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00:00We are living through the golden age of dinosaur discoveries.
00:10From all over the world, a whole new generation of dinosaurs has been revealed.
00:16From the biggest giants,
00:19and the deadliest killers, to the weird and wonderful.
00:30From the Arctic to Africa.
00:36From South America to Asia.
00:39Using the latest evidence for the first time,
00:42we have a truly global view of these incredible animals.
01:00In this episode, we explore the dinosaurs' extraordinary ability to survive.
01:10And witness how they have transformed over millions of years
01:15into some of the most alien-looking animals the world has ever seen.
01:19This astonishing capacity to evolve into ever more diverse and bizarre forms,
01:28meant that it helped them not only spread throughout the world,
01:32but also dominate life upon it.
01:39Dinosaurs lived on Earth for more than 160 million years.
01:44Most famously, throughout the Jurassic period.
01:48But it was during the later Cretaceous period
01:51that the biggest, baddest, and most bizarre dinosaurs lived.
01:55By the end of the Cretaceous, dinosaurs were flourishing on every continent.
02:01Even dinosaurs that had been around for over a hundred million years,
02:05like the giant plant-eating sauropods, were still thriving.
02:09Back then, Europe was a series of large islands.
02:14On one of these, Hatseg Island.
02:17A giant dinosaur showed a most surprising adjustment to island life.
02:39Cut off from everywhere else, Hatseg Island has its own unique collection of animals.
02:51Bradachneen is one of the predators here.
02:57Megarasaurus, a plant-eater, is the potential prey.
03:02And it's the youngest, which are in greatest danger from predators.
03:07And it's the youngest, which are in greatest danger from predators.
03:09Katseg Island-
03:32Hatseg is an island where much is not as it first appears.
03:37This is a world turned upside down.
03:56They may look like giants, but the Magiosaurus from Hatzec Island actually stood no taller than a pony.
04:07Weighing around one ton, they are a fraction of the size of their mainland relatives,
04:13and weigh at least 70 times less than their cousin Argentinosaurus.
04:20On the island of Hatzec, there simply wasn't enough food to support a plant-eating giant.
04:26So over many tens of thousands of years, they adapted,
04:31creating a world where many of the dinosaurs were pocket-sized versions of their relatives.
04:36But some animals are still huge.
04:43This is the largest flying vertebrate ever known.
04:48A pterosaur with a 10-meter wingspan.
04:53It's as tall as a giraffe, standing over five and a half meters.
05:00Discovered in 2002, its skull alone is three meters long.
05:07This is Hatzegopteryx.
05:09A giant that we assumed hunted from the skies.
05:14That was until the discovery of a series of fossil footprints, unlike any found before.
05:21The footprints were those of a giant pterosaur, and they showed that these creatures did not just fly,
05:28but could comfortably walk on all falls.
05:35The footprints were those of a giant pterosaur, and they showed that these creatures did not just fly,
05:40but could comfortably walk on all falls.
05:43It seems these monsters actually hunt on the ground.
05:50Hunting with impunity, Hatzegopteryx are the top predators.
05:57It seems these monsters actually hunt on the ground.
06:11Hunting with impunity, Hatzegopteryx are the top predators.
06:16All their feathers being pulled over.
06:18WHAT IS HAPPENING THE CHIRP??
06:26When had the rates of bakers at the height of the price of land,
06:29theияgopteryx found that they wouldn't control the target.
06:33нев adept
06:46Let's go.
07:16Able to fly from island to island, this is their kingdom.
07:30Hatsuk Island is just one example of the strange paths evolution can take.
07:36But all over the world, bizarre-shaped dinosaurs continually evolved throughout their long reign.
07:42Perhaps the strangest of all dinosaurs is one particularly weird group, Therisnosaurs.
07:50And the best example of these peculiar animals was announced in 2009.
07:58The skeleton revealed the secrets of this strange creature that lived in New Mexico 92 million years ago.
08:12These swamps are home to Zuni tyrannus, a mid-sized tyrannosaur.
08:24And they're also home to this weird creature.
08:38Nothraenicus.
08:40It's actually a close relative of the tyrannosaur.
08:44But with one major difference.
08:46Nothraenicus has given up eating meat.
08:52Here, the tyrannosaur is the top predator.
08:58The tyrannosaur.
09:00Here the tyrannosaur is the top predator.
09:24R��요.
09:25Therisnosaurs had been a mystery for decades,
09:32known only from tantalizing fragments.
09:37That all changed with the discovery of Nothraenicus.
09:41It gave us our clearest look at this strange group of dinosaurs.
09:46It walked upright on short, stocky legs.
09:49It had wide hips and a long neck.
09:52Its teeth showed that these weren't the teeth of a killer.
09:57Far from its ferocious tyrannosaur cousins,
10:00this pock-bellied dinosaur had evolved into a strict vegetarian.
10:06But armed with viciously long claws on its forearms,
10:09it was by no means defenseless.
10:22By becoming a plant-eater, Nothraenicus has easy access to food.
