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Uncover the turbulent history of Bethlem Royal Hospital—infamously known as “Bedlam”—the world’s first institution dedicated to treating mental illness. This video traces its origins in 13th‑century London, revealing how shifting medical theories, religious attitudes, and social pressures shaped early psychiatric care. Explore the hospital’s notorious reputation for overcrowding, public “madhouse” tours, and controversial treatments, while meeting the reformers who fought to replace cruelty with compassion and science.
By examining archival records, patient stories, and recent scholarship, we reveal how Bethlem evolved from a medieval priory into a modern psychiatric institution, laying the groundwork for mental‑health practices worldwide. Whether you’re researching the roots of psychology, London’s hidden history, or the broader struggle for humane treatment, this deep dive into Bethlem Royal Hospital offers essential insight into the challenges and breakthroughs that continue to influence mental‑health care today.
Information sourced from Wiki, Gutenburg, JSTOR, primary and secondary sources. All information is congruent with archaeological and history evidence at the time of recording
Transcrição
00:00:00It's a chilly morning in 1700s London. The place is Bethlehem Royal Hospital, better known by its nickname, Bedlam.
00:00:13You line up with the rest of them, ready to pay a small fee at the gate, joining fashionable ladies and gentlemen, out for a lurid morning's entertainment.
00:00:23Beyond the gate, iron bars line the halls where men and women rave or weep. One moment you hear a blood-curdling scream, broken by hysterical laughter, and the air is thick with the miasma of unwashed patience.
00:00:42A half-naked man with wild eyes rattles his chains as you pass. From a shadowy cell a woman sings a fragmented song.
00:00:53This disturbing spectacle was completely real.
00:00:59For centuries, Bedlam was one of London's strangest tourist attractions.
00:01:04In fact, the word Bedlam has entered our language to mean the very embodiment of chaos and madness, and it was precisely this hospital that was the reason for this.
00:01:17Bedlam Royal Hospital, founded all the way back in the thirteenth century, is Europe's oldest institution for the care for the mentally ill.
00:01:29Over nearly 800 years, its story is both fascinating and horrifying.
00:01:35And so today, I'll take you on a journey through the story of Bedlam, from its medieval origins, to its modern incarnation.
00:01:46We'll be right there in the wards, to witness how patients lived, and how they were treated.
00:01:51Of course, we'll meet the keepers and doctors, who sometimes tried to help, but often did more harm than good.
00:01:59But also the public's attitudes, all the way from fear, to morbid curiosity, and finally, the cause for reform,
00:02:09all coming together to shape what happened within these walls.
00:02:12It's a historical tale of Bedlam's inner life, not sparing any of the gritty details,
00:02:20and you'll get plenty of little, lesser-known anecdotes that bring the past to life.
00:02:27But before we begin, I must welcome you into the channel.
00:02:32Perhaps you've watched my other video on early insane asylums, and you've come here out of curiosity for a more detailed view on Bedlam.
00:02:39Well, thank you for returning, if that is the case.
00:02:44But if you are new, consider clicking that subscribe button.
00:02:48Conveniently right next to the like button, by the way.
00:02:51And thank you for those supporting on the Patreon, and who checked out the merch store.
00:02:56You help keep the channel ad-free.
00:03:00Now, with all that out of the way, let's get nice and relaxed,
00:03:05and go all the way back to the beginning.
00:03:09How far back must we go?
00:03:14Well, the story begins in 1247,
00:03:19when a small priory was founded in London.
00:03:23A local sheriff, Simon de Montfort,
00:03:26popularly known as Simon Fitzmerry,
00:03:29donated land on the outskirts of the city
00:03:31for a new kind of religious community.
00:03:36This priory was dedicated to St. Mary of Bethlehem,
00:03:40a name that in time shortened Bethlehem.
00:03:44In its earliest years,
00:03:46it was not an asylum for the insane at all,
00:03:49more like a modest alms-house,
00:03:53a hospital run by a group of dedicated monks,
00:03:56intended to give shelter to the poor,
00:03:59the sick,
00:04:00or perhaps even weary pilgrims.
00:04:03The mission was spiritual as much as it was medical.
00:04:07The brethren offered prayer and charity,
00:04:09relying on donations and indulgences.
00:04:13This, of course, is before the time of Martin Luther,
00:04:16people still purchasing those promises of forgiveness.
00:04:19All of these things were going to the coffers
00:04:25to sustain their work,
00:04:27and the church authorities did all the best they could to support them.
00:04:33And so, for decades,
00:04:35Bethlehem struggled just to survive.
00:04:39Medieval records hint at the hospital's poverty.
00:04:42The monks had royal licences to beg for alms on London streets,
00:04:46gathering food and money to feed their chargers.
00:04:51In 1346, amid the chaos of the Hundred Years' War,
00:04:55King Edward III took control of Bethlehem.
00:04:59England was at war with France,
00:05:02and Bethlehem's mother church was a French order.
00:05:07Well, we can't have that, can't we?
00:05:09The crown seized the hospital
00:05:11to prevent funds from flowing into enemy hands,
00:05:14and from that point on,
00:05:17Bethlehem began to become more secular,
00:05:21with its master, the head of the hospital,
00:05:24often appointed by the crown itself.
00:05:27By the late 14th century,
00:05:29the memory of Bethlehem's founding purpose
00:05:32had grown a little hazy,
00:05:35and it was no longer clearly a religious refuge.
00:05:40And it is around this time
00:05:43that we find the first clear evidence
00:05:46of Bethlehem caring for the mentally ill.
00:05:49A Royal Commission's report from 1403
00:05:52noted that among the hospital inmates
00:05:54were six men described in Latin as
00:05:58mente capti.
00:06:00Now,
00:06:01that in Latin effectively means
00:06:04taken by madness.
00:06:07In other words,
00:06:10by 1403,
00:06:12Bedlam had at least six lunatics in residence,
00:06:16likely making them the majority of the patients by then.
00:06:20The same report lists the grim accoutrements
00:06:22of medieval psychiatric care.
00:06:26They are, as you can imagine,
00:06:28chains, manacles, and stocks
00:06:30stored on the premises.
00:06:32This tells us
00:06:35that even in the Middle Ages,
00:06:37Bethlehem was confining the insane
00:06:39with iron restraints.
00:06:42Little is recorded about specific remedies
00:06:44used in medieval Bedlam,
00:06:46but prevailing medical theory
00:06:48was based on the four humours.
00:06:51More often, though,
00:06:53care meant simply custody,
00:06:55locking the disturbed in cells,
00:06:58praying for their souls,
00:06:59and just keeping them away
00:07:02from polite society.
00:07:05Daily life for those early inmates
00:07:07would have been,
00:07:09well,
00:07:10wretched,
00:07:11to say the least.
00:07:13The hospital was still small
00:07:15and austere,
00:07:17likely just a few dozen beds at most.
00:07:20Patients deemed mad
00:07:22would have been kept in chains
00:07:23or locked in tiny rooms
00:07:24for much of the time,
00:07:26out of sight,
00:07:27out of mind.
00:07:28As for the meals,
00:07:31meagre.
00:07:33Probably just coarse bread
00:07:35and some pottage,
00:07:36a simple stew,
00:07:38a medieval staple,
00:07:40perhaps supplemented
00:07:41by a few charitable donations,
00:07:43if one were so lucky.
00:07:45Cleanliness and comfort,
00:07:47well,
00:07:48they were minimal, too.
00:07:50We hear of no miraculous cures
00:07:52coming out of medieval Bedlam.
00:07:54Mental illness in that era
00:07:55was seen as a lifelong God-given burden,
00:07:59or even a punishment for sin.
00:08:03If a sufferer did improve,
00:08:06it might simply mean
00:08:07that they were released back
00:08:09to their family
00:08:10or thrown onto the streets.
00:08:12In fact,
00:08:15by the fifteenth century,
00:08:17a troubling phenomenon
00:08:18had emerged.
00:08:19So-called
00:08:20Bedlam
00:08:21beggars,
00:08:23impoverished men
00:08:24who roamed the land,
00:08:26pretending to be
00:08:26mad expatients
00:08:28of Bethlehem.
00:08:30Some truly were
00:08:31former inmates
00:08:32released to beg
00:08:32for survival,
00:08:34but others
00:08:35were impostors,
00:08:37exploiting the public's pity
00:08:39for the insane.
00:08:42The very existence
00:08:43of these Bedlam beggars
00:08:45shows that
00:08:46Bethlehem's name
00:08:47was already
00:08:48becoming infamous.
00:08:51By 1500,
00:08:52Bethlehem Hospital
00:08:53was still a
00:08:53relatively small
00:08:55and rough place,
00:08:57but it certainly
00:08:58had taken on
00:08:59a distinct role
00:09:00in London.
00:09:02It was the institution
00:09:03of last resort
00:09:05for the, quote,
00:09:05lunatic poor.
00:09:07And so,
00:09:10from there
00:09:10the stage was set
00:09:11for Bedlam
00:09:12to enter
00:09:13the turbulent
00:09:13centuries
00:09:14of the Tudor
00:09:15and Stuart
00:09:16errors,
00:09:18where it would
00:09:18gradually evolve
00:09:19from a tiny
00:09:20monastic hospice
00:09:22into something
00:09:23that we can
00:09:24more recognize
00:09:25as a proper
00:09:27asylum.
00:09:30And so,
00:09:32here we are
00:09:32in the sixteenth
00:09:34century,
00:09:35and with the
00:09:36advent of this
00:09:37new time,
00:09:38major changes
00:09:40were brought
00:09:40to Bethlehem.
00:09:42In the 1530s,
00:09:44King Henry VIII
00:09:45dissolved
00:09:46England's
00:09:46monasteries,
00:09:48sweeping away
00:09:48many medieval
00:09:49hospitals.
00:09:51But Bethlehem
00:09:52managed to
00:09:53survive the
00:09:54upheaval.
00:09:56In fact,
00:09:57in 1547,
00:09:59Henry granted
00:09:59custody of the
00:10:00hospice to the
00:10:01city of London.
00:10:02Thus Bethlehem
00:10:04shifted from
00:10:05church control
00:10:06to civic
00:10:07control.
00:10:10By 1557,
00:10:11it was placed
00:10:12under the
00:10:12administration
00:10:13of the city's
00:10:14governors of
00:10:14Bridewell,
00:10:16a house of
00:10:16correction for
00:10:17vagrants
00:10:18and petty
00:10:19criminals.
00:10:21This linking
00:10:22of Bethlehem
00:10:23with Bridewell
00:10:24is telling.
00:10:25The city
00:10:26authorities
00:10:26treated the
00:10:27insane poor
00:10:28somewhat like
00:10:30wayward
00:10:30vagrants,
00:10:32not to be
00:10:33treated,
00:10:34but to be
00:10:34managed,
00:10:36certainly not
00:10:37patients to be
00:10:38healed or
00:10:39looked at as
00:10:40charity cases.
00:10:43But the
00:10:44hospital itself
00:10:45still remained
00:10:46tiny,
00:10:47perhaps only
00:10:4815 or 20
00:10:49patients at a
00:10:50time,
00:10:50but it was
00:10:52now firmly
00:10:53established as
00:10:53an asylum for
00:10:55those deemed
00:10:55mad and
00:10:57unfit
00:10:58for society.
00:11:00Under city
00:11:02management,
00:11:03Bethlehem's
00:11:03conditions did
00:11:04not noticeably
00:11:05improve.
00:11:07Are you
00:11:07surprised?
00:11:08Of course
00:11:09not.
00:11:10Well, if
00:11:10anything,
00:11:11they grew
00:11:11even more
00:11:13chaotic.
00:11:14Records from
00:11:15the late
00:11:151500s suggest
00:11:17the hospital
00:11:18was chronically
00:11:18underfunded
00:11:20and under
00:11:21crowded for
00:11:21its size.
00:11:23The keepers,
00:11:24that is,
00:11:24the people in
00:11:25charge of
00:11:26day-to-day
00:11:27care,
00:11:28were not
00:11:28doctors,
00:11:29but laymen
00:11:30appointed by
00:11:31governors,
00:11:33sometimes men
00:11:33of dubious
00:11:35character,
00:11:35too.
00:11:37What do I
00:11:37mean by that?
00:11:39Well, for
00:11:40example,
00:11:41one keeper in
00:11:42the late
00:11:4216th century,
00:11:44Roland
00:11:44Slefford,
00:11:45was originally
00:11:46a clothmaker
00:11:47by trade.
00:11:49He served
00:11:49as a keeper
00:11:50for nearly
00:11:50two decades,
00:11:52and while we
00:11:53know few
00:11:54details of his
00:11:55tenure,
00:11:56it's unlikely
00:11:57that he had
00:11:58any insight
00:11:59at all
00:12:00into treating
00:12:01mental illness.
00:12:04In fact,
00:12:05keepers like
00:12:06him often
00:12:07relied on
00:12:08brute force
00:12:09to manage
00:12:09violent patients,
00:12:11using restraints
00:12:12and occasional
00:12:13beatings if
00:12:15necessary.
00:12:17At times,
00:12:17local officials
00:12:18would send
00:12:18troublesome
00:12:19lunatics to
00:12:20bedlam,
00:12:21and pay the
00:12:22keeper a small
00:12:23fee for their
00:12:23upkeep.
00:12:25Wealthier families
00:12:26might also pay
00:12:27to have a
00:12:28disturbed relative
00:12:29simply kept
00:12:30out of sight.
00:12:33In essence,
00:12:34Bedlam was
00:12:35becoming a
00:12:36deposit box
00:12:37for society's
00:12:39outcasts,
00:12:40run on a
00:12:41shoestring budget,
00:12:43and whatever
00:12:44fees or charity
00:12:45could be scraped
00:12:45together.
00:12:48In 1598,
00:12:50an inspection
00:12:50of Bedlam
00:12:51described
00:12:52dilapidated
00:12:53facilities and
00:12:54miserable inmates.
00:12:56The building
00:12:57itself,
00:12:58a medieval
00:12:58structure near
00:12:59Bishop's Gate,
00:13:01was decaying.
00:13:03Neighbours
00:13:03complained of
00:13:04the noise
00:13:05and the smell.
00:13:08Imagine a
00:13:09small crumbling
00:13:09house,
00:13:11with barred
00:13:11windows tucked
00:13:12behind London
00:13:13streets.
00:13:15Inside a
00:13:15handful of
00:13:16people lived
00:13:16in anguish
00:13:17and filth,
00:13:19looked after
00:13:19by a couple
00:13:20of untrained
00:13:22keepers.
00:13:24That was
00:13:25the Bedlam
00:13:25on the eve
00:13:26of the 17th
00:13:27century,
00:13:28and it's
00:13:29around this
00:13:29time that
00:13:30the institution's
00:13:31notorious
00:13:32reputation in
00:13:32popular culture
00:13:33was beginning
00:13:34to grow.
00:13:37In fact,
00:13:38even Shakespeare
00:13:39alluded to
00:13:40Bedlam
00:13:40beggars in
00:13:41King Lear,
00:13:43a work from
00:13:431605,
00:13:45a sign that
00:13:46Londoners
00:13:46readily associated
00:13:48Bedlam with
00:13:49madness at
00:13:50large.
00:13:51The very
00:13:52concept of
00:13:53a tom-o-bedlam,
00:13:55meaning a
00:13:55crazed beggar,
00:13:57had entered
00:13:57the English
00:13:58imagination.
00:14:01As for the
00:14:02early 1600s,
00:14:03they saw a
00:14:04notorious scandal
00:14:05that revealed
00:14:07how poorly
00:14:08Bedlam could
00:14:09be run.
00:14:11In 1619,
00:14:13a man named
00:14:14Dr. Helkja
00:14:15Crook was
00:14:16appointed as
00:14:17the new
00:14:18physician,
00:14:19and keeper
00:14:19of Bethlehem.
00:14:22Crook was
00:14:22well-connected.
00:14:24He had
00:14:24royal appointment
00:14:25from King
00:14:26James I,
00:14:27but he
00:14:28turned out
00:14:29to be
00:14:30disastrously
00:14:31corrupt.
00:14:33Under Crook's
00:14:34regime,
00:14:35I suppose the
00:14:36name is very
00:14:36suitable,
00:14:38the quality
00:14:38of care,
00:14:40meagre as
00:14:40it was,
00:14:42declined even
00:14:42further.
00:14:44In fact,
00:14:44he was accused
00:14:45of embezzling
00:14:46the patients
00:14:47food and
00:14:48money.
00:14:50Governors
00:14:50visiting in
00:14:511631
00:14:52found patients
00:14:53literally
00:14:54starving,
00:14:55some almost
00:14:56of skeletal
00:14:57image from
00:14:58neglect.
00:15:00Crook had
00:15:01been selling
00:15:01off provisions
00:15:02meant for
00:15:03inmates,
00:15:04pocketing the
00:15:05money given
00:15:05for their
00:15:06care.
00:15:06Many of the
00:15:08patients lay
00:15:08in squalor,
00:15:10half-starved
00:15:11and unwashed.
00:15:14In 1632,
00:15:15the authorities
00:15:16finally sacked
00:15:18Dr. Crook
00:15:18for mismanagement
00:15:19and cruelty.
00:15:22And this
00:15:22scandal
00:15:22prompted a few
00:15:24reforms.
00:15:25You see,
00:15:26after Crook's
00:15:26ouster,
00:15:28Bethlehem
00:15:28instituted a
00:15:29new management
00:15:30structure.
00:15:32Rather than
00:15:32a single
00:15:33keeper physician
00:15:34running everything,
00:15:35they established
00:15:36a small
00:15:37medical staff.
00:15:39By the
00:15:40mid-1600s,
00:15:41Bethlehem
00:15:42had a
00:15:42visiting
00:15:42physician,
00:15:44a surgeon,
00:15:45and an
00:15:45apothecary
00:15:46overseeing
00:15:47the patient
00:15:48care,
00:15:49while a
00:15:50steward
00:15:50handled
00:15:50finances.
00:15:53Oh,
00:15:53just quickly,
00:15:54an apothecary
00:15:55that's an
00:15:55old word
00:15:56for a
00:15:56pharmacist.
00:15:59All these
00:16:00changes
00:16:00were meant
00:16:01to curb
00:16:02the kind
00:16:02of unchecked
00:16:03abuse
00:16:04that had
00:16:04flourished
00:16:05under Crook.
00:16:06But let's
00:16:07see how
00:16:07they go.
00:16:08Well,
00:16:10despite the
00:16:11minor reforms,
00:16:12the life
00:16:12of the
00:16:12patients
00:16:13remained
00:16:13harsh.
00:16:15Throughout
00:16:15the
00:16:15seventeenth
00:16:16century,
00:16:17standard
00:16:17treatment
00:16:18for
00:16:18madness
00:16:19still revolved
00:16:20around
00:16:20purgers,
00:16:22bloodletting,
00:16:23and just
00:16:23tying people
00:16:25up.
00:16:26A violent
00:16:27patient might
00:16:28be chained
00:16:29to the wall
00:16:29in a cell
00:16:30or locked
00:16:31in iron
00:16:31collars
00:16:32and leg
00:16:32shackles
00:16:33to prevent
00:16:33injury,
00:16:34not just
00:16:35to themselves
00:16:35but to
00:16:36others.
00:16:36A common
00:16:38practice
00:16:38was to
00:16:39use
00:16:39solitary
00:16:39confinement
00:16:40to
00:16:40calm
00:16:41the
00:16:42raving,
00:16:44essentially
00:16:44locking
00:16:44the person
00:16:45alone
00:16:45in complete
00:16:46darkness
00:16:47for extended
00:16:47periods.
00:16:49It's
00:16:49enough to
00:16:50drive
00:16:50anyone
00:16:51crazy.
00:16:53And then
00:16:53there was
00:16:53the
00:16:54cold
00:16:55water
00:16:55cure,
00:16:56which
00:16:57sounds
00:16:58just as
00:16:58bad
00:16:58as it
00:16:59is.
00:17:00Patients,
00:17:01especially
00:17:01those deemed
00:17:02manic,
00:17:02were dunked
00:17:03or doused
00:17:04with cold
00:17:05water to
00:17:05shock them
00:17:07into quietude.
00:17:09These measures
00:17:10were more
00:17:10punitive than
00:17:11therapeutic.
00:17:13But still,
00:17:14now and then,
00:17:14a keeper may
00:17:15have shown
00:17:15small kindnesses,
00:17:18allowing a
00:17:18harmless patient
00:17:19to brief
00:17:19walk in the
00:17:20courtyard,
00:17:21or tolerating
00:17:22some eccentric
00:17:23styles of
00:17:24behaviour.
00:17:26We also hear
00:17:27that music
00:17:28was occasionally
00:17:29considered as
00:17:30a soothing
00:17:30influence.
00:17:31A flute
00:17:33or a fiddle
00:17:34might be
00:17:34played in
00:17:34the ward,
00:17:36perhaps based
00:17:37on the old
00:17:37idea that
00:17:38music could
00:17:39harmonise a
00:17:40disordered
00:17:40mind.
00:17:43By the
00:17:441670s,
00:17:45Bethlehem's
00:17:45medieval
00:17:46building was
00:17:47literally
00:17:47falling apart,
00:17:49and could
00:17:50no longer
00:17:50contain the
00:17:51number of
00:17:51inmates.
00:17:53In 1675,
00:17:55the old
00:17:55Bethlehem was
00:17:56demolished,
00:17:57and the
00:17:58new hospital
00:17:59moved to a
00:18:00brand new
00:18:00building in
00:18:01moorfields,
00:18:03just outside
00:18:03the city
00:18:04walls.
00:18:06This new
00:18:06bedlam opened
00:18:07in 1676,
00:18:10and it was a
00:18:10grand structure
00:18:11by the standard
00:18:12of the day,
00:18:13more of a
00:18:14palace than
00:18:15a hospital.
00:18:17It stretched
00:18:17nearly a quarter
00:18:18of a mile in
00:18:19length, with
00:18:20two stories of
00:18:21long galleries,
00:18:22and over a
00:18:22hundred individual
00:18:24cells.
00:18:26Its architect,
00:18:27Robert Hook,
00:18:28designed a
00:18:29handsome facade,
00:18:29topped with a
00:18:31cupola.
00:18:32Flanking the
00:18:33entrance gate
00:18:34were two
00:18:34striking statues
00:18:35carved in
00:18:36stones, figures
00:18:37symbolizing raving
00:18:39madness and
00:18:40melancholy
00:18:41madness,
00:18:42their expressions
00:18:43twisted and
00:18:45despairing.
00:18:47Certainly a
00:18:47welcoming sight,
00:18:49I'm sure.
00:18:50I suppose the
00:18:51statues wordlessly
00:18:52announced the
00:18:53visitors to
00:18:54what lay
00:18:55within, a
00:18:57physical
00:18:57manifestation
00:18:58of the
00:18:59horror that
00:19:00awaited.
00:19:02Now the
00:19:03move to
00:19:03Moorfields,
00:19:04that marked
00:19:05the start of
00:19:06a new
00:19:06chapter.
00:19:08Bedlam now
00:19:08had the
00:19:09capacity for
00:19:10around a
00:19:11hundred to
00:19:11a hundred
00:19:12and twenty
00:19:12patients, and
00:19:14boasted airy,
00:19:15high-ceilinged
00:19:16halls.
00:19:18On paper it
00:19:19all sounded
00:19:20like progress.
00:19:22Moorspace, a
00:19:23modern layout.
00:19:25But in reality,
00:19:27the hospital's
00:19:28core attitude
00:19:28had not yet
00:19:30changed, and
00:19:31that was the
00:19:32real problem.
00:19:34Patients were
00:19:35still more
00:19:35inmates than
00:19:36medical cases.
00:19:38In fact,
00:19:39initially the
00:19:39patients were
00:19:40not even allowed
00:19:40to walk those
00:19:42grand new
00:19:42galleries, for
00:19:43fear that they
00:19:44might attack the
00:19:45visitors.
00:19:46They were
00:19:47mostly just
00:19:47shoved into
00:19:48their cells.
00:19:50Yet the very
00:19:51scale and
00:19:52visibility of
00:19:53the new
00:19:53Bedlam would
00:19:54soon make it
00:19:55a notorious
00:19:55part of
00:19:56London's
00:19:56social scene.
00:19:58And so as
00:19:58we turned to
00:19:59the eighteenth
00:19:59century, Bedlam
00:20:01would achieve
00:20:02a dark
00:20:03fame,
00:20:05becoming a
00:20:06place where
00:20:06the public
00:20:07literally came
00:20:08to be
00:20:08entertained
00:20:09by a
00:20:10spectacle of
00:20:12madness.
00:20:16By the
00:20:17early
00:20:17eighteenth
00:20:17century,
00:20:18Bethlehem
00:20:19Hospital,
00:20:20now in its
00:20:21fancy new
00:20:22Moorfields
00:20:23location,
00:20:25had simply
00:20:25become a
00:20:26fixture of
00:20:27London life.
00:20:29It was
00:20:29astonishingly
00:20:31open to
00:20:33the public,
00:20:35like a
00:20:35museum or
00:20:36some kind
00:20:37of freak
00:20:38show.
00:20:40Six days a
00:20:41week,
00:20:42anyone could
00:20:42enter Bedlam
00:20:43to observe the
00:20:44lunatics,
00:20:45usually in
00:20:46exchange for a
00:20:47small donation
00:20:48or a penny
00:20:48at the door.
00:20:50Crowds of
00:20:51visitors from
00:20:51all walks of
00:20:52life flocked
00:20:52there,
00:20:53especially on
00:20:54weekends and
00:20:55holidays,
00:20:56and it became
00:20:56a fashionable
00:20:57diversion to
00:20:59go to Bedlam
00:21:00and laugh
00:21:02at the bizarre
00:21:03behaviour of the
00:21:04inmates.
00:21:06The hospital's
00:21:07management
00:21:07permitted these
00:21:08visits both
00:21:09as a form of
00:21:10public relations
00:21:11and as a
00:21:12source of
00:21:13income,
00:21:14although pennies
00:21:15certainly added up
00:21:16over time.
00:21:18Thus the
00:21:18inmates of
00:21:19Bedlam spent
00:21:20their days not
00:21:20only in
00:21:21suffering,
00:21:23but went
00:21:23truly on
00:21:24display.
00:21:27The scenes
00:21:28witnessed in
00:21:28eighteenth-century
00:21:29Bedlam were
00:21:31chaotic and
00:21:33often appalling.
00:21:35Men and
00:21:35women considered
00:21:36insane were
00:21:37often chained
00:21:38to the walls
00:21:38or kept behind
00:21:40iron-barred
00:21:41cell doors,
00:21:43but many could
00:21:43be seen and
00:21:44heard by anyone
00:21:45walking the
00:21:46galleries.
00:21:47Some visitors
00:21:48treated the
00:21:49madhouse like
00:21:50you would
00:21:50treat a zoo.
00:21:52They would
00:21:52taunt and
00:21:53tease the
00:21:54more excitable
00:21:54patients to
00:21:55provoke
00:21:55outbursts,
00:21:57all for their
00:21:57amusement.
00:22:00Wardens,
00:22:01or guards,
00:22:02sometimes egged
00:22:03the inmates on,
00:22:05hoping that the
00:22:06visitors might
00:22:07reward them
00:22:08with tips for
00:22:09a good show.
00:22:10In one account
00:22:12from 1699,
00:22:14the satirical
00:22:14writer Ned
00:22:15Ward describes
00:22:17how a trip to
00:22:18Bedlam was not
00:22:19only entertainment,
00:22:20but also a scene
00:22:22of debauchery.
00:22:24He observed
00:22:24that among the
00:22:25throngs of
00:22:25Gawkers were
00:22:26abundance of
00:22:28intriguing couples,
00:22:30even prostitutes
00:22:31meeting clients
00:22:32in the galleries.
00:22:34In his colourful
00:22:35prose, Ward
00:22:37noted that there
00:22:38were mistresses
00:22:39of all ranks
00:22:41and sizes
00:22:41available,
00:22:43and, quote,
00:22:44a sizable
00:22:44jack for
00:22:45every jill.
00:22:48Bedlam,
00:22:48in other words,
00:22:50was a carnival,
00:22:52where London's
00:22:52low life
00:22:53and high society
00:22:54mixed under
00:22:55the roof
00:22:56of an asylum.
00:22:59Ward's account
00:22:59even shows
00:23:00that some
00:23:01patients turned
00:23:02the tables
00:23:02on their
00:23:03tormentors
00:23:03with wit.
00:23:05He recounts
00:23:05how one
00:23:06female patient,
00:23:07known as
00:23:08Bess of Bedlam,
00:23:10heckled a
00:23:11foppish gentleman
00:23:12passing by.
00:23:14Seeing his
00:23:14extravagantly
00:23:15powdered wig,
00:23:16she cried out
00:23:17that he had,
00:23:18quote,
00:23:19more flour
00:23:20in his wig
00:23:21than my poor
00:23:22mother has
00:23:23in her meal.
00:23:26Her guibe
00:23:27made the
00:23:27onlookers laugh,
00:23:29a bit of satire,
00:23:30from within
00:23:31the cage.
00:23:33Another inmate
00:23:34boldly told
00:23:35Ward's companion
00:23:36that inside
00:23:37these walls
00:23:38madmen
00:23:39had the
00:23:39freedom
00:23:39to speak
00:23:40the truth.
00:23:43Quote
00:23:44from the text,
00:23:45We madmen
00:23:46have as much
00:23:47privilege
00:23:48of speaking
00:23:48our minds
00:23:49as any.
00:23:52And I suppose
00:23:52there's a bit
00:23:53of a truth
00:23:53to that,
00:23:53too.
00:23:54Say what you
00:23:55want.
00:23:56You're already
00:23:57locked up.
00:23:58They can't
00:23:59lock you up
00:24:00even further.
00:24:01I suppose
00:24:03anecdotes
00:24:04like this
00:24:04suggest that
00:24:05not all
00:24:06within Bedlam
00:24:07were completely
00:24:08broken.
00:24:10Some retained
00:24:10enough lucidity
00:24:11to resent
00:24:13their plight
00:24:13and mock
00:24:14the outside
00:24:15world,
00:24:15a kind of
00:24:16self-awareness.
00:24:19But despite
00:24:19these moments
00:24:20of dark humor,
00:24:21the reality
00:24:22for Patience
00:24:23was completely
00:24:23grim.
00:24:25Daily life
00:24:26in 18th century
00:24:27Bedlam
00:24:27was marked
00:24:28by overcrowding,
00:24:30filth,
00:24:31and brutality.
00:24:33The beautiful
00:24:33exterior
00:24:34of the
00:24:35Moorfields
00:24:36Hospital
00:24:36concealed
00:24:37interior
00:24:38wards
00:24:39that stank
00:24:40of sweat,
00:24:41urine,
00:24:41and rot.
00:24:43Straw
00:24:44often served
00:24:45as bedding,
00:24:46and that was
00:24:46changed infrequently.
00:24:49There were
00:24:49a few
00:24:49rudimentary
00:24:50buckets
00:24:51to use
00:24:52as a bathroom,
00:24:53and possibly
00:24:53two privies
00:24:55in the whole
00:24:55building.
00:24:56So many
00:24:57patients
00:24:58simply
00:24:58lived
00:24:59amid
00:24:59their own
00:25:00waste.
00:25:02Keepers
00:25:02might
00:25:02clean
00:25:02the cells
00:25:03occasionally,
00:25:04but squalor
00:25:05was the
00:25:05norm.
00:25:07Food
00:25:07was basic,
00:25:09and it was
00:25:10left
00:25:10intentionally
00:25:10plain.
00:25:12Patients
00:25:13were fed
00:25:13twice a day
00:25:14on what was
00:25:15called a
00:25:15lowering diet,
00:25:18bread,
00:25:18porridge,
00:25:19or oatmeal,
00:25:20perhaps some
00:25:21boiled meat
00:25:22on alternating
00:25:22days,
00:25:23a bit of
00:25:23cheese,
00:25:24and a lot
00:25:25of weak
00:25:26beer.
00:25:28The rationale
00:25:29was humoral
00:25:30theory,
00:25:31rich or
00:25:31stimulating
00:25:32foods
00:25:32with or
00:25:33to
00:25:33worsen
00:25:34madness.
00:25:36So a
00:25:36bland diet,
00:25:37and even
00:25:38semi-starvation,
00:25:39were considered
00:25:40to be somehow
00:25:41therapeutic.
00:25:43But in truth
00:25:43many inmates
00:25:44remained
00:25:45half-starved,
00:25:46malnutrition
00:25:47made them
00:25:47weak and
00:25:48prone to
00:25:49illness.
00:25:51Treatment
00:25:52remained largely
00:25:53medieval in
00:25:54this era.
00:25:55Physicians
00:25:56still visited
00:25:56rarely,
00:25:57and relied
00:25:58on drastic
00:25:58measures.
00:26:00If a patient
00:26:01was deemed
00:26:01aggressive,
00:26:03they might
00:26:03be bled
00:26:04with lancets
00:26:05or leeches
00:26:06to drain
00:26:06their excess
00:26:07blood,
00:26:09or made
00:26:09to vomit
00:26:10and purge
00:26:11with powerful
00:26:12laxatives,
00:26:13all in an
00:26:14effort to
00:26:14rebalance
00:26:15the humors.
00:26:16Certainly
00:26:17doesn't do
00:26:17much to
00:26:18alleviate the
00:26:19squalor,
00:26:20as you could
00:26:21imagine.
00:26:21Other times
00:26:23doctors would
00:26:24prescribe dunking
00:26:25patients in
00:26:26those cold
00:26:27water baths,
00:26:29and so one
00:26:29can imagine
00:26:30a terrified
00:26:31person being
00:26:31suddenly plunged
00:26:32into an icy
00:26:33tub.
00:26:35All of this
00:26:35was thought to
00:26:36jolt the mind
00:26:37back to reason,
00:26:39kind of like
00:26:40bashing the top
00:26:41of your television,
00:26:42I suppose,
00:26:42to get it to
00:26:42work properly,
00:26:44if I'm not
00:26:44exposing my age
00:26:46by using
00:26:46that metaphor.
00:26:48Well,
00:26:50perhaps it
00:26:50was at least
00:26:51to subdue
00:26:52the spirit.
00:26:53Whatever the
00:26:54reasoning was,
00:26:55what was the
00:26:56best reasoning
00:26:56they had at
00:26:57the time?
00:26:59Of course,
00:26:59physical constraint
00:27:00was still
00:27:01commonplace.
00:27:03Chains,
00:27:04straight waistcoats,
00:27:05which were
00:27:06early straight
00:27:07jackets,
00:27:08iron manacles,
00:27:09all locked
00:27:10up.
00:27:11Some patients
00:27:12spent years
00:27:13never moving
00:27:14freely,
00:27:15their arms and
00:27:16legs bound
00:27:16to limit
00:27:17violent outbursts.
00:27:20Solitary
00:27:20confinement
00:27:21in dark
00:27:21cells was
00:27:22another frequent
00:27:23method to
00:27:24control those
00:27:24who shouted
00:27:25or thrashed
00:27:26about.
00:27:28There was
00:27:28little in
00:27:29the way
00:27:29of compassionate
00:27:30therapy.
00:27:31No one sat
00:27:32with patients
00:27:33to talk
00:27:33through their
00:27:34troubles.
00:27:35Instead,
00:27:36the mad
00:27:36were mostly
00:27:36left to
00:27:37their own
00:27:38tormented
00:27:38thoughts,
00:27:39punctuated
00:27:40by crude
00:27:41interventions
00:27:41when they
00:27:42grew too
00:27:43troublesome.
00:27:43It is no
00:27:46surprise that
00:27:47very few
00:27:48patients actually
00:27:49recovered in
00:27:50this environment.
00:27:51Bethlehem was
00:27:52more a warehouse
00:27:53for the mad
00:27:54than a curative
00:27:55hospital.
00:27:56In fact,
00:27:56many patients
00:27:57died inside
00:27:58the walls.
00:28:00Infections and
00:28:00disease thrived
00:28:02in the dirty
00:28:02packed wards.
00:28:04Tuberculosis,
00:28:05typhus,
00:28:06and other
00:28:07illnesses carried
00:28:08off a great
00:28:09number of
00:28:10inmates.
00:28:10And those
00:28:11who did
00:28:12improve
00:28:12often did
00:28:13so in
00:28:14spite of
00:28:15their
00:28:15surroundings,
00:28:16not because
00:28:17of.
00:28:18If a calm
00:28:19period came,
00:28:20or their
00:28:20episode passed,
00:28:22they might
00:28:22actually be
00:28:23discharged.
00:28:25Some went
00:28:25home to
00:28:26families.
00:28:27Others,
00:28:28having nowhere
00:28:28to go,
00:28:29ended up on
00:28:30the streets
00:28:30as those
00:28:31bedlam beggars
00:28:32haunting
00:28:33London.
00:28:35And by
00:28:36the mid-century
00:28:37murmurs of
00:28:38concern began
00:28:39to surface,
00:28:41a few
00:28:41enlightened
00:28:41individuals
00:28:42questioned
00:28:43whether
00:28:44gawking
00:28:44crowds and
00:28:45chaining
00:28:46people to
00:28:46walls was
00:28:47the best
00:28:47way to
00:28:48treat
00:28:48mental
00:28:48illness.
00:28:50Novel
00:28:50ideas at
00:28:51the time.
00:28:53In
00:28:531751,
00:28:55a new
00:28:55rival
00:28:56institution
00:28:56called
00:28:57St.
00:28:57Luke's
00:28:58Hospital
00:28:58for
00:28:58Lunatics
00:28:59opened
00:29:00in London.
00:29:02But
00:29:02St.
00:29:03Luke's
00:29:03aimed to
00:29:04actually
00:29:04cure
00:29:05patients
00:29:05with more
00:29:06humane
00:29:07methods,
00:29:08and
00:29:08significantly
00:29:09it did
00:29:10not
00:29:11admit
00:29:12the
00:29:12general
00:29:12public
00:29:13to
00:29:13just
00:29:13come
00:29:14in
00:29:14and
00:29:14wander
00:29:15around.
00:29:17The
00:29:18existence
00:29:18of St.
00:29:19Luke's
00:29:19was an
00:29:20antithesis,
00:29:22and it
00:29:22pointed out
00:29:22how draconian
00:29:24Bedlam had
00:29:25become.
00:29:27But
00:29:27nonetheless,
00:29:29Bedlam's
00:29:30management,
00:29:31particularly the
00:29:32Monroe family
00:29:33of physicians
00:29:33who had run
00:29:34the place
00:29:34for generations,
00:29:36just resisted
00:29:37any change.
00:29:39For much
00:29:40of the
00:29:401700s,
00:29:41Bedlam was
00:29:42ruled by
00:29:43this dynasty
00:29:44of doctors,
00:29:45from James
00:29:46Monroe,
00:29:46appointed in
00:29:471728,
00:29:48to his
00:29:49son,
00:29:50John Monroe,
00:29:51and then
00:29:51grandson,
00:29:52Thomas Monroe.
00:29:54This
00:29:55Monroe
00:29:55dynasty
00:29:56were
00:29:56learned men
00:29:57by the
00:29:58standards of
00:29:58the time,
00:29:59but they
00:30:00saw madness
00:30:00through a
00:30:01traditional lens.
00:30:03They
00:30:03continued the
00:30:04old regiment
00:30:04of purging
00:30:05and restraint,
00:30:07and were not
00:30:07especially open
00:30:08to new ideas.
00:30:10Under their
00:30:11watch,
00:30:12Bedlam
00:30:12maintained the
00:30:13status quo.
00:30:18As the
00:30:18eighteenth
00:30:19century,
00:30:19due to a
00:30:20close,
00:30:21the notoriety
00:30:22of Bedlam
00:30:22only grew.
00:30:25It appeared
00:30:25in art and
00:30:26literature
00:30:26as the
00:30:27ultimate symbol
00:30:28of madness
00:30:29and cruelty.
00:30:30The great
00:30:31artist,
00:30:32William Hogarth,
00:30:33painted a
00:30:34famous scene
00:30:34of Bedlam
00:30:35in the
00:30:351730s,
00:30:37a final
00:30:37plate of
00:30:38his series,
00:30:39A Rake's
00:30:40Progress.
00:30:43In this,
00:30:44the mad
00:30:44protagonist is
00:30:45shown in a
00:30:46Bedlam cell
00:30:47half-naked
00:30:47and distraught,
00:30:49while fashionable
00:30:49spectators peer
00:30:51in and fellow
00:30:52inmates around
00:30:53him personify
00:30:54various delusions.
00:30:57Hogarth's
00:30:58painting captured
00:30:59a mix of
00:31:00tragedy and
00:31:01farce that
00:31:01Bedlam had
00:31:02become,
00:31:03by 1800,
00:31:05visiting hours
00:31:06had finally
00:31:07been curtailed.
00:31:09The hospital
00:31:09ended general
00:31:11admission around
00:31:121770,
00:31:14after mounting
00:31:14criticism.
00:31:16But the
00:31:17cat was already
00:31:18out of the bag.
00:31:19The damage to
00:31:20its reputation
00:31:21was well and
00:31:21truly done.
00:31:23Bedlam was
00:31:24synonymous
00:31:25with human
00:31:26misery,
00:31:27treated as
00:31:28a public
00:31:29sport.
00:31:30yet,
00:31:33change was
00:31:34on the
00:31:35horizon.
00:31:36The
00:31:36Enlightenment
00:31:37was dawning
00:31:38in medicine,
00:31:38and more
00:31:40humane
00:31:41approaches to
00:31:41insanity
00:31:42were being
00:31:43tried elsewhere.
00:31:45In the
00:31:46countryside of
00:31:46northern England,
00:31:48the Quakers
00:31:48at the
00:31:49York
00:31:49retreat,
00:31:50founded in
00:31:501796,
00:31:52were pioneering
00:31:53gentle,
00:31:54moral treatment,
00:31:55no chains,
00:31:58kindness,
00:31:59and meaningful
00:32:00occupation for
00:32:02patients.
00:32:03And guess what?
00:32:04They were actually
00:32:06having remarkable
00:32:07success.
00:32:07But such
00:32:09ideas had not
00:32:10yet penetrated
00:32:11the walls of
00:32:12Bethlehem by
00:32:131800,
00:32:14though cracks
00:32:15were starting
00:32:16to form in
00:32:17Bethlehem's
00:32:18old edifice
00:32:19of neglect.
00:32:21Early in the
00:32:22new century,
00:32:23a series of
00:32:24scandals
00:32:25and reforms
00:32:26would finally
00:32:28force Bethlehem
00:32:29to confront
00:32:29its brutal
00:32:30legacy,
00:32:32and ultimately
00:32:33evolve into
00:32:34a more
00:32:35modern
00:32:36hospital.
00:32:37The dawn
00:32:41of the
00:32:42nineteenth
00:32:42century
00:32:42found
00:32:43Bethlehem
00:32:44at its
00:32:45lowest
00:32:45point.
00:32:47But don't
00:32:48worry,
00:32:49this error
00:32:49would also
00:32:50bring dramatic
00:32:51reform.
00:32:53But let's
00:32:54talk about
00:32:54the low
00:32:54points first.
00:32:56In 1800,
00:32:57the institution
00:32:58was still
00:32:59under the
00:32:59grip of
00:33:00the old
00:33:01ways.
00:33:03The Monroe
00:33:03dynasty remained
00:33:04in charge
00:33:05medically.
00:33:06Dr. Thomas
00:33:07Monroe was
00:33:08then the
00:33:08head
00:33:08physician
00:33:09we've
00:33:09mentioned
00:33:10him before.
00:33:11And of
00:33:12course,
00:33:12the patients,
00:33:13well,
00:33:13they were
00:33:14treated very
00:33:14little better
00:33:15than before.
00:33:17The hospital,
00:33:18now over a
00:33:19century old
00:33:20at Moorfields,
00:33:21had become
00:33:23quite dilapidated,
00:33:24and it
00:33:25couldn't
00:33:25properly
00:33:26house its
00:33:26inmates.
00:33:28The tipping
00:33:28point came
00:33:30with a
00:33:30scandal
00:33:31that shocked
00:33:32polite society.
00:33:35In 1814,
00:33:36a Quaker
00:33:37gentleman
00:33:37named
00:33:38Edward
00:33:38Wakefield
00:33:39surreptitiously
00:33:40toured
00:33:42Bethlehem,
00:33:43and was
00:33:43horrified
00:33:44what he
00:33:45saw.
00:33:47He found
00:33:47patients
00:33:48chained to
00:33:48the walls,
00:33:50many of
00:33:50them naked,
00:33:52or barely
00:33:52clothed,
00:33:54living in
00:33:54their own
00:33:55filth.
00:33:55In the
00:33:57quote,
00:33:58incurable
00:33:59ward,
00:34:00he encountered
00:34:01a site that
00:34:01became emblematic
00:34:03of Bedlam's
00:34:04cruelty.
00:34:06It was a
00:34:06man named
00:34:07James Norris,
00:34:08an American
00:34:09Marine,
00:34:10who had been
00:34:11kept in an
00:34:12iron harness
00:34:13for over
00:34:14ten
00:34:15years.
00:34:17Just
00:34:18imagine
00:34:19that.
00:34:21Ten
00:34:21years.
00:34:24Well,
00:34:24sorry to
00:34:26break the
00:34:27fourth wall
00:34:27there a little
00:34:28bit,
00:34:28but,
00:34:30well,
00:34:30as for
00:34:31Norris,
00:34:32his body
00:34:32was confined
00:34:33by an
00:34:34iron belt,
00:34:36riveted around
00:34:36his waist
00:34:37and chest,
00:34:38and with
00:34:38iron bars
00:34:39rising over
00:34:40his shoulders
00:34:41and an
00:34:41iron collar
00:34:42around his
00:34:43neck.
00:34:45These bars
00:34:45were attached
00:34:46by short
00:34:47chains to
00:34:48a metal
00:34:48pole fixed
00:34:49to the
00:34:49wall,
00:34:50effectively
00:34:51tethering
00:34:52him in
00:34:52place.
00:34:54He could
00:34:54scarcely
00:34:55move
00:34:55more than
00:34:56a few
00:34:57inches
00:34:57in any
00:34:57direction,
00:34:59and he
00:34:59had endured
00:35:00this night
00:35:01and day
00:35:02for about
00:35:03twelve years.
00:35:05Wakefield
00:35:06publicized
00:35:07the atrocity,
00:35:08describing
00:35:09Norris as
00:35:09encaged
00:35:11like a
00:35:12wild
00:35:12beast.
00:35:14Well,
00:35:15what do you
00:35:15think the
00:35:16public thought
00:35:16of that?
00:35:18The outcry
00:35:19was immediate.
00:35:21Parliament
00:35:21took notice,
00:35:23and in
00:35:231815 a
00:35:24select committee
00:35:25of the
00:35:25House of
00:35:26Commons
00:35:26convened an
00:35:27investigation
00:35:28into the
00:35:28conditions in
00:35:29Britain's
00:35:30asylums,
00:35:31and Bedlam
00:35:32was right
00:35:33in the
00:35:33crosshairs.
00:35:35The committee's
00:35:36findings were,
00:35:37I'm sure you
00:35:38can imagine,
00:35:39damning.
00:35:41They confirmed
00:35:41that many
00:35:42Bethlehem
00:35:42patients were
00:35:43chained or
00:35:44restrained long
00:35:45term,
00:35:46that one had
00:35:47indeed been in
00:35:48ions for over
00:35:49a decade,
00:35:50and that
00:35:50another patient
00:35:51had died
00:35:52after being
00:35:52dunked in
00:35:53cold water
00:35:54as a
00:35:54disciplinary
00:35:55measure.
00:35:57The committee
00:35:58also heard
00:35:59testimony from
00:35:59a former
00:36:00inmate
00:36:00named
00:36:01Urban
00:36:02Metcalf,
00:36:03who described
00:36:04the interior
00:36:04of Bethlehem
00:36:05in searing
00:36:05detail,
00:36:07how some
00:36:07patients were
00:36:08kept stark
00:36:09naked in
00:36:10dark cells,
00:36:11how the
00:36:12quote,
00:36:12green yard
00:36:13was the only
00:36:14place they
00:36:15might get a
00:36:15glimpse of
00:36:16the sun,
00:36:18and how
00:36:18cruel or
00:36:19indifferent
00:36:20the wardens
00:36:21could be.
00:36:24These
00:36:24revelations
00:36:25forced rapid
00:36:26changes.
00:36:28The old
00:36:28physician,
00:36:29Dr. Thomas
00:36:30Munro,
00:36:31resigned in
00:36:32disgrace in
00:36:331816,
00:36:35being criticised
00:36:36for wanting
00:36:37inhumanity.
00:36:39I'm sure it
00:36:40was pretty
00:36:40hard for him
00:36:41to find a
00:36:41job after
00:36:42that.
00:36:43You'd hope
00:36:44it was the
00:36:44end of his
00:36:45career,
00:36:45I'm sure
00:36:46it was.
00:36:47Another
00:36:48long-time
00:36:48staff member,
00:36:49the apothecary
00:36:50John Haslam,
00:36:52who ironically
00:36:53had written
00:36:54about Madliss
00:36:55but failed
00:36:56to reform
00:36:57care,
00:36:58was also
00:36:59dismissed.
00:37:01Bethlehem's
00:37:02governors realised
00:37:03that the
00:37:03institution
00:37:04needed a
00:37:05fresh start.
00:37:08Conveniently,
00:37:09a new
00:37:09hospital building
00:37:10had just been
00:37:10constructed,
00:37:12and in
00:37:121815,
00:37:13Bethlehem moved
00:37:14to the
00:37:15different
00:37:15location of
00:37:16St.
00:37:16George's
00:37:17Fields in
00:37:18Southwark,
00:37:19south of the
00:37:19River Thames.
00:37:21The timing
00:37:22was symbolic,
00:37:25a new
00:37:26building,
00:37:27and a new
00:37:27era.
00:37:29In 1815-16,
00:37:32approximately
00:37:32120 patients
00:37:34were transferred
00:37:34from the
00:37:35crumbling
00:37:35Moorfields
00:37:36Asylum to
00:37:36this new
00:37:37facility.
00:37:37St.
00:37:39George's
00:37:40Field Hospital
00:37:40was designed
00:37:42to be more
00:37:42spacious and
00:37:43humane with
00:37:44separate wards
00:37:45and courtyards,
00:37:47and without
00:37:47public spectacle
00:37:48of earlier
00:37:49days.
00:37:52With the
00:37:53famous statues
00:37:54of raving
00:37:55and melancholy
00:37:56madness
00:37:57brought along
00:37:58to the new
00:37:59site,
00:38:00the ethos
00:38:01was supposed
00:38:02to change
00:38:03from mere
00:38:04confinement and
00:38:04care to
00:38:06cures.
00:38:08Under a
00:38:08series of
00:38:09reform-minded
00:38:10superintendents
00:38:11and visiting
00:38:12physicians,
00:38:13Bedlam slowly
00:38:14adopted the
00:38:14principles of
00:38:15moral treatment.
00:38:18This was the
00:38:19new philosophy
00:38:20sweeping the
00:38:21enlightened
00:38:21asylums,
00:38:22the idea that
00:38:23patients should
00:38:24be treated
00:38:24with kindness,
00:38:26dignity,
00:38:27and as much
00:38:28freedom as
00:38:29possible with
00:38:30safety in
00:38:31mind.
00:38:33Restraint
00:38:33would be
00:38:34minimalized or
00:38:35eliminated.
00:38:37Instead,
00:38:38doctors in
00:38:39attendance would
00:38:40try to calm
00:38:40patients through
00:38:41gentler means.
00:38:44We're talking
00:38:44things like
00:38:44conversation,
00:38:46routine,
00:38:47giving them
00:38:47little jobs to
00:38:48do, little
00:38:49responsibilities,
00:38:51and all in
00:38:52all just a
00:38:53more pleasant
00:38:54environment.
00:38:56At Bethlehem,
00:38:58progress was
00:38:59gradual.
00:39:00In the
00:39:01eighteen-twenties
00:39:01and thirties,
00:39:02chains and
00:39:03manacles started
00:39:04to disappear
00:39:05from the
00:39:06wards.
00:39:07They were
00:39:08replaced at
00:39:08first by
00:39:09restraining
00:39:10jackets or
00:39:11padded gloves
00:39:12in extreme
00:39:12cases, but
00:39:14even those
00:39:15were used
00:39:15less and
00:39:16less.
00:39:17More patients
00:39:18were allowed
00:39:18to wear
00:39:18ordinary clothing
00:39:19instead of
00:39:20being left
00:39:20naked or in
00:39:21rags.
00:39:23The windows
00:39:23were no
00:39:24longer kept
00:39:24shuttered all
00:39:25the time.
00:39:26Light and
00:39:27air were let
00:39:27in.
00:39:29Attendants,
00:39:30no longer
00:39:31called keepers,
00:39:33were instructed
00:39:33to interact
00:39:34with patients
00:39:35calmly,
00:39:37rather than
00:39:37just automatically
00:39:39beating or
00:39:40intimidating them.
00:39:42One major
00:39:44figure in this
00:39:44mid-century
00:39:45reform was
00:39:46Dr. William
00:39:47Charles Hood,
00:39:49who became
00:39:50Bethlehem's
00:39:50resident physician
00:39:51superintendent
00:39:52in 1852.
00:39:55Dr. Hood was
00:39:55an advocate of
00:39:56non-restraint
00:39:58and modern
00:39:58therapeutic
00:39:59methods.
00:40:00During his
00:40:01tenure, he
00:40:02transformed daily
00:40:03life in the
00:40:03hospital.
00:40:05He introduced
00:40:05occupational therapy
00:40:07by setting up
00:40:07workshops where
00:40:09patients could
00:40:09engage in
00:40:10crafts or
00:40:10simple labor,
00:40:13of course,
00:40:13all according
00:40:14to their
00:40:14individual
00:40:15abilities.
00:40:17Some worked
00:40:18in the garden,
00:40:19tended to
00:40:19plants, or
00:40:21did arts
00:40:21like basket
00:40:23weaving and
00:40:24sewing.
00:40:25For those of
00:40:26literary bent
00:40:27or quieter
00:40:27disposition,
00:40:29reading materials
00:40:30were provided,
00:40:32a small
00:40:32library of
00:40:33books to
00:40:34stimulate the
00:40:35mind.
00:40:37Hood also
00:40:37improved the
00:40:38diet and
00:40:38cleanliness.
00:40:40Patients
00:40:40began to
00:40:41receive fresh
00:40:42linen,
00:40:43regular baths,
00:40:45better meals.
00:40:46The error
00:40:47of semi-starvation
00:40:48diets ended.
00:40:50The new
00:40:50belief was
00:40:51said a
00:40:52healthier body
00:40:53would aid
00:40:54a healthier
00:40:54mind.
00:40:57And so,
00:40:57under Hood,
00:40:58the use of
00:40:58mechanical
00:40:59restraints
00:40:59reportedly dropped
00:41:00to virtually
00:41:01zero,
00:41:02meaning that
00:41:03by the late
00:41:041850s,
00:41:05Bethlehem had
00:41:06effectively
00:41:06abolished the
00:41:08chaining of
00:41:08patients,
00:41:10something to be
00:41:11almost unthinkable
00:41:12just a few
00:41:14decades later.
00:41:16I wonder what
00:41:17Thomas Monroe
00:41:18would have been
00:41:19thinking when he
00:41:20was looking at
00:41:21all of this.
00:41:23Perhaps
00:41:24watching it
00:41:25play out in
00:41:25real time,
00:41:27that all of
00:41:27his theories
00:41:28were just
00:41:28dead wrong.
00:41:32Anyway,
00:41:34the Victorian
00:41:35years saw
00:41:36Bethlehem trying
00:41:36to redefine
00:41:38itself as a
00:41:39curative
00:41:39institution
00:41:40rather than
00:41:40just a
00:41:41human warehouse.
00:41:43The hospital,
00:41:44which had long
00:41:45been a symbol
00:41:45of shame,
00:41:47now aimed to
00:41:47be a model
00:41:48of enlightened
00:41:49psychiatry.
00:41:52Visiting by
00:41:53the idle
00:41:53public had
00:41:54long since
00:41:55been stopped,
00:41:57aside from,
00:41:57of course,
00:41:58official tours
00:41:59for professionals.
00:42:01Instead,
00:42:02Bethlehem
00:42:02sometimes held
00:42:03supervised
00:42:04dances and
00:42:05tea parties
00:42:06for the
00:42:06patients.
00:42:08Internal events
00:42:08aimed at
00:42:09socialization and
00:42:10rehabilitation.
00:42:12In fact,
00:42:13there are
00:42:13accounts from
00:42:13the 1850s
00:42:14of patients
00:42:15and staff
00:42:16dancing together
00:42:16in the wards
00:42:17for a
00:42:18curious dance
00:42:20around a
00:42:20curious tree,
00:42:22as one
00:42:22contemporary
00:42:23writer phrased
00:42:23it,
00:42:25bringing a
00:42:25note of
00:42:25levity to
00:42:26an otherwise
00:42:27sad place.
00:42:30Of course,
00:42:30such activities
00:42:32were early
00:42:32attempts at
00:42:33what we now
00:42:34call recreational
00:42:35therapy.
00:42:37Of course,
00:42:38not everything
00:42:39was ideal.
00:42:41We're talking
00:42:41about the
00:42:421850s.
00:42:44Even with
00:42:44reforms,
00:42:45many patients
00:42:46in Bethlehem
00:42:47still suffered
00:42:47greatly and
00:42:48just did not
00:42:49recover.
00:42:51Mental illness,
00:42:52especially serious
00:42:53conditions like
00:42:54psychosis,
00:42:55remained elusive
00:42:56to treat with
00:42:57limited means
00:42:58of the
00:42:5819th century.
00:43:00Bethlehem
00:43:01could offer
00:43:02a safer and
00:43:02cleaner environment,
00:43:04but cures?
00:43:05That was a
00:43:06bridge too far.
00:43:08Patients who
00:43:09did not improve
00:43:10after a certain
00:43:11period,
00:43:12often after
00:43:12one year,
00:43:14were typically
00:43:15deemed chronic
00:43:15and moved out
00:43:17to other
00:43:17institutions or
00:43:18long-term
00:43:20asylums.
00:43:21By the late
00:43:221800s,
00:43:23Bethlehem had
00:43:23essentially become
00:43:24a hospital for
00:43:26acute cases,
00:43:27trying to treat
00:43:28the recent or
00:43:29curable ones,
00:43:30while the
00:43:31incurable long-term
00:43:32patients were just
00:43:33sent to newly
00:43:34established county
00:43:35asylums,
00:43:36or to a state
00:43:37facility like
00:43:38Broadmoor for
00:43:39criminally
00:43:40insane cases.
00:43:43But still,
00:43:45some remarkable
00:43:45human stories
00:43:47emerged from
00:43:47Victorian Bedlam.
00:43:50One famous
00:43:50patient was
00:43:52the artist
00:43:52Richard Dadd,
00:43:54admitted in
00:43:551843,
00:43:56after he tragically
00:43:57became insane
00:43:58and killed
00:43:59his own father.
00:44:01At Bethlehem,
00:44:03Dadd was not
00:44:03chained or
00:44:04mistreated.
00:44:06Instead,
00:44:07they just
00:44:07let him
00:44:08paint.
00:44:10In confinement,
00:44:11he produced
00:44:12stunning works
00:44:13of art,
00:44:14such as his
00:44:14masterpiece,
00:44:15The Fairy
00:44:16Fellow's Master
00:44:17Stroke,
00:44:18showing that
00:44:19creative talent
00:44:19could survive
00:44:20mental illness
00:44:21when it was
00:44:22given a chance.
00:44:24And this case
00:44:25illustrates the
00:44:26more enlightened
00:44:26attitude.
00:44:28He was treated
00:44:28as a human being
00:44:29with an illness,
00:44:31not just some
00:44:31monster to be
00:44:32locked up.
00:44:33And so,
00:44:35by the end
00:44:35of the 19th
00:44:36century,
00:44:37Bethlehem Royal
00:44:37Hospital had
00:44:38changed,
00:44:39almost beyond
00:44:40recognition
00:44:41from the
00:44:41bedlam of old.
00:44:43It was no
00:44:43longer open
00:44:44for public
00:44:44amusement.
00:44:46Patients
00:44:46were no
00:44:47longer chained
00:44:47to the wall,
00:44:48left to
00:44:48wallow naked
00:44:49in filth.
00:44:51The institution
00:44:51had become
00:44:52part of the
00:44:53medical
00:44:53establishment,
00:44:55with trained
00:44:56psychiatrists,
00:44:57as the field
00:44:58was now emerging
00:44:58as psychiatry,
00:45:00overseeing the
00:45:01treatment.
00:45:01scientific
00:45:03advances were
00:45:04beginning to
00:45:04influence care,
00:45:06doctors conducted
00:45:07post-mortem
00:45:08examinations of
00:45:09the brain to
00:45:10search for
00:45:10causes of
00:45:11madness,
00:45:12and diagnoses
00:45:13were more
00:45:14specific.
