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The run-up to and beginning of Operation Desert Storm : McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle/Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk.
The run-up to and beginning of Operation Desert Storm : McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle/Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk.
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00:00The End
00:30January 1991, an F-15 pilot on combat air patrol sweeps the skies of Iraq.
00:38All righty, I'm Gettner drumming, captain in the 27th fighter squadron, flying F-15s over Iraq.
00:45Today has been a meek sweep.
00:47We started from the central, swept up toward Baghdad, hung a ride to the east,
00:52looked at several airfields in the southeastern and eastern sector, ran the Iranian border,
00:56repeated that a couple of times, and then came back to Saudi Arabia to refuel.
01:02Now that we have our gas, we'll shortly be headed back up north and do the same thing one more time.
01:09Although its political significance is still being debated,
01:13the war in the Persian Gulf was a turning point in military history.
01:17For the first time, a massive strategic air campaign led to a decisive victory over a well-defended opponent.
01:23The first goal of the campaign was to quickly gain control of the skies.
01:28For that, no plane was better suited than the F-15 Eagle.
01:32I christen the Eagle, and may you reign supreme in your domain.
01:58Hear, hear.
01:58First flown in 1972, the F-15 Eagle was a major advance in high-performance fighter aircraft,
02:07but it was only developed because the United States thought the Soviet Union had a better plane.
02:13For the F-15 was a direct response to the MiG-25 Foxbat,
02:17a fast-flying, high-altitude fighter that seemed far superior to the west's top jet, the F-4 Phantom.
02:23Years later, western analysts discovered the Foxbat was not the stellar leap in aviation technology that it seemed to be.
02:31But in the 1960s, the threat seemed very real.
02:35So the United States Air Force called for manufacturers to design a superfighter,
02:41a plane that could out-shoot and out-fly anything in the sky.
02:46McDonnell Douglas won the contract with a two-engine, single-seat powerhouse
02:50incorporating every cutting-edge electronic system available.
02:53The new plane, designated F-15, was big and expensive,
02:58about $30 million per plane in today's dollars.
03:00But it was the fastest, most maneuverable fighter ever built.
03:06It was also the deadliest.
03:08For the heart of the F-15 is its APG-70 pulse-doppler radar,
03:12which can locate targets 100 miles away.
03:16This is critical, for in air combat,
03:18spotting your opponent first can make a life-or-death difference.
03:21When the time to fight arrives,
03:26an Eagle pilot has four weapons to choose from.
03:29He can fire long-range radar-guided AIM-7 Sparrow missiles.
03:34He can deploy AIM-9 Sidewinders,
03:37deadly close-range weapons that lock onto hot exhaust.
03:42AIM-120 missiles, known as AMRAAMs,
03:45are medium-range weapons similar to but more powerful than AIM-7s.
03:49Lastly, the M-61 Cannon.
03:54The F-15 has gone through three major upgrades
03:57since it entered Air Force service in 1974.
04:00During the Gulf War,
04:01American pilots flew the latest fighter model, the F-15C.
04:05120 were sent abroad.
04:08They fought alongside 82 Royal Saudi Air Force F-15Ds,
04:13essentially the same plane as the C.
04:14Saudi F-15s shot down two Iraqi Mirage F-1s during the Gulf War.
04:24Over the years,
04:25the F-15 has proven itself
04:27the dominant air superiority fighter in the world.
04:30The design was so successful
04:31that the Air Force decided to apply the Eagle's sturdy frame
04:34and enormous power to tactical bombing missions.
04:37The result was the F-15E,
04:43a two-man plane that combines the Eagle's speed and agility
04:46with the best bombing system tax dollars can buy.
04:5030% of the Eagle's airframe was modified
04:52to enable it to carry heavy bomb loads.
04:55The most noticeable changes are the E's longer wingspan
04:58and conformal fuel tanks.
04:59The E's also painted a darker shade of gray
05:02to camouflage its night-flying missions.
05:05Two squadrons of E's were to become operational in late 1991.
05:12But world events rushed the plane into service.
05:16The fighter-bomber underwent a trial by fire
05:19as a key part of the largest coalition air effort
05:22since World War II.
05:23August 2nd, 1990.
05:28Iraq invades Kuwait.
05:42Western and Arab leaders fear
05:44that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's next target
05:46is Saudi Arabia
05:47and ultimately,
05:49control of half the world's oil supply.
05:53August 7th,
05:55the 71st squadron of the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing
05:57leaves Langley, Virginia.
05:59Their destination,
06:01Saudi Arabia.
06:04I still didn't believe we were going to do it
06:07until I saw the first Eagle takeoff
06:09from the 71st heading over.
06:11And I was number 24 out of the 24 we sent that day.
06:15And pretty surreal atmosphere
06:19to take off at 5 o'clock in the afternoon
06:21from Langley and go out and hit a night tanker.
06:25And just the feeling that you were going to go over
06:28and do something that we don't normally do
06:30nowadays in the military.
06:32And the first Tactical Fighter Wing
06:33hadn't done for quite some time.
06:36Done a major deployment like that.
06:38Real world.
06:40And I think a lot of us were thinking about that.
06:43But the flight over was...
06:45It was tense, to tell you the truth.
06:48Very tense.
06:48The 14-hour flight from Langley to Saudi Arabia
06:52required each pilot to execute up to 8 mid-air refuelings.
06:57It was a fitting start to a war
06:58in which tankers played a crucial role.
07:01Over the 6 weeks of combat,
07:03tankers would pump 110 million gallons of fuel
07:06to 46,000 planes.
07:08When they arrived at Al-Karj,
07:13American air crews found state-of-the-art airstrips,
07:16blast-proof hangars,
07:17and modern maintenance facilities waiting for them.
07:21Much of this was in place
07:22because of a long-standing agreement
07:24between the United States and Saudi Arabia.
07:27Since 1983,
07:28the Saudis have been building emergency airfields
07:30across their country
07:31for use in case the Gulf was threatened by an aggressor.
07:34But despite this advantage,
07:37some feared that planes such as the F-15
07:39were simply too complex
07:41to survive the pressure of a round-the-clock war.
07:45Yeah, there was a piece of safety wire
07:46that showed up on the x-ray,
07:49so we have to...
07:50In fact, just the opposite proved true.
07:53The number of airplanes ready to fly
07:55at any given time
07:56actually increased during the war.
07:57F-15s went from an 85%
08:01peacetime mission-capable rate
08:02to a wartime average of 94%.
08:05The hard work of flight crews
08:08made it possible for pilots
08:09to fly constant defensive counter-air patrols
08:12along the border of Saudi Arabia and Iraq.
08:15The goal was to test Iraq's air defenses
08:17and the readiness of Iraqi pilots.
08:22Defensive counter-air
08:23is basically flying combat air patrols
08:25that orbits south of the border
08:27so that on one leg, the hot leg,
08:29you're looking into Iraq
08:31to see if they've got anybody taken off
08:32to come south to do an invasion.
08:35And we flew those missions
08:37for the five months waiting,
08:39about four and a half to six hours at a pop,
08:42because any time they'd fly,
08:43we'd lock them up.
08:45They knew we were up there
08:46and they were getting that radar spike
08:49that told them that the F-15s were looking at them
08:51and if they wanted to try anything,
08:53they were welcome to come south.
08:55January 17th, 1991.
09:04In the early hours of the morning,
09:06668 aircraft and their pilots
09:09gear up for the first air attack
09:11on Iraq and occupied Kuwait.
09:13The first night was probably the most impressive
09:16because even though they had practiced drills
09:19in the Baghdad area
09:20where they would turn all the lights out
09:22if they did get attacked,
09:23they didn't when they got attacked.
09:25And it was like flying into Philadelphia
09:27or someplace totally lit up
09:30and you could see the tigers and the Euphrates
09:31as they wound up towards Baghdad.
09:33No doubt the first night was fairly impressive.
09:43And what was really unique about that for me
09:45was as we let down into our low level
09:47and we flew the first 250 miles or so into Iraq
09:50at low altitude and saw absolutely nothing.
09:53It was just like a training mission
09:54at Luke or Seymour Johnson or anywhere else
09:58until the first bombs hit the ground.
10:01And there was no doubt at that point
10:02that they didn't know where we were
10:04but they knew we were coming.
10:05And you can't prepare somebody for being shot at.
10:08I thought I had been prepared for that
10:09but it was truly an eye-opening experience.
10:13A key element of our overall strategy
10:19was to knock down his interceptors
10:22before they could interfere with our operations.
10:25The F-15Cs performed beautifully in that role.
10:29And what it amounted to in the first three days of the war
10:31when the control of the air was really contested by both sides
10:35the Iraqis would take off
10:37they'd put their gear up and they'd blow up.
10:39That's because the F-15 with its look-down, shoot-down capability
10:43was able to target them immediately after take-off.
10:47I think that was fundamental to our success in the whole campaign.
10:51The F-15's mission is to intercept enemy aircraft
10:55and protect friendly aircraft.
10:57In the Gulf War that meant guarding packages of planes
11:00including F-16s which flew bombing raids.
11:04F-4G Wild Weasels
11:05which knocked out anti-aircraft guns and surface-to-air missiles.
11:10F-111 long-range fighter bombers
11:12which flew over 4,000 sorties in the Gulf.
11:17British-built tornado fighter bombers.
11:20And B-52s, the long-serving heavy bombers
11:24that shelled Iraq's Republican Guard around the clock
11:27every day of the war.
11:28Hundreds of coalition airplanes were in the sky at any one time.
11:37Airborne warning and control system airplanes
11:40better known as AWACS
11:41kept air traffic straight.
11:43Largely thanks to AWACS
11:45there were no air-to-air friendly fire incidents
11:47during the Gulf War.
11:48...data coming in
11:49with no symbology.
11:52When AWACS spotted enemy planes
11:54they sent F-15s in for the kill.
11:59The 120 U.S. and 82 Saudi F-15s
12:03were responsible for 36 of the 41 confirmed air combat victories
12:07by coalition forces.
12:10The closest thing I saw to an enemy aircraft
12:12was the first day
12:14and that was in our package
12:16the F-15s
12:17got two MiG-29 kills.
12:20And I can remember it vividly too
12:21because we had one of the female AWACS controllers
12:24her voice was very
12:26not soothing
12:28but her voice was easy to pick out
12:30when you hear a lot of radio chatter going on
12:31a female voice to a guy
12:32it's just something you hear.
12:33So we were
12:35I was listening
12:35and I can remember watching
12:36her talk
12:38what the MiG-29s were doing
12:40on my radar
12:41I just had it
12:42looking out there in the distance
12:43and when those guys turned
12:46and committed out on us
12:47the Eagles were waiting on them
12:48and just jumped on them
12:49and shot them both down.
12:55Iraq's Air Force
12:56consisted of 750 fighters and bombers
12:58and 200 support planes.
13:01They flew the best
13:02non-U.S. planes money could buy
13:04including Mirage F-1s
13:07and Soviet MiGs
13:08from the 29 on down.
13:11But despite having weathered
13:1210 years of combat
13:13during the war with Iran
13:14Iraq's Air Force
13:16was defeated in days.
13:18Planes that weren't shot out of the sky
13:20were blasted on the ground
13:22by F-111s
13:23and other fighter bombers.
13:25Two, one, two, one.
13:26For about two miles.
13:27In fact.
13:28Oh!
13:29Oh, yes!
13:30Coming right.
13:32The Iraqis moved their planes
13:34into heavily reinforced
13:35aircraft hangars
13:36and bomb-proof revetments.
13:39The Allies countered
13:40by dropping
13:41hardened laser-guided bombs.
13:43Eventually
13:44they destroyed
13:44375
13:46of Iraq's
13:47594
13:48impregnable shelters.
13:49By the ninth day of the war
13:56Iraq's airfields
13:57were in ruins.
13:58The Iraqi Air Force
13:59apparently decided
14:00the only way to survive
14:01was to run.
14:03Flights of Iraqi fighters
14:04and bombers
14:05began streaking towards Iran.
14:07Some of the planes
14:08were shot down
14:08by F-15s.
14:10Some ran out of fuel.
14:12But about 150
14:13made it to safety.
14:16You know,
14:16Iraq really had
14:17a good air force.
14:18It was well-equipped.
14:19MiG-29s,
14:20Mirages.
14:21It was well-trained.
14:22I've met Iraqi pilots.
14:23And they're good.
14:24These guys are not slouches.
14:26They pulled off
14:27some fantastic missions
14:28in the Iran-Iraq war.
14:29The strike against
14:30the Iranian nuclear
14:32power plants.
14:34The strike against
14:35Karj Islands
14:36they'd carry out.
14:37But their problem,
14:40their weakness was
14:40they were very
14:41centrally controlled
14:42and they were tied
14:44to their ground control.
14:46So when the Iraqis
14:47took off,
14:48many times
14:49they were blind
14:49because we took out
14:50the communications,
14:51we took out
14:52the radar sites
14:52and then once
14:54we got them in the air
14:55they were more easily
14:57engaged and shot down.
14:58But the other thing is
14:59because we made it look easy,
15:01don't think it was easy.
15:02Those air-to-air engagements
15:04were a struggle
15:04and our guys risk it all
15:07but they pulled it off.
15:08perhaps the greatest mistake
15:17made by coalition planners
15:19before the Gulf War began
15:20was underestimating
15:22the threat posed
15:23by Iraq's scud
15:24ballistic missiles.
15:26Militarily,
15:27scuds were insignificant.
15:29But politically,
15:31scud attacks on Israel
15:32and Saudi Arabia
15:33could have torn
15:33the coalition apart.
15:45The political importance
15:46of hunting down the scuds
15:47was so great
15:48that the best aircraft
15:50on hand
15:50was assigned to the task.
15:52That plane
15:53was the brand new
15:54F-15E fighter-bomber.
15:57Though technically
15:58still in testing,
15:59F-15Es were rushed
16:00into combat
16:01when the Gulf War erupted.
16:0348 were deployed
16:04to Saudi Arabia.
16:06The reason for this haste
16:07was that the E
16:08was simply too powerful
16:09a plane not to use.
16:12A dual-role fighter,
16:14the F-15E
16:14has the air-to-air
16:15combat capability
16:16of the F-15C
16:17plus the ability
16:19to fly night bombing missions
16:20in bad weather
16:21at altitudes
16:22as low as 200 feet.
16:24while carrying
16:2524,500 pounds
16:27of ordnance.
16:29In keeping with
16:30the Eagle's
16:31no-expense-spared history,
16:33the F-15E
16:34is equipped
16:35with the finest
16:35weapon system available.
16:37The heart of the system
16:38is the same radar
16:39in every F-15,
16:41the APG-70.
16:43When used
16:44in a bombing role,
16:45this powerful radar
16:46gives pilots
16:47sharp views
16:48of the targets,
16:49no matter
16:49what the weather.
16:51F-15s
16:52were the only planes
16:53in the Gulf
16:53that carried
16:54fully functional
16:55lantern pods.
16:56The low-altitude
16:57navigation
16:58and targeting
16:58infrared for night
17:00system
17:00lets the Eagle
17:01fly across
17:02featureless terrain
17:03without navigation aids.
17:05It also contains
17:06a target tracker
17:07and a laser designator.
17:08The E's two crewmen
17:12have a bewildering array
17:13of instruments
17:13to monitor.
17:15The front-seater
17:16flies the airplane
17:17and guards
17:17against air-to-air threats,
17:19while the weapons
17:20system operator
17:20in the back seat
17:21monitors four screens
17:23with up to
17:2423 different displays.
17:26from very long distances.
17:28You can locate
17:29things on the ground
17:30that look just like
17:30a picture that you take
17:31from an overhead satellite
17:32near photograph.
17:34And you need
17:35very low squint angles
17:36to do that,
17:36so I don't necessarily
17:37have to be at
17:38high altitude.
17:39I can be down
17:39at 300 or 500 feet
17:40and get very much
17:41the same picture
17:42I would if I cruise
17:42over at 25,000.
17:43F-15E's worked closely
17:46with two planes
17:47carrying Grumman's
17:48brand-new
17:48Joint Surveillance
17:49and Target Attack
17:50Radar System,
17:52known as JSTARS.
17:53JSTARS scans the ground
17:55day or night
17:56and in all weather conditions.
17:58It can detect
17:59and target virtually
18:00every object
18:01that falls in the path
18:02of its radar.
18:03Controllers relay
18:04this information
18:05down to ground commanders
18:06who decide who and what
18:08will attack the targets.
18:11Unfortunately,
18:12on radar,
18:12a scud carrier
18:13looks like any other
18:14large truck.
18:16Scud launchers
18:16were usually detected
18:17after they had
18:18fired a missile.
18:19What turned out
18:20to be different
18:20than we'd originally
18:21envisioned was
18:22the need to go in
18:23and find mobile scud
18:24targets,
18:25and that wound up
18:26taking a lot
18:26of our time.
18:27I would guess
18:27that probably
18:28about 50 to 52%
18:29of the missions
18:30that we flew over there
18:30were done in western Iraq
18:31looking for mobile scuds
18:33and associated equipment.
18:36F-15E's patrolled
18:37the Iraqi border
18:38ready to attack scud sites.
18:40On the ground,
18:41British and American
18:42commandos went deep
18:43behind enemy lines
18:44looking for scuds
18:45and calling in airstrikes
18:47when they found them.
18:48But Iraq had
18:49over 1,200 scuds
18:50and the vast size
18:52of the region
18:53made finding them
18:53extremely difficult.
18:55Their very lack
18:56of sophistication
18:57made them easy
18:57to set up and fire
18:58and their mobility
18:59made them easy
19:00to hide.
19:01We believe
19:02that they adapted
19:04their tactics
19:04to the threat,
19:05which for them
19:06was the threat
19:07of being obliterated
19:08by a laser-guided bomb
19:09from an F-15E.
19:12They started
19:13to come out
19:13only at night.
19:15They started
19:15to take advantage
19:17of environmental conditions
19:18which made it difficult
19:19for us to see them.
19:21And they began
19:23to move
19:24their operations areas
19:26farther north.
19:29The intense air attacks
19:31on scud sites
19:31did seem
19:32to have an impact.
19:33In the first
19:34five days of the war,
19:36Iraq fired
19:36an average
19:37of five scuds
19:38per day.
19:39In the month
19:39that followed,
19:41the average
19:41went down
19:41to one per day.
19:44Although scud hunts
19:45became their priority,
19:47F-15E pilots
19:48were also sent
19:49against many other
19:49important hard-to-hit
19:51targets such as
19:52radar sites
19:52and airfields.
19:54During the Gulf War,
19:56the 48 F-15Es
19:58sent to Saudi Arabia
19:59flew over 2,200 sorties.
20:01They dropped
20:02more than 11 million
20:03pounds of bombs.
20:05By all accounts,
20:07the new airplane
20:07and its pilots
20:08performed superbly
20:09in combat.
20:11But flying 300 feet
20:13above the ground
20:14at night
20:14in heavily defended
20:15territory
20:16will always be
20:17extremely dangerous,
20:19no matter how good
20:20the pilot
20:20or how advanced
20:21the aircraft.
20:23Two F-15Es
20:24were lost
20:25in the first week
20:26of the war.
20:28The F-15Es
20:29had a tough job
20:30to do.
20:30They were flying
20:30at night
20:31and they were
20:31the key
20:32to our scud-hitting
20:33events over
20:34in western Iraq.
20:36Unfortunately,
20:37we lost two of them
20:38during the war.
20:38One of them
20:39we'll probably
20:40never know
20:40what happened.
20:41It could have been
20:41shot down
20:42or it could have
20:42flown into the ground.
20:45Another one
20:45was shot down
20:46probably by
20:47a surface-to-air
20:48missile over
20:49in western Iraq
20:50while hunting scuds.
20:51I don't know
20:59I don't know
21:00of any military man
21:01that really
21:03enjoys combat.
21:06It is something
21:07you learn to hate.
21:08You hate it
21:09because it's wasteful,
21:10because of the loss
21:11of life,
21:11and you actually
21:12feel a sense
21:13of immorality
21:14in the taking
21:15of life.
21:15Nonetheless,
21:16in this case,
21:17it had to be done.
21:19But I lost friends
21:20over there.
21:20My former exec
21:21was one of the guys
21:23that was lost
21:23in an F-15.
21:25And I'll tell you,
21:26it hurts deeply.
21:48This is the F-117 Nighthawk,
22:02better known
22:03as the Stealth Fighter.
22:06Until recently,
22:07the sight of this plane
22:08at an air show
22:09would have been unthinkable.
22:11For years,
22:12the F-117
22:13was one of the Air Force's
22:14most closely guarded secrets.
22:16But in 1991,
22:21this mysterious plane
22:22was the cornerstone
22:23of the strategic air campaign
22:25waged against Iraq.
22:27And literally overnight,
22:29the F-117
22:30underwent a drastic
22:31change of image.
22:33Prior to January 16th,
22:36it was a symbol
22:36of wasteful defense spending.
22:39The day after,
22:40it represented
22:41the high-tech military juggernaut
22:43that crushed Iraq.
22:46The F-117
23:17The F-117
23:18is a product
23:19of Lockheed's
23:19Advanced Development Projects Group,
23:22which for decades
23:22has designed
23:23the most top-secret planes
23:24in the Air Force inventory,
23:26including the SR-71 Blackbird.
23:29In many ways,
23:30the Blackbird
23:30was the first
23:31Stealth aircraft,
23:33its sleek shape
23:33making it harder
23:34to spot on radar.
23:37Stealth technology
23:38was developed
23:38in response
23:39to the heavy losses
23:40the United States
23:41suffered in Vietnam
23:42from surface-to-air missiles
23:43and radar-guided guns.
23:46The development
23:47of radar-seeking missiles
23:48was one response
23:49to the threat.
23:50The other
23:51was a top-secret effort
23:52to create an aircraft
23:53that would be nearly impossible
23:54to detect by radar.
23:57If it could be built,
23:58such a plane
23:59would bring the element
24:00of surprise
24:00back to air warfare.
24:06The first known result
24:07of the program
24:07was Have Blue,
24:09the predecessor
24:10of today's stealth fighter.
24:12Have Blue remains classified
24:14to this day,
24:15but it proved so stealthy
24:17that in 1978,
24:18Congress authorized production
24:20of an F-117 prototype
24:21codenamed Senior Trend.
24:25By 1981,
24:26funds were allocated
24:27for an entire wing
24:28of F-117s,
24:3059 planes in all.
24:34A new facility
24:36was built specifically
24:37to keep the highly classified
24:38project under wraps.
24:40The stealth base
24:41at Tonopah Test Range
24:43sits deep
24:43in the Nevada desert.
24:45Tonopah is so remote
24:47that pilots and crew
24:48are flown in
24:49for week-long stays.
24:53This secrecy
24:54was considered necessary
24:55because of the tension
24:56between the United States
24:57and the Soviet Union
24:58during the 1980s.
25:00The F-117
25:01was a major leap forward
25:02in the evolution
25:03of fighter aircraft,
25:04and the Air Force
25:05knew it.
25:06Even the shape
25:07of the plane
25:07was kept secret
25:08for years.
25:16The secrecy
25:17was eased
25:18somewhat after
25:18December 1989
25:19when the Nighthawk
25:21struck the first blow
25:22in Panama.
25:24Still,
25:24the only concrete details
25:25that emerged
25:26were about its cost,
25:28$52 million per plane,
25:31$8.2 billion
25:32for the total program.
25:34Crashes during training
25:35caused skeptics
25:36to brand the plane
25:37the Wobbly Goblin.
25:39All the pilots
25:40they fly,
25:40I really think
25:41that's a bogus rap.
25:42There was one
25:44that was crashed
25:45in testing
25:45in the books
25:46called the Have Blue
25:47program
25:48when this was started,
25:49and we've lost two
25:50that were operational
25:51tonight.
25:53It was probably,
25:53no one really knows
25:54why they crashed.
25:55It was probably
25:56due to spatial disorientation
25:57back to a single seat
25:58night airplane.
26:00It's easy to,
26:01you can lose
26:01your orientation
26:02which way's up,
26:03which way's down,
26:04or be working
26:04on a task
26:05and the airplane
26:06will do something
26:07and you may not notice it
26:08and it could have
26:09gone out of control.
26:10It's all subjective,
26:11it's all speculation,
26:13no one knows.
26:14But the airplane
26:15is rock steady.
26:16I don't know
26:16if any airplane
26:17is as stable
26:17as this thing is.
26:19It's easy to fly,
26:20it's stable,
26:21and that name
26:21is totally bogus.
26:22The F-117 is a
26:27comparable airplane
26:28in size to the F-15
26:29and as a matter of fact
26:31we share a lot
26:31of the same components.
26:32Landing gear on the F-15
26:33and this airplane
26:34are the same,
26:35same tires.
26:36A lot of the same
26:36subsystems,
26:37avionic systems,
26:38hydraulics,
26:39and neutralics,
26:41pneumatic type systems
26:41are all the same too.
26:43The cockpit is also
26:44about the same as an F-15.
26:46Very roomy
26:47for a single seat fighter
26:48it's spacious.
26:49Plenty of room
26:49to lay out
26:50stuff that we carry with us.
26:52The nose is cut
26:54and you won't see
26:54any perpendicular surfaces
26:56as you go around.
26:57The four probes
26:57in the front
26:58are not machine guns
26:59and they're not
27:00holographic projectors
27:01they're called
27:02pitot tubes,
27:02air sensing tubes
27:03we use.
27:04We have a four channel
27:04fly-by-wire
27:05flight control system.
27:07We have four pitot tubes.
27:08The grids in front
27:09replace normal intakes
27:10and are put on there
27:12for radar cross-section
27:13reduction.
27:14Also you'll notice
27:15around the airplane
27:15where the canopies meet
27:16and when the weapons
27:17bay is opened
27:19and on the gear doors
27:20you'll see sawtoothed edges.
27:21That's also done
27:23to break up
27:23a radar signature.
27:24Anytime you have
27:24two edges that meet
27:25you end up
27:26with a reflective edge.
27:28One of the things
27:28that you'll notice also
27:29from the bottom
27:30once the gear goes up
27:31there's an elliptical
27:31shape to it.
27:33You'll notice how
27:33it's hard to see
27:34which way the airplane is.
27:35We call it aspect angle
27:36for other pilots.
27:38Which way the airplane
27:38is approaching.
27:39Your angle to it
27:40and so as you see it
27:42it can almost look like
27:43when the airplane
27:43is turning
27:44or straight and level
27:45like it has
27:46a saucer type shape
27:47below
27:48as it's rounded.
27:48If you look at the tail
27:50you don't see
27:50any visible exhaust.
27:51The reason is
27:52that ledge or line
27:53that runs across here
27:54there's a set of bricks
27:55that goes the full width
27:56of the tail.
27:57We take and spread
27:58the exhaust out
27:59across the width
27:59to cool it
28:00right across these bricks
28:01and then duct it up
28:02so that there's
28:04no jet blast
28:05immediately behind
28:05the airplane
28:06is above.
28:07That gets rid of
28:08all of our infrared
28:08signature below.
28:10If you imagine
28:11you're an air-to-air fighter
28:12trying to find us
28:12from above
28:13you'll see that the tails
28:14slope out.
28:15If you go directly
28:15at 6 o'clock
28:16the tail will cover
28:17the exhaust
28:17from right behind
28:18the airplane.
28:20We have to do
28:21maintenance on the airplane
28:22and we have to
28:22remove the ram
28:23portions to get
28:24to the panels.
28:25So the maintenance
28:26on the airplane
28:27is exactly like
28:28on any other airplane
28:28as far as
28:29once you get
28:29under the skin
28:30ugly is only skin deep
28:32or beauty is only skin deep
28:33depending on how
28:33you want to look at it.
28:34Once you get under the skin
28:35it's a standard
28:36air force type airplane.
28:38The F-117 skin
28:39of radar absorbent material
28:41or ram
28:42absorbs whatever
28:43lingering radar energy
28:44that hasn't been deflected
28:45by the Nighthawk's
28:46faceted surfaces.
28:48This turret
28:49contains the F-117's
28:50forward-looking
28:51infrared sensor
28:52part of its
28:53highly classified
28:54navigation and attack system.
28:56Under the fuselage
28:57sits a downward-looking
28:58infrared sensor.
29:00Both the FLIR and BLEAR
29:01are equipped with lasers
29:02that spotlight targets
29:04for laser-guided
29:04precision weapons.
29:06And precision is a must
29:08since the Nighthawk
29:09can only carry
29:09two 2,000-pound bombs.
29:13The bombs must be carried
29:14internally
29:15to keep the plane's
29:16radar cross-section
29:17stealthy.
29:20When not flying
29:21combat missions
29:22pilots carry their
29:23belongings in
29:24personal effects pods
29:26that ride in the bomb bay.
29:31Until the Gulf War began
29:32even those familiar
29:34with the F-117
29:35weren't completely certain
29:36that stealth would work
29:37against a sophisticated
29:38air defense system.
29:40But the coalition's
29:43air command
29:44was gambling
29:45that stealth
29:45woodwork
29:46has advertised.
29:47They planned
29:48to send F-117's
29:50alone
29:50into Baghdad
29:51the most heavily
29:53defended city
29:54in Iraq.
29:54January 17th, 1991
30:083 a.m.
30:09Saudi time.
30:11Two squadrons
30:12of F-117 Nighthawks
30:13launched simultaneous
30:14strikes across the city
30:16of Baghdad
30:16dropping approximately
30:1860 laser-guided bombs
30:19on Iraqi communications
30:21buildings,
30:22air defense bunkers,
30:23ammunition bunkers,
30:25Scud missile sites
30:26and the headquarters
30:27of the Iraqi Air Force.
30:29Within minutes
30:30the foundation
30:31of Iraq's
30:31complex command
30:32and control network
30:33has been crippled
30:34and the war
30:35in the Persian Gulf
30:36has begun.
30:38It is a mission
30:39Nighthawk pilots
30:40have anticipated
30:41for months.
30:48We got notified
30:50and we're on a
30:51little bit of
30:52emotional rollercoaster
30:53for a couple of weeks
30:54until we actually went
30:54but we deployed
30:55through Langley
30:56Air Force Base
30:57and then from there
30:59we made a one-hop
31:01about 15 and a half hours
31:02to a place called
31:03Khameez-Mashad
31:04in Saudi Arabia
31:05southern part
31:07almost
31:07oh maybe 100 miles
31:09north of Yemen.
31:12F-117's
31:12from the 37th
31:13tactical fighter wing
31:1442 in all
31:16were sent
31:17to a Saudi base
31:18far from Iraqi
31:19missile range
31:19but their great
31:21distance from Baghdad
31:23would require them
31:24to fly
31:242,000 miles
31:25round trip
31:26every mission.
31:28On the plus side
31:29Khameez-Mashad
31:30was a state-of-the-art
31:31air base.
31:33When we arrived
31:35in Saudi Arabia
31:35we weren't sure
31:36what type of facilities
31:37we would have.
31:38Matter of fact
31:38at one point
31:39we weren't even sure
31:39which base
31:40we were going to
31:41once we were airborne
31:42but the facilities
31:43we were put into
31:45were absolutely superb.
31:46The Saudis
31:46were excellent hosts
31:48and gave us
31:48a brand new facility
31:49they had built
31:50and hadn't even
31:51accepted from the
31:51contractors
31:52so when we got there
31:52they were still
31:53turning on the water
31:54finding beds
31:55and they still had
31:56to break the seals
31:58and all the pipes
31:59and doors
31:59for us to get in.
32:01So it was actually
32:02one of the better
32:02facilities
32:02as good as we had
32:03at Tonopah
32:04as far as war protection
32:05bunkers
32:06but the Saudis
32:08again
32:08were just super
32:09they gave us
32:10everything that we requested
32:11plus some.
32:14The Saudis called
32:15the F-117
32:16Shabba
32:17or Ghost.
32:18The pilots
32:19crews
32:20and the generals
32:20who sent them
32:21into battle
32:21could only hope
32:22the plane would
32:23fit that description.
32:26The quick victory
32:27in the Gulf
32:28has led to the
32:28misconception
32:29that Iraq
32:30was a poorly
32:30defended opponent
32:31that put up
32:32little resistance
32:33to its attackers.
32:35In fact
32:35Iraq was equipped
32:36with an internetted
32:37radar system
32:38and armed
32:39with 16,000
32:40surface-to-air missiles
32:41and 7,000
32:43anti-aircraft guns.
32:44When the air war
32:45started
32:46I sat there
32:46in the
32:47attack
32:47and air control
32:47center
32:48and I was
32:50feeling very badly.
32:51First of all
32:52we were embarking
32:53on the taking
32:53of lives
32:54and that's tough.
32:56I didn't know
32:56whether the
32:57technology would work.
32:58I was told
32:59the test data
32:59showed stealth worked
33:00but I had no way
33:02of knowing
33:02it had never been
33:03tested in such numbers
33:04and that was a worry.
33:05Fortunately
33:06it turned out great.
33:07But I think
33:08the thing
33:09that bothers you
33:10the most
33:10is when you
33:12sit there
33:12is you wonder
33:14of all the things
33:15you might not
33:16have done.
33:17The things
33:18the enemy
33:18could do to you
33:19that you
33:19hadn't anticipated.
33:21And so
33:22as this battle
33:22unfolded
33:23we felt
33:24great relief.
33:25I had the honor
33:26of leading
33:27the first attack
33:28on Baghdad.
33:30There were
33:3010 of us
33:31that went
33:33downtown
33:33before the rest
33:36of the support
33:37package came in
33:39and I have
33:40to tell you
33:41that Baghdad
33:43was the damnedest
33:44firework show
33:44that I'd ever seen.
33:48And the city
33:49was lit up
33:50like it was
33:51a holiday
33:52just in terms
33:53of all the street lights
33:54and traffic out there
33:55even though it was still
33:56three or four in the morning.
33:57But then you take
33:59the city
33:59that is all lit up
34:01and you accent it
34:02first with
34:03arcs of 23mm
34:06that are
34:06very high rate
34:08of fire weapons
34:09and shooting
34:09almost horizontally.
34:11You could look down
34:12and see all that
34:13and then about the level
34:14that we were flying
34:15there were red-orange
34:18bursts
34:18of larger caliber
34:20flak going off
34:21and it was from
34:23one end of the city
34:24to the other
34:25just completely
34:26like a cloud layer
34:28sitting over it
34:29only so active
34:30and then
34:31to kind of accent
34:33that whole
34:34fireworks light display
34:35there'd be
34:36three ships
34:37of SAM missiles
34:39coming right up
34:40through
34:40that whole mess
34:42and
34:42explode overhead.
34:46Despite the ground fire
34:48the F-117s
34:49performed the mission
34:50they were designed for
34:51covert surgical strikes
34:53against hardened
34:54high value
34:55heavily defended
34:56targets.
34:57Flying at night
34:58F-117s dropped
35:002,000 pound
35:00laser guided bombs
35:01from 25,000 feet
35:03and hit targets
35:04the size of shoeboxes.
35:07Apparently
35:07the Iraqi army
35:08never saw them coming
35:09but on the first night
35:11flying in radio silence
35:13pilots had no way
35:15of knowing
35:15just how successful
35:16their attacks had been.
35:17I had a long way to go
35:21to find the tanker again
35:23and
35:24found him
35:25and got my wingman on
35:27and we talked
35:29on the way back
35:29and asked
35:30hey did you hear
35:30from so and so
35:31or did you hear
35:32this other guy
35:33check in
35:34and we said no
35:35and
35:36so I thought
35:37we'd lost a couple
35:38airplanes the first night
35:39and it was a long trip home
35:41believe me.
35:42Coming back here
35:43when I landed
35:44the crew chiefs
35:45told me that
35:46that everybody had
35:47returned
35:48that all the F-117s
35:49had come back
35:49and I didn't believe him
35:50because I just
35:51I just
35:51couldn't believe
35:52that anybody would have
35:53survived with all that
35:54AAA
35:54but sure enough
35:56after he told me
35:58about the third time
35:59and other people
36:00nodded their heads
36:00and said yeah
36:01everybody made it back
36:02and went gosh
36:02that's
36:03that was more of a relief
36:04than anything.
36:09I went up on the second night
36:11the first night
36:12I think the guys
36:12had a cakewalk
36:13because no one knew
36:14they were coming
36:14until they got there
36:15the second night
36:16they knew that we were coming
36:17when people throw bullets
36:18up into the air
36:19you're going through there
36:20it's just a function of
36:21how fast you're going through
36:23and how many bullets
36:24are up there
36:24if you're going to get hit or not
36:25we were very fortunate
36:26but we also were
36:28a little bit skillful
36:29in that too
36:30that no stealths
36:31throughout the entire war
36:32going to Baghdad
36:33almost every night
36:34sustained any hits at all.
36:37There's no doubt about it
36:38that the stealth
36:39technology
36:40has revolutionized
36:41air operations
36:42and warfare in total
36:43the 117 guys
36:46were the ones
36:46that flew the tough missions
36:47downtown in Baghdad
36:48one of the most heavily
36:49defended targets
36:50in the world
36:51the fact that they were able
36:52to go in there
36:53without escort
36:54without defense suppression
36:55meant that we did not
36:57have to attack
36:58hundreds
36:59of targets
37:00located in residential areas
37:01and kept down
37:03overall casualties
37:04overall loss of life
37:05and a lot of collateral damage.