10:36And because it walks on two legs,
10:41it can use its claws to pull down branches to reach leaves.
10:48Nothraenicus thrives here
10:50because it doesn't compete with the tyrannosaurs for food.
10:53But just because you're not competing for food doesn't mean you're not seen as food.
11:05Well, not a week'sressione.
11:06It's very dangerous to be as food.
11:07. . . .
11:10. . . . .
11:11. . . . . .
11:12. . . . . . .
11:27. . . . . . . . . . these are dangerous places to be at the bottom of the food chain.
11:34Unable to run, Nothraenikos relies on brute strength.
12:04Tyrannosaurs are predators that will eat anything, even one of their own, whether they've killed
12:13it or not.
12:17And a discovery found in Montana of a number of meat-eating dinosaurs appeared to show
12:25that being such an unfussy eater could have dramatic consequences.
12:30It seems scavenging can hold hidden dangers.
12:35This tyrannosaur wasn't killed by Nothraenikos.
12:41There's a more deadly killer at work here.
13:00All the predator's bones were found alongside the edge of an ancient stagnant lake.
13:21And all of them died at the same time.
13:25Other mass killings have been found today among birds.
13:28And the killer, a fast-acting, naturally occurring deadly disease, botulism.
13:36Botulism is caused by bacteria that can thrive in rotting carcasses.
13:40We think that the dinosaurs, too, might have been victims of this lethal and invisible killer.
13:50Once a carcass is poisoned, it is quickly passed on to any animal that eats it with lethal results.
14:01But plant-eaters like Nothraenikos are usually safe from such deadly killers.
14:07By completely changing its diet, Nothraenikos shows the extraordinary adaptability of the group
14:14known as the theropod dinosaurs.
14:20These two-legged dinosaurs were the most diverse of all the dinosaur groups.
14:26From predators like Mapusaurus and Majungasaurus to the bizarre Theriznosaurs.
14:35The extraordinary tree-living Microraptor to the weird Gigantoraptor.
14:42They evolved into an incredible range of shapes and sizes.
14:49The tyrannosaurs were the most successful of the theropod predators.
14:55And once tyrannosaurs dominated in an area, many other meat-eating dinosaurs simply disappeared.
15:04But those that had changed their diets flourished.
15:09Mongolia, 85 million years ago.
15:13One group of dinosaurs thrives here despite the fact that they live in the shadow of a deadly tyrannosaur.
15:21These are oviraptorites that don't compete directly for food with the biggest of killers.
15:36And the benefits are clear because some of these creatures become huge.
15:40Like the eight-meter Gigantoraptor.
15:48But this group have another trick to help them survive.
15:54The way they nest.
15:57In Mongolia in 1994, a nest of very large dinosaur eggs was discovered.
16:05An array of more than 20 eggs arranged in pairs around the edge of a shallow pit.
16:12They were the biggest dinosaur eggs ever found.
16:16When an embryo was found preserved within an egg, it proved that the nest, eggs and embryo
16:23were almost certainly those of Gigantoraptor.
16:35But nesting makes an animal vulnerable.
16:41Electrosaurus.
16:53But against a pair of Gigantoraptors, a five-meter tyrannosaur has little chance of success.
17:13A bunch of wolves...
17:30As Mongolia has given up its secrets, we have learned more and more about these extraordinary creatures.
17:37In 2005, one particular fossil was found to contain two eggs within its body cavity, ready
17:47to be laid.
17:50Even more amazing were a number of other finds that revealed the nesting behavior of these
17:54dinosaurs.
17:55Three dinosaurs were discovered, all sitting on top of nests of eggs.
18:00The dinosaurs sitting in the center of the nest with their long arms spread out to protect
18:04the pairs of eggs arranged around them.
18:10These dinosaurs were brooding.
18:17Looking after their eggs increases the chance of them hatching.
18:23And having large eggs means the hatchling is more developed, making it less vulnerable
18:30to predators.
18:33But it takes longer to hatch, up to 80 days for Gigantoraptor.
18:44A time when both egg and the brooding parent are permanently at risk.
18:52Smaller ogoraptors are no more than a nuisance.
19:13Larger predators are a different story.
19:26Unwilling to leave the nest, the adult protects its offspring, first by hiding.
19:41And if that fails, it goes on the offensive.
20:00And if that fails, it goes on the offensive.
20:03And if that fails, it goes on the offensive.
20:07And if that fails, the adult just doesn't have to.
20:08The adult protects the frag.
20:10The mornbrust, the villagers are not a bit different.
20:12So, these items are a little more vital.
20:14And whether it's a much different, they don't necessarily follow your target.
20:17But you can use this to kill the enemy, you can use the enemy.
20:19You can use that, but it does not do anything.
20:22And you can use these items too.
20:24If that fails, there's no more than a nuisance.
20:26If you jump it, you can use this to kill.
20:28I don't know.
20:58Protecting the nest means gigantoraptors young are more likely to survive.
21:16It now seems clear that the instinct to nