and had inadequate range and gun sights.
15:34It had very poor visibility to the rear because the back end of the fuselage came in the pilot where he could not look directly behind him.
15:43They did not stick around to dogfight because if you tried to dogfight in a P-40, the Japanese would eat your lunch.
15:53So, they fought in what fighter pilots call the vertical plane.
15:59They fought in a diving attack or a climbing attack and then they'd go home.
16:03Despite its drawbacks, the P-40 Warhawk flew in every World War II combat zone.
16:10By the time production ceased in December 1944, about 12,000 had rolled off the line.
16:17By July 1945, only one P-40 group remained operational over China.
16:23The victory at Liu Chao is a major accomplishment for Chang's army.
16:33But not everywhere is he welcomed as a liberator.
16:39The Chinese leader also faces another adversary at home.
16:43Mao Zedong, the communist leader of the People's Liberation Army.
16:47China, facing a brutal foreign invader, is simultaneously at war with itself.
16:54The conflict between the communists and the nationalists was a big problem for fighting against Japan.
17:00Quite often, it seemed that the nationalists and Chiang Kai-shek were more interested in fighting the communists than fighting the Japanese.
17:08This was a real problem for the Americans and other allies that wanted the Chinese to unite against Japan.
17:14Chiang Kai-shek made a very famous remark once, in which he said,
17:19the Japanese are a disease of the skin, but the communists are a disease of the heart.
17:24Now, as Chiang Kai-shek manages to strike a blow against the Japanese,
17:29he loses one of his most effective supporters.
17:32July the 6th, Southeastern China.
17:36Major General Claire Chenault, the man who directed many P-40 missions over China, resigns.
17:42Claire Chenault was sent to China in 1937, with the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, to advise Chiang Kai-shek on setting up an air force.
17:56Affectionately known as Old Leatherface, Major General Claire Chenault is probably best known for his Flying Tigers.
18:05Volunteer pilots recruited to fly P-40 fighters over China in 1941.
18:11Born in Texas in 1893, he joined the Army Air Service in 1920, rising through the ranks to become the chief of fighter training.
18:19Bad health would force Chenault into retirement in 1937. His retirement, however, would be short-lived.
18:29Later that year, Chenault joined a small group of American civilians training Chinese Airmen in their war against Japan.
18:37He helped persuade President Roosevelt to send US equipment and volunteer pilots to assist China a few months before America entered the war.
18:47His new position allowed him to form a close working relationship with the Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek.
18:54As trained American pilots and modern P-40 fighters arrived, the Flying Tigers were born.
19:05In 1942, he rejoined the US Army and became a Major General, commanding the Flying Tigers successor, the 14th Air Force.
19:14Chenault waged a relentless campaign against the Japanese in China.
19:21The Japanese had better planes than Chenault did, but he was a very shrewd tactician, he had the planes fly in groups, and they were quite effective against the Japanese.
19:30I've heard a lot about the Jap fighting men. They're no pushovers, that's the sense. They're tough and they're professional. Most of them from the age of 12 or 13 have been trained to fight and to kill.
19:42They're just beginning to hit our stride. Now we're carrying the war to them. We'll sink their ships and knock their planes out of the air until zero is just another word for nothing.
19:51But by April 1944, the Japanese had destroyed seven of his air bases in China.
20:02Nevertheless, the familiar shark mouths that branded Chenault's fighter bombers maintained an impressive track record.
20:08July the 6th, Chenault's resignation follows news that the US plans to disband his US 14th Air Force, the first combined Chinese-American air fleet.
20:25The United States was becoming increasingly frustrated with the government of Chiang Kai-shek, increasingly discouraged by the course of the war in China, but also increasingly convinced that the victory over Japan wasn't going to be won in China, it was going to be won in Japan itself.
20:46As China continues to divert thousands of Japanese soldiers from the battlefields of the Pacific. Halfway around the world, in Washington, Truman faces increasing pressure to end the war and bring American troops home.
21:05July the 4th, Washington. President Truman delivers an Independence Day address, reminding the nation of the sacrifices being made overseas.
21:13He declares that US forces will bring the war in the Pacific to a decisive and victorious conclusion. America will crush the Japanese enemy.
21:24Truman's words coincide with tragedy, as an inspirational Allied leader is struck down.
21:31John Curtin, Australian Prime Minister since 1941, suffers a fatal heart attack.
21:37Over-exerted and weary from the stress of war, he dies at the age of 60.
21:4250,000 people line the streets of Perth, in Western Australia, for the funeral of a man who worked himself to an early grave, to save his country.
21:53John Curtin became Prime Minister in October 1941, only two months before the bombing of Pearl Harbour.
22:00Born in 1885, the son of Irish immigrants, Curtin left school at the age of 14 in search of work to support his family.
22:08He later became involved in socialist causes, before being elected to the Australian Parliament in 1928.
22:15He rose steadily through the ranks of the Labour Party, and in October 1941, as war in the Pacific erupted, Curtin became Prime Minister.
22:24The enemy rests upon a totalitarian basis. He uses everything. This country therefore, uses everything in resistance to him. The chapter of controversy has ended in Australia.
22:44He immediately called on the United States for support against Japan.
22:54Four days after Singapore fell to the Japanese in February 1942, the northern Australian city of Darwin was bombed.
23:01Subsequent air raids on Broome and Wyndham sent shockwaves through the country.
23:07Curtin often clashed with Winston Churchill.
23:09He fought to make the country more independent, rather than merely a colonial satellite of the UK.
23:17Curtin agreed to hand control of Australian Defence Forces and strategic decision-making to US General MacArthur.
23:24But they developed a strong partnership in fighting the Japanese.
23:28MacArthur assured Curtin, take care of the rear, and I will handle the front.
23:33Curtin's greatest challenge, both politically and personally, was in providing the forces of the United States.
23:38Curtin proved in providing the forces needed to protect his country.
23:42A staunch anti-conscriptionist during the First World War, the Australian leader now saw conscription as vital.
23:48Elected to a second term on August 21, 1943, Curtin saw Australia gain increasing importance due to its strategic location in the war in the Pacific.
24:00July the 4th, in a public address, Truman hails Curtin's deep sense of loyalty, which guided the United Nations through the war on all fronts.
24:12John Curtin is succeeded by his deputy, Francis Ford, who holds office for only eight days, before Ben Chifley becomes Australia's 16th Prime Minister.
24:25July the 5th, Washington.
24:26Acknowledging promises of free elections, Britain and the US, although sceptical, formally recognised the new Polish government of national unity.
24:41The leadership of post-war Poland was claimed by two rival groups, a Soviet-sponsored provisional government, and the Polish government in exile based in London.
24:54Stanislaw Mika Wycheck, who had led the Polish government in exile from London during the German occupation, is appointed deputy premier.
25:01As the initial stages of reconstruction in Europe begin, in Washington, plans are made to ensure the United States has a head start in post-war weapons technology.
25:18Ironically, it will rely on scientists plucked from the heart of the former Third Reich.
25:23A desperate and utterly cynical game evolved with both the Soviets and the Americans striving to identify the key German scientists and whisk them off, respectively, either to Moscow or the United States, to start working for them.
25:43And nobody bothered at all about who'd done what.
25:46There weren't many moral judgments made at that time about that.
25:49It was all about military power, military technology, and who'd got it.
25:55July the 6th.
25:56Truman's chiefs of staff authorise a plan to lure several of Germany's leading rocket scientists to the United States.
26:03It is now a top federal priority, and judged a matter of national security for America to get its hands on them before the Soviets can steal them away.
26:11Dubbed Operation Paperclip, the plan to bring Hitler scientists to American shores is launched.
26:23Jet propulsion, missile guidance, and rocket technology are all areas in which the U.S. hope to gain.
26:29They want the brains behind Hitler's V weapons.
26:34As Paperclip gets underway, Truman expressly orders the exclusion of any German scientist who had been a member of the Nazi Party or involved in war crimes.
26:44Background investigations on German scientists conducted by the War Department's Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency reveal that many were, in fact, active Nazis.
26:54Background investigations on German forces.
26:58Initially, the U.S. visa requests are denied.
27:01But unbeknownst to Truman, military intelligence officials proceed to cleanse the scientists' files of all Nazi references.
27:08I felt, by changing a sentence or two, and to get these people and their knowledge over here that we can use to our benefit, I think that's a smart way to do it.
27:23Change a sentence or two. That's all it takes.
27:28And I've seen sentences change many times. It made a difference between black and white.
27:33Over 700 German scientists would be brought to the U.S. and given vital roles in government-sponsored scientific research.
27:43Many of them had been long-time members of the Nazi Party, complicit in horrifying war crimes.
27:49Before long, German rocket scientists arrive on American shores and begin work at the top-secret White Sands Research Center near Mexico.
27:56One of the men whisked away by U.S. intelligence is Werner von Braun.
28:03Werner von Braun was highly sought after commodity. He also happened to have been a Nazi.
28:10Once an SS major, von Braun was the mastermind behind the V-2 rocket.
28:15He worked very closely with the authorities of Nazi Germany. In constructing these rockets, a great deal of slave labor was used, provided to him courtesy of Albert Speer.
28:29And therefore, he was entirely complicit in a variety of crimes committed by the Nazi authorities.
28:36But, of course, everybody wanted him and the Americans got him. And he ended up in NASA.
28:43Von Braun would go on to head the U.S. space program. He would be granted U.S. citizenship ten years later, in 1955.
28:51The United States deemed that the vital interests of the West demanded that Ron Brown should be got to work on rocketry for us, rather than allowed to slip into Soviet hands.
29:04The race to seize the technology of the former Third Reich is fierce.
29:09Most German scientists, especially Nazis, anticipate a grim fate within the Soviet Union.
29:16So they choose to surrender to the Americans, where they would have the security and resources necessary to continue their work.
29:23The British also managed to round up several Germans seeking asylum.
29:27July 3rd. The British covertly fly ten German scientists to England.
29:34They are interned at Farm Hall, a country house in Cambridgeshire.
29:38Their recruits include two Nobel Prize winners, Otto Hahn and Werner Heisenberg, who had been working on Germany's atomic bomb program.
29:47German scientists had been exploring nuclear bomb technology since the mid-1930s.
29:57In 1939, it was widely assumed that Germany already had a two-year lead over the United States in the field of atomic energy.
30:05The idea that Hitler might construct a nuclear weapon had terrifying implications.
30:10The grave threat drove Albert Einstein to write a letter of warning to President Roosevelt in October 1939.
30:21As a pacifist, Einstein opposed the making of weapons.
30:25But he realized the danger of such a weapon in the hands of Adolf Hitler.
30:32One can contemplate what would have happened had they been able to produce an atom bomb.
30:36And the results would obviously have been catastrophic, and we would have been living in an entirely different world.
30:42But in large part, ironically of course, because of Germany's own racist ideology, they lost most of the scientists,
30:49or kicked out most of the scientists who might have helped them to produce an atom bomb.
30:54And not only did they lose them, but the Americans and the British gained them.
30:57Einstein's letter set the wheels in motion for the most secret American research and development effort of the Second World War,
31:05the Manhattan Project.
31:08Originally intended to build an atomic bomb before the Germans,
31:12the Manhattan Project now offers two rewards.
31:15To force Japan into submission, and to enable the US, not the Soviet Union, to shape the post-war world.
31:21July the 5th, General Leslie Groves, Director of the Manhattan Project,
31:27requests that more plutonium be sent to the top-secret research laboratory at Los Alamos.
31:33There, scientists are working on a new plutonium-based bomb.
31:39The technology is such a radical departure from the uranium-based gun bomb, also being built, that many doubt if it will even work.
31:50A brand new technology, several brand new technologies, the detonation system was a new system,
31:55the implosion system of high explosives were new, and it was not at all clear that it was going to work.
32:02Therefore it had to be tested at full scale.
32:03The first test date of the plutonium-based device has already been set.
32:09It's now less than two weeks away.
32:12The test is codenamed Trinity.
32:17By now the population of the Los Alamos compound has swelled from 30 scientists to about 5,000.
32:24Those recruited to live in the top-secret and isolated facility live an unusual existence.
32:29But some things continue as normal.
32:35Here was this little isolated community, this Shangri-La, on top of a mesa in the middle of a forest,
32:4340 miles northwest of Santa Fe, with one telephone line running back into the world.
32:50It was like a scene out of Shakespeare's The Tempest.
32:52And they square danced, and they romanced, and they had lots and lots of babies.
32:59At one point General Groves asked Oppenheimer if he couldn't do something about all the babies.
33:05And Oppenheimer said, General, my requirements don't extend that far.
33:09I can give you the bomb. I can't stop the population growth.
33:12As scientists continue to work feverishly on the development of the bomb,
33:18in Europe, the defeated civilians of Berlin, ravaged by war and weary with exhaustion,
33:24are focused on mere survival.
33:27As the first contingent of Western allies prepares to enter the capital,
33:32news from the ruins of Berlin grabs attention around the world.
33:35July the third, Moscow. The radio announces that the body of Joseph Goebbels,
33:43the former Nazi Minister of Propaganda, has been discovered among the ruins of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin.
33:54Joseph Goebbels' name has become synonymous with Nazi propaganda.
33:58Born into a strict working class Catholic family, childhood polio left him with a crippled right foot,
34:08which kept him from military service during the First World War.
34:13Many believe that his disability left Goebbels embittered and cynical,
34:17attitudes clearly apparent in his work.
34:20A shrewd political opportunist, he had initially opposed Hitler's rise,
34:24going so far as to call for his expulsion from the Nazi party in 1926.
34:29But later that same year, recognising Hitler's domination of the party,
34:34Goebbels gave him his unconditional support.
34:39In 1930, Goebbels was made the party's national propaganda chief.
34:43It was in this position that he began to exercise his true mastery of manipulation.
34:48He portrayed Hitler as Germany's only hope against the country's perceived enemies,
34:52Marxists, profiteers and Jews.
34:57Goebbels wasted no time in purging the German cultural establishment of influences that undermined the Nazis.
35:04On May the 10th, 1933, he staged a massive book burning in Berlin.
35:09Works by Jews, Marxists and others labelled subversive were destroyed.
35:14Goebbels became one of the architects of the final solution,
35:18supervising the deportation of Jews from Berlin.
35:20Goebbels, one of the last things he said to his staff at the propaganda ministry,
35:25was, um, all behave in a way that won't make people laugh when your faces appear on newsreels in 50 years time.
35:33He said, the earth will shake as we leave the stage.
35:37As the Third Reich collapsed in 1945, Goebbels spent his last days with Hitler in the Führerbunker.
35:43Following Hitler's suicide, Goebbels enlisted the help of an SS doctor to poison his children.
35:50According to some accounts, he then had an SS orderly shoot him and his wife in the back of the head.
35:55The discovery of the remains of Joseph Goebbels, former Nazi minister of propaganda, sparks rumours that Hitler is still alive.
36:05Residents of the German capital, however, are unconcerned by the report.
36:11The city's population, primarily women and children, are preoccupied with survival.
36:15July the third, Berlin. The first American occupation troops arrive in the stricken capital.
36:23They've finally been granted access to the city.
36:25When the time came for the first British and American contingents to move into Berlin,
36:36which was to be a four-power city in the midst of the Soviet zone,
36:41the Soviets made all sorts of difficulties about letting them anywhere near there.
36:45It was almost literally as if the Soviets feared being contaminated by democracy, by these Westerners.
36:51They didn't want them anywhere near their people.
36:55In Berlin, we definitely got the sense that there was a split amongst the Allies.
37:01The Russians were there, and they did not welcome us.
37:05In fact, there was a tension whenever the Allies and the Russians would meet.
37:11We patrolled along the line, dividing the U.S. section from the Russian section,
37:16and we had been warned not to get over that line because the Russians were completely unfriendly.
37:25July the fourth. The next day, the armoured car regiment of the British 7th Armoured Division,
37:31the famous Desert Rats, arrive outside the city.
37:34Led by the division's commander, Major General Lewis Line, the regiment has travelled 77 miles from Magdeburg,
37:43which now becomes part of the Soviet occupation zone.
37:47After their 14-hour journey, the British, however, are held up outside Berlin by the Red Army.
37:56Three hours later, the Soviets allow this second group of Western Allies to enter.
38:00Under the gaze of several thousand bleary-eyed civilians, the British troops drive into the city.
38:08As they take in their surroundings, they are shocked by the utter devastation.
38:13German citizens have been hired by the occupation forces to clear the streets of bricks, stone and debris.
38:20People were living in rubble, they were scrabbling for food, just a gigantic smoking ruin.
38:25And what then happened was they began to put people to work, just uncovering stuff.
38:32And these were the so-called Trümmerfrauen, the rubble women.
38:36Women were just put into battalions because there were hardly any men left.
38:40You know, just taking these bits of rubble from off of the basements to see what was in there and so on.
38:45It was grotesque.
38:47Many work 13 hours a day to earn money for food.
38:49In Berlin, the people we met were very glad that it was over, but they were having such a hard time just living, getting something to eat and so on, that they were happy for anything they could get.
39:07I mean, they were willing to do work, wash dishes for us or do anything that we wanted, if we would give them some food.
39:17As Allied troops navigate the war-torn streets of Berlin, in London the preoccupation is with politics.
39:24Great Britain is holding its first general election in 10 years.
39:35July the 5th, England.
39:38Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of Great Britain since 1940, and the country's victorious wartime coalition leader, is hopeful that he will serve another term.
39:47But now the leader of the Conservative Party slips away from London for an eight-day vacation in the Pays Basques, near the French border with Spain.
39:58Churchill's opponent, Labour Party leader Clement Attlee, also has time on his hands, although like most, he expects Churchill will soon be back in office.
40:08The delay is caused by the amount of overseas votes coming in from servicemen stationed worldwide.
40:15The election result will not be known for another three weeks.
40:24Next, on the last days of World War II.
40:28In Berlin, tensions brew as the Soviets keep a firm grip on the city.
40:32There was a definite feeling that this was going to be a real problem in the future.
40:38And in the Pacific, US air strikes continue to devastate Japanese airfields, as fighter bombers from the carrier fleet join the bombardment.
41:02In Britain's