37:07well I'm not going to tell you
37:11that it wasn't exciting
37:11going through Baghdad
37:12but it's not an excitement
37:14that I want to go back
37:14and relive
37:15in the near future
37:16or if ever
37:17I think that most of the guys
37:19will tell you
37:20that I think
37:21I feel the way they do
37:22is that we're doing
37:22our job over there
37:23and the excitement
37:24that comes from that
37:25is mostly about
37:26getting the job done
37:27it's real exciting
37:29when you figure out
37:29people are trying to kill you
37:30but at the time
37:31they're trying to do it
37:32you're too busy
37:32doing other things
37:33we're fully occupied
37:35when we're doing
37:35a target run
37:36and so you don't have
37:37time to sightsee usually
37:38when it's all of them
37:40you're through with your run
37:41you're on your way out
37:41you have a chance
37:42to look back
37:42and see what was there
37:43and that's when
37:44you kind of go
37:45well
37:46thank you Lord
37:47for another one.
38:03Gamis Mushat
38:05General H. Norman Schwarzkopf
38:08commander of allied forces
38:09in the Gulf
38:10has come to inspect
38:11the airplane
38:12that has been the key factor
38:13in destroying Iraq's
38:15defense and communications network
38:16F-117 bombing runs
38:20were instrumental
38:20in driving Iraq's
38:21military leadership
38:22into underground bunkers
38:24and cutting them off
38:25from their troops
38:26strikes on electrical power plants
38:28and oil reserves
38:29across the nation
38:30rendered much of the Iraqi army's
38:32high-tech equipment
38:33all but useless.
38:35In strike after strike
38:36the F-117 was proving
38:38its destructive potential.
38:41I think it's fair to say
38:43that the Iraqi command
38:46and control
38:46in its totality
38:49was decimated
38:51by the F-117
38:53and I'm sure there are those
38:54who attacked targets
38:56that were on the fringe
38:58but the main focus
39:00of his command and control
39:01were attacked solely
39:02by the F-117s
39:03and they were attacked
39:05in many cases
39:06in an autonomous mode.
39:08One F-117,
39:09one bomb
39:10and nobody else around.
39:12Although it's called
39:13the stealth fighter
39:14to date
39:15the F-117
39:16has flown in combat
39:17exclusively
39:18as a light bomber.
39:20The F-117
39:21carries laser-guided bombs
39:23which are actually
39:24conventional
39:252,000 pound bombs
39:26fitted with special noses
39:28that steer towards targets
39:29marked by laser beams.
39:32Laser-guided bombs
39:33are very accurate
39:34but they are also
39:35very expensive.
39:37Most of the bombs
39:38dropped during the Gulf War
39:39were unguided gravity bombs.
39:43But for targets
39:43in urban areas
39:44the coalition opted
39:45for precision weapons
39:47and for true precision
39:48those bombs were dropped
39:50by F-117s.
39:52The accuracy
39:53of the Nighthawks
39:53was such that
39:54although they flew
39:55only 2% of total combat
39:57sorties in the Gulf
39:57they covered 40%
39:59of all strategic targets.
40:02F-117s dropped
40:03over 2,000 tons of bombs
40:05and flew more than
40:066,900 combat hours.
40:08The Air Force
40:12is fond of pointing out
40:14that a target
40:14that would have taken
40:15more than 500 missions
40:17to destroy
40:17in World War II
40:19can now be vaporized
40:21in one mission
40:22with one bomb.
40:24And since stealth planes
40:25can fly into enemy territory
40:27without fighter escorts
40:28jamming planes
40:30or other support aircraft
40:31fewer pilots' lives
40:33are on the line.
40:34Well, it saves lives
40:37but the analogies
40:38the numbers sometimes
40:39will lie to you.
40:40You'll see figures
40:41thrown around
40:42that we're equivalent
40:43of 200 to 300 V-17s.
40:45Well, that's true
40:47in one perspective
40:47because we can go places
40:49they can't go
40:49and knock out
40:50with one bomb
40:51what will take them
40:52thousands of bombs
40:53to hit
40:53because again
40:54it's back to the shotgun effect
40:55versus being able
40:57to walk up to the same guy.
40:58If you're trying to kill
40:58somebody with a shotgun
40:59and you pelt him
41:00with 200 yards
41:00you're only going
41:01to make him mad.
41:02If you can sneak up
41:03and he doesn't see
41:03you can hit him
41:04in between the eyes
41:04with a ball-peen hammer
41:05it's a lot more cost effective.
41:09But even precision weapons
41:10can result in the loss
41:12of innocent lives.
41:14In one well-publicized incident
41:16an F-117 dropped
41:18laser-guided bombs
41:19on a target
41:19identified as
41:20an Iraqi communication center.
41:23The bombs hit their target
41:25and the bunker was destroyed.
41:27Unfortunately
41:28what served
41:29as a communication center
41:30by day
41:31doubled as a civilian
41:32air raid shelter
41:33by night.
41:35The bombs went exactly
41:36where they were aimed
41:37but the target itself
41:39apparently chosen
41:40from analysis
41:41of daylight
41:42satellite intelligence
41:43was hit at the wrong time.
41:47Still
41:48even Iraq
41:49concedes
41:50its civilian casualties
41:51were relatively light.
41:53In World War II
41:54whole cities
41:55were targeted
41:56for destruction.
41:58Stealth gave the allies
41:59the opportunity
41:59to change the emphasis
42:01of air war
42:01away from genocide
42:03and back to strategy.
42:07My profession right now
42:09is a violent profession
42:09but
42:10if you look back
42:12at this campaign
42:13Desert Storm
42:14and look at the
42:15small number of fatalities
42:16and what we were able
42:18to do with stealth airplanes
42:19and with a lot of
42:20very very smart planning
42:21and compare it
42:23to what
42:24the other contingencies
42:25what could have happened
42:26this airplane
42:28did save a lot of lives.
42:29It may have saved
42:30tens of thousands
42:31or maybe even millions
42:32of lives
42:32by going in
42:33and knocking out
42:34things that would have
42:35taken years
42:35to knock out otherwise
42:37in a classic air campaign.
42:38It saved my life
42:41for one
42:43to start with
42:43because I could not
42:44have gone
42:45where I did
42:45and I would have died
42:47if I had been
42:48in a regular airplane.
42:50In late 1991
42:51despite massive
42:53defense budget cuts
42:54Congress ordered
42:56that production
42:56should begin
42:57on a dozen new
42:58F-117 Nighthawks.