00:45:16Terms like
00:45:16schizophrenia and
00:45:17bipolar disorder
00:45:18were yet to
00:45:19come, but
00:45:20categories like
00:45:21melancholia and
00:45:22mania and
00:45:23dementia were
00:45:24delimited,
00:45:26delineated,
00:45:27rather,
00:45:27more clearly.
00:45:28The public
00:45:30attitude, too,
00:45:31had shifted
00:45:31increasingly.
00:45:34Victorians saw
00:45:35the insane as
00:45:36inflicted
00:45:36unfortunates
00:45:37deserving
00:45:38compassion and
00:45:38treatment rather
00:45:39than objects of
00:45:40ridicule.
00:45:42In 1888,
00:45:43the new chief
00:45:44physician,
00:45:45Dr. Thomas
00:45:45Hislove,
00:45:47took charge and
00:45:47continued to
00:45:48modernize Bethlehem
00:45:49into the
00:45:50twentieth century.
00:45:50By now,
00:45:53the hospital's
00:45:53tarnished nickname
00:45:54Bedlam was
00:45:56something officials
00:45:57wanted to
00:45:57distance from.
00:46:00They preferred
00:46:00to emphasize its
00:46:02formal name and
00:46:03its royal
00:46:04patronage.
00:46:05It had long
00:46:06been called
00:46:07Bethlehem
00:46:07Royal Hospital,
00:46:09but the shadow
00:46:10of Bedlam's
00:46:11past would
00:46:12always linger
00:46:13in the public
00:46:14consciousness.
00:46:16As the
00:46:16twentieth century
00:46:17approached,
00:46:18Bethlehem stood
00:46:19as a much
00:46:19reformed place.
00:46:22Yet the
00:46:22journey of
00:46:23mental health
00:46:24care was
00:46:24far from
00:46:25over,
00:46:26as new
00:46:27challenges
00:46:27and controversies
00:46:30lay ahead.
00:46:34As Bethlehem
00:46:36entered the
00:46:37twentieth century,
00:46:38it had largely
00:46:39shed the
00:46:40barbaric
00:46:41practices of
00:46:41the past.
00:46:43The hospital
00:46:43at St. George's
00:46:44Fields continued
00:46:45to operate,
00:46:46but by the
00:46:47nineteen twenties
00:46:48it was
00:46:48aging,
00:46:49and London's
00:46:51rapid growth
00:46:51had begun
00:46:52to surround
00:46:53it.
00:46:54In
00:46:551930
00:46:55Bethlehem
00:46:56moved
00:46:56again,
00:46:58this time
00:46:58out to the
00:46:59suburbs,
00:46:59a tranquil
00:47:00little estate
00:47:01called
00:47:01Monk's
00:47:01Orchard
00:47:02in Kent
00:47:02in the
00:47:03borough
00:47:03of Croydon.
00:47:05The
00:47:06relocation
00:47:07provided
00:47:07modern
00:47:08buildings
00:47:08and leafy
00:47:09grounds,
00:47:10certainly a
00:47:11far cry
00:47:11from the
00:47:11cramped
00:47:12urban
00:47:12asylums
00:47:13of the
00:47:13earlier
00:47:14times.
00:47:15The move
00:47:15symbolized
00:47:16Bethlehem's
00:47:16transition
00:47:17into a
00:47:18fully
00:47:18modern
00:47:19psychiatric
00:47:19hospital.
00:47:21The wards
00:47:22at Monk's
00:47:22Orchard
00:47:22were designed
00:47:23for comfort
00:47:23and treatment,
00:47:25with open
00:47:25space for
00:47:26recreation,
00:47:27gardens and
00:47:28workshops.
00:47:30No longer
00:47:30would curiosity
00:47:31seekers be
00:47:32admitted,
00:47:32only visitors
00:47:33or family
00:47:34or professionals.
00:47:37The word
00:47:37bedlam
00:47:38still clung
00:47:39to the hospital
00:47:40in popular
00:47:41imagination,
00:47:41but internally
00:47:43the institution
00:47:44was striving
00:47:45to be seen
00:47:45as a place
00:47:46of healing.
00:47:48The
00:47:48twentieth
00:47:49century
00:47:49brought
00:47:50new
00:47:50treatments
00:47:51and philosophies
00:47:52to the
00:47:53halls of
00:47:53Bethlehem.
00:47:54In the
00:47:55early
00:47:55decades,
00:47:56doctors
00:47:57experimented
00:47:57with novel
00:47:58and sometimes
00:48:00drastic
00:48:01therapies
00:48:01for severe
00:48:02mental
00:48:02illness.
00:48:04By the
00:48:051930s,
00:48:06a wave
00:48:07of physical
00:48:07treatments
00:48:08emerged,
00:48:10insulin
00:48:10coma
00:48:11therapy,
00:48:11in which
00:48:12patients
00:48:13with
00:48:13schizophrenia
00:48:14were injected
00:48:15with high
00:48:16doses of
00:48:16insulin
00:48:17to induce
00:48:17daily
00:48:18comas,
00:48:19and a
00:48:20convulsive
00:48:20therapy
00:48:21using
00:48:21chemicals
00:48:22like
00:48:22metrazole
00:48:23to trigger
00:48:24seizures
00:48:24in hopes
00:48:25of shocking
00:48:25patients
00:48:26out of
00:48:26catatonia
00:48:27or depression.
00:48:29In the
00:48:291940s,
00:48:31electroconvulsive
00:48:32therapy,
00:48:33that is
00:48:34ECT,
00:48:35was introduced,
00:48:36a procedure
00:48:37that sends
00:48:37an electric
00:48:38current
00:48:38through the
00:48:39brain
00:48:39to provoke
00:48:40a controlled
00:48:41seizure,
00:48:41Bethlehem,
00:48:44like other
00:48:45psychiatric
00:48:45hospitals of
00:48:46the era,
00:48:47adopted all
00:48:48these treatments
00:48:48with optimism,
00:48:50and some
00:48:51patients did
00:48:52show improvement.
00:48:54Psychosurgery
00:48:55also made an
00:48:56appearance.
00:48:57A few
00:48:58unfortunate
00:48:58patients in
00:48:59the late
00:48:59forties and
00:49:00fifties
00:49:00underwent
00:49:01lobotomies.
00:49:03Brain
00:49:03surgeries
00:49:03intended to
00:49:04reduce
00:49:05agitation,
00:49:06often just
00:49:07turning people
00:49:08into zombies.
00:49:09disease.
00:49:10Looking back,
00:49:11it all seems
00:49:12pretty brutal,
00:49:14but at the
00:49:15time,
00:49:16they were
00:49:17just cutting-edge
00:49:17efforts by
00:49:18doctors who
00:49:19were desperate
00:49:20to find any
00:49:21cure they
00:49:22could,
00:49:23by illnesses
00:49:23that had long
00:49:24been untreatable.
00:49:27After the
00:49:28Second World War,
00:49:29mental health care
00:49:30changed dramatically
00:49:31with the advent
00:49:32of medications.
00:49:34In 1948,
00:49:35Bethlehem was
00:49:35absorbed into
00:49:37Britain's new
00:49:37National Health
00:49:38Service,
00:49:40guaranteeing
00:49:40public funding
00:49:41and oversight.
00:49:43And by the
00:49:44fifties,
00:49:45the first
00:49:45antipsychotic
00:49:46drug,
00:49:47chloropramazine,
00:49:49if that's how
00:49:50I pronounce it,
00:49:51chloropramazine,
00:49:52perhaps,
00:49:53revolutionized
00:49:54treatment of
00:49:55schizophrenia,
00:49:56and soon
00:49:57antidepressants
00:49:59and tranquilizers
00:50:00would follow.
00:50:02Patients who
00:50:02might have been
00:50:03locked away for
00:50:04life could now
00:50:05be calmed with
00:50:06a daily pill.
00:50:09Bethlehem's wards
00:50:10in the mid-twentieth
00:50:11century saw the
00:50:11impact.
00:50:13Fewer people were
00:50:13subject to coercive
00:50:14treatments when
00:50:16chemicals could
00:50:17achieve similar
00:50:17results.
00:50:19The patient
00:50:20population also
00:50:21shifted.
00:50:22Many long-term
00:50:22inmates of the
00:50:24asylum were
00:50:24discharged to
00:50:25smaller regional
00:50:26facilities or
00:50:27returned to
00:50:28community care
00:50:29once stabilized
00:50:30on medications.
00:50:31The era of the
00:50:33gigantic
00:50:34Victorian asylum
00:50:35was simply
00:50:37coming to an
00:50:38end, and
00:50:39Bethlehem, too,
00:50:41evolved into a
00:50:41more specialized
00:50:42hospital.
00:50:44It focused on
00:50:45acute cases,
00:50:46research, and
00:50:47training new
00:50:48psychiatrists,
00:50:49often in
00:50:50partnership with
00:50:51Maudsley Hospital
00:50:52and other
00:50:52psychiatric institute
00:50:53in London.
00:50:54Life inside
00:50:57Bethlehem in
00:50:58the later
00:50:58twentieth
00:50:58century was
00:51:00certainly far
00:51:01from the
00:51:02bellum of the
00:51:02seventeen
00:51:03hundreds.
00:51:04I don't think
00:51:05it needs to be
00:51:05said.
00:51:07Patients lived
00:51:07in open
00:51:08wards, or
00:51:09even private
00:51:10rooms.
00:51:11You wouldn't
00:51:12dare call them
00:51:13a cell.
00:51:14They attended
00:51:15therapy sessions,
00:51:16both individual
00:51:17and group,
00:51:18talking through
00:51:19their troubles
00:51:19with trained
00:51:20professionals.
00:51:22Occupational
00:51:23therapy was a
00:51:24given.
00:51:25One might see
00:51:25patients painting,
00:51:27woodworking, or
00:51:28tending a small
00:51:29garden as part of
00:51:30their recovery
00:51:31program.
00:51:33Nurses and
00:51:34doctors encouraged
00:51:35social interaction,
00:51:37organizing games,
00:51:39or even movie
00:51:40nights.
00:51:42Restraints were
00:51:43used only in
00:51:43very rare
00:51:45emergencies.
00:51:47The norm was
00:51:47to sedate an
00:51:49out-of-control
00:51:49patient with
00:51:50medication rather
00:51:51than shackling
00:51:52them.
00:51:53The hospital
00:51:53even introduced
00:51:54art therapy,
00:51:55carrying on a
00:51:56tradition of
00:51:56creative expression
00:51:58that had quietly
00:51:58existed since the
00:51:59days of Richard
00:52:00Dadd and
00:52:01Lewis Wayne.