43:05During the Gulf War
43:06the F-15E
43:07and the F-117 Nighthawk
43:09received a great deal
43:10of publicity
43:11for their performance
43:11as deep interdiction bombers.
43:14Much was made
43:15of their high-tech systems
43:16their ability
43:17to drop precision bombs
43:18and their prowess
43:20as all-weather night fighters.
43:22But 84 much older
43:24less heralded planes
43:25flew more than
43:264,000 sorties
43:27in the Gulf
43:27largely at night
43:29in bad weather
43:30carrying heavy loads
43:31of laser-guided bombs.
43:34These were the
43:34F-111F Aardvarks.
43:37Designed by
43:39General Dynamics
43:40the F-111
43:42entered Air Force
43:42service in 1967.
43:45It was designed
43:46to carry virtually
43:46any bomb
43:47in the service's inventory
43:48including nuclear weapons.
43:50The plane was tested
44:04in combat
44:04during the last years
44:06of the Vietnam War
44:08The plane was tested
44:18in combat
44:18during the last years
44:20of the Vietnam War.
44:21later it was kept
44:47at NATO bases
44:48ready to fly
44:49in the event
44:49of a Soviet attack
44:50on Europe.
44:57In 1986
44:59F-111s mounted
45:00a precision strike
45:01against Libya.
45:02in test after test
45:19the F-111
45:20proved its ability
45:21to fly very low
45:22very fast
45:23even in bad weather
45:24at night
45:25and still hit its targets.
45:27The EF-111
45:36jamming plane
45:37served alongside
45:38the F-111 bomber
45:39during the Gulf War.
45:41Together
45:41they're a deadly combination.
45:43The F-111
45:47was the stalwart
45:50of the strategic air campaign
45:51behind the F-117
45:53which can do things
45:54that an F-111
45:55can't do
45:55just because
45:56it can go places
45:58and not be shot.
45:59Places the F-111
46:00can't go
46:00because of its larger
46:01radar cross section
46:02makes it easier
46:04for the enemy
46:04to acquire it
46:05and shoot it.
46:05However
46:06F-111s travel
46:08in packs
46:09they each carry
46:10four laser guided bombs
46:12that's 16
46:14precision
46:15aim points
46:16per formation.
46:18So if you sent
46:19F-111s to a bridge
46:20the bridge
46:21was going down.
46:23Whereas with other
46:23precision guided
46:24weapons platforms
46:25which only carry
46:26two bombs
46:27and travel by themselves
46:28the bridge might end up
46:30with a single hole in.
46:34The F-111F
46:35paved tack pod
46:36lets the plane
46:37illuminate its targets
46:38with a laser beam.
46:40Paveway laser guided bombs
46:41then follow the signal
46:43down to the ground.
46:44Strikes are accurate
46:45within a few feet.
47:05The F-121s travel
47:12drive
47:13the plane
47:13and drive
47:14to the same
47:15to the red
47:15Então
47:15I'll be in it.
47:16I'll be in it.
47:16The car
47:16used to use
47:17the car
47:18to collide
47:18the car
47:19other
47:19other
47:19types of
47:19us
47:20to the
47:20other
47:21other
47:22other
47:22other
47:22other
47:23other
47:23gases
47:24said
47:25let's go
47:25to the
47:26go
47:27and
47:28know
47:28now
47:29Yeah
47:30Let's go.
48:00F-111s aren't thought of as being tank killers,
48:09but in the Gulf, the plane was very effectively used against armor.
48:13F-111s cruised over Iraqi lines using their FLIR pods
48:16to sweep search back and forth across the ground looking for targets.
48:21When they spotted tanks, they designated their targets with the PaveTax laser,
48:25then dropped 500-pound GBU-12 laser-guided bombs.
48:30In the week before the ground campaign began,
48:38F-111s killed up to 150 tanks per night.
48:42Overall, they had over 1,000 verified kills of Iraqi armor.
48:46It's fair to say that they carried a large load of the bombing.
48:50They were very effective.
48:52We flew them basically at night and almost predominantly.
48:56As you know, we've talked about the tank plinking, so to speak.
49:01No one thought beforehand that they could do that mission,
49:04but they proved they could very effectively.
49:08They certainly were the main airplane that we used to attack airfield,
49:12hardened aircraft shelters.
49:14We used the 1-11s systematically to destroy as many airplanes on the ground
49:22in those shelters as we could.
49:23The only exception to that is there were certain high-thread areas
49:35that we would only put the 117 in across those airfields because of the potential for loss.
49:41Now, that does not mean that the 1-11s didn't go into some high-thread areas.
49:45They attacked some of the airfields within 20 miles of Baghdad.
49:51And so those were high-thread areas.
49:54Boom! Oh, yes!
49:55They did a lot of the bridges, a tremendous amount of the bridges.
50:00They cut off the oil that was intentionally flowing into the water there just south of Kuwait City.
50:11And so, true, they carried a load, a very heavy load in the war.
50:18And to be as old an airplane as they were, I mean, that pleasantly surprised us in that respect,
50:24that we were able to maintain that many missions on a daily basis from that older system.
50:31I guess the bottom line for that is it's a flexible, long-range, precision platform
50:37that found itself used in roles for which we didn't have any established doctrine.
50:45I flew the F-111F at one time and dropped pave-tack weapons.
50:53And I can tell you that the sorts of missions that they flew in this war
50:56were not the sorts of missions that we were trained to fly.
51:01They flew medium altitude, for example, when just about all of our practice is low altitude.
51:07They flew against targets that were within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 miles of the forward line of owned troops.
51:13When they practice dropping on bridges and factories and airfields hundreds of miles away from friendly troops.
51:24It goes to show you that airplanes shouldn't be designed to go to particular places.
51:29But, however, I don't know how to explain this, but there are no strategic or tactical airplanes.
51:35There are just missions and then best instruments to be used for those various missions.
51:40And the F-111 turned out to be a very flexible instrument that could be used for strategic attack
51:45against targets at the heart of the enemy military offensive capability.
51:51Or it could be used as a tank plinker to destroy an estimated 1,000 tanks in the Kuwait theater of operations.
52:01A very formidable weapon system used to great effect during the war.
52:05For the world with a stronglungen, peace of mind as without a severe помощ рад Facel terme of the敵 event,
52:08It immediately fired from being a 3-8 fuel shop in the Kuwait theater for the purpose of the airport.
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