00:52:03In fact,
00:52:04Bethlehem amassed
00:52:05an impressive
00:52:06collection of
00:52:06patient art over
00:52:08the years,
00:52:09which in the
00:52:09twenty-first
00:52:10century became
00:52:11the core of
00:52:12its own
00:52:12museum,
00:52:14the Bethlehem
00:52:14Museum of the
00:52:16Mind,
00:52:17celebrating that
00:52:17link between
00:52:18mental health
00:52:20and creativity.
00:52:21Bethlehem
00:52:22Although the
00:52:23setting and the
00:52:24methods became
00:52:24therapeutic,
00:52:26Bethlehem was
00:52:26not entirely free
00:52:27of controversy
00:52:28even in the
00:52:29modern times.
00:52:31In 1997,
00:52:33as the hospital
00:52:33planned to mark
00:52:34its 750th
00:52:36anniversary,
00:52:37a group of
00:52:38psychiatric survivors
00:52:39and activists
00:52:40launched a
00:52:41Reclaim
00:52:42Bedlam
00:52:43campaign.
00:52:44You see,
00:52:45to them,
00:52:46there was very
00:52:47little to
00:52:48celebrate in
00:52:49Bethlehem's
00:52:49long history
00:52:50of abuse
00:52:51and incarceration.
00:52:55And so,
00:52:56they staged a
00:52:57protest,
00:52:58outside the
00:52:58old Bedlam
00:53:00site,
00:53:01which is now
00:53:01the Imperial
00:53:02War Museum,
00:53:03to draw attention
00:53:04to past and
00:53:05present injustices
00:53:06in the mental
00:53:06health system.
00:53:09The noted
00:53:09historian Roy
00:53:10Porter,
00:53:11reflecting on
00:53:12Bethlehem's
00:53:12legacy,
00:53:13remarked that
00:53:14the very name
00:53:15Bedlam had
00:53:17come to stand
00:53:17for man's
00:53:18inhumanity to
00:53:19man.
00:53:21But hospital
00:53:23officials,
00:53:23on the other
00:53:24hand,
00:53:25pointed out how
00:53:25far Bedlam
00:53:27had progressed,
00:53:29and that it
00:53:29now aimed to
00:53:30involve patients
00:53:32in their own
00:53:32care decisions.
00:53:35This tension
00:53:35between remembering
00:53:36a painful history
00:53:37and recognizing
00:53:39progress was
00:53:41pretty evident
00:53:41during those
00:53:42anniversary events.
00:53:45In the
00:53:4621st century,
00:53:47Bethlehem
00:53:48Royal Hospital
00:53:49operates a
00:53:50modern psychiatric
00:53:52facility,
00:53:54part of the
00:53:54South London
00:53:55and Morsley
00:53:56NHS Trust.
00:53:58It offers
00:53:59specialist services,
00:54:01from treatment
00:54:01of severe
00:54:02depression and
00:54:03anxiety disorders,
00:54:04to care for
00:54:05adolescents and
00:54:06individuals with
00:54:06personality disorders.
00:54:08doctors.
00:54:09The Victorian
00:54:10stereotypes of
00:54:11raging madmen
00:54:12have given way
00:54:13to a more
00:54:14nuanced understanding
00:54:15of mental
00:54:16illness.
00:54:17Patients at
00:54:18Bethlehem today
00:54:19participate in
00:54:20devising their
00:54:21treatment plans,
00:54:22and their rights
00:54:23are protected by
00:54:24law.
00:54:25The hospital
00:54:26emphasizes recovery
00:54:27and rehabilitation,
00:54:29often preparing
00:54:29individuals to
00:54:30reintegrate into
00:54:32the community
00:54:33after their
00:54:34inpatient stay.
00:54:35The grounds
00:54:38at Monk's
00:54:38Orchard
00:54:39are peaceful,
00:54:41walking paths,
00:54:43a cafeteria,
00:54:44art galleries.
00:54:46You might not
00:54:47distinguish it
00:54:48from any other
00:54:49medical campus
00:54:50at first glance,
00:54:52yet the shadow
00:54:53of Bedlam
00:54:54lingers as a
00:54:55reminder
00:54:56and a warning.
00:54:59It reminds
00:55:00staff and the
00:55:00public alike
00:55:01of how badly
00:55:02the mentally ill
00:55:03were treated
00:55:04when ignorance
00:55:05and fear
00:55:06prevailed.
00:55:07It warns us
00:55:09that without
00:55:10compassion and
00:55:10vigilance,
00:55:11abuses can happen
00:55:12even in the
00:55:13most modern
00:55:14systems.
00:55:15In fact,
00:55:16a tragic incident
00:55:17in 2010
00:55:18proved that
00:55:19point.
00:55:20A young man
00:55:21named Oluseni
00:55:22Lewis died
00:55:24after being
00:55:25subjected to
00:55:25prolonged
00:55:26physical restraint
00:55:27by police
00:55:28while he was
00:55:28a patient
00:55:29in Bedlam.
00:55:31An outcry
00:55:31from that case
00:55:32led to
00:55:33Senni's law
00:55:34in 2018,
00:55:36a law in
00:55:36the UK
00:55:37that strictly
00:55:38limits the use
00:55:39of force
00:55:40in mental
00:55:40health units.
00:55:42And thus,
00:55:43even today,
00:55:45the story of
00:55:45Bedlam
00:55:46continues to
00:55:47evolve,
00:55:49advocating
00:55:49forever more
00:55:50humane
00:55:51treatment.
00:55:53But who
00:55:53knows,
00:55:54perhaps the
00:55:55next tragedy
00:55:55is just
00:55:57around the
00:55:57corner.
00:55:57So how
00:56:02do we
00:56:02sum it
00:56:02all up?
00:56:04Well,
00:56:05I suppose
00:56:05after
00:56:05almost
00:56:06800
00:56:07years,
00:56:09can you
00:56:10believe that?
00:56:11800 years
00:56:12this place
00:56:12has been
00:56:13going,
00:56:14Bedlam
00:56:15Royal Hospital
00:56:15stands as
00:56:16an institution
00:56:17transformed.
00:56:20What was
00:56:21once a
00:56:21medieval
00:56:21religious
00:56:22charity,
00:56:23became an
00:56:24early modern
00:56:25madhouse
00:56:25notorious for
00:56:26chaos,
00:56:28but it's
00:56:29now a
00:56:29centre of
00:56:30psychiatric
00:56:30care and
00:56:31research.
00:56:33The journey
00:56:34inside Bedlam
00:56:35has been
00:56:36long and
00:56:36difficult,
00:56:38marked by
00:56:38suffering but
00:56:39also by
00:56:40gradual
00:56:40enlightenment.
00:56:43Today's
00:56:43Bedlam is
00:56:44not a
00:56:44perfect place,
00:56:46no psychiatric
00:56:47hospital is,
00:56:48but it does
00:56:49strive to
00:56:50heal rather
00:56:51than harm.
00:56:53The holes
00:56:53that once
00:56:54echoed with
00:56:54screams and
00:56:55clattering
00:56:56chains are
00:56:58now quiet
00:56:58spaces of
00:56:59therapy and
00:56:59respite,
00:57:01and so the
00:57:02story of
00:57:02Bedlam,
00:57:04with all its
00:57:04dark chapters
00:57:05and maybe
00:57:07its bright
00:57:08future,
00:57:09has become
00:57:10an integral
00:57:10part of the
00:57:11history of
00:57:11medicine,
00:57:13and also
00:57:14our understanding
00:57:15of the
00:57:16human mind,
00:57:18whether it's
00:57:18mind for
00:57:19madness,
00:57:20or mind
00:57:21for cruelty.
00:57:22Well,
00:57:27thank you
00:57:27very much
00:57:27everyone.
00:57:30I hope
00:57:30you enjoyed
00:57:31this video.
00:57:34Perhaps you'll
00:57:34want to go and
00:57:35visit the
00:57:35hospital yourself
00:57:36if you're in
00:57:37the UK,
00:57:38or perhaps
00:57:40you won't.
00:57:42All up to
00:57:43you.
00:57:44But I will
00:57:45thank my top
00:57:45dear patrons
00:57:46and supporters,
00:57:47dark,
00:57:48Kimberly,
00:57:48Christine,
00:57:49Sally,
00:57:50Ember,
00:57:51Susan,
00:57:51Cameron,
00:57:52Legitmus,
00:57:53Gary,
00:57:53Charlene,
00:57:54Lynn,
00:57:54Therese,
00:57:54Katiana,
00:57:56Nicholas,
00:57:56Ulfetnir,
00:57:58Charles,
00:57:58Christine,
00:57:59Dr.
00:57:59Neuro,
00:57:59Nerd,
00:58:00Erin,
00:58:01Jaden,
00:58:02Jim,
00:58:02Jeffrey,
00:58:03Jessica,
00:58:03Madeline,
00:58:04Melissa,
00:58:05Orthodox Review,
00:58:07Scott,
00:58:07Stark Factory,
00:58:08Shell,
00:58:09Wendy,
00:58:09Josie,
00:58:10Sarah,
00:58:10Ryan,
00:58:11Thor,
00:58:11Cameron,
00:58:12Stefan,
00:58:13Kevin,
00:58:13HMSHH,
00:58:15Crystal,
00:58:16Tauvery,
00:58:17Anthony,
00:58:17Lucy,
00:58:18Brandon,
00:58:19and Gugu,
00:58:20Bubonic.
00:58:21Thank you all
00:58:22so much.
00:58:25And if you've
00:58:26had a good time
00:58:26today and learned
00:58:27something,
00:58:28why don't you
00:58:28consider subscribing?
00:58:30Why don't you
00:58:31tell your friends
00:58:32about it?
00:58:33I'm sure they
00:58:34would like to know.
00:58:36Well,
00:58:37all in all,
00:58:38I just hope
00:58:39you've gotten
00:58:40relaxed and
00:58:41learned something.
00:58:43That's all this
00:58:44channel is here
00:58:45for.
00:58:47Good night.
00:58:48Look after
00:58:49yourself,
00:58:50and as always,
00:58:50lots of love
00:58:51to you all.
00:58:52I will see you
00:58:53next time.
00:59:13Bye.
00:59:15Bye.
00:59:15Bye.
00:59:16See you.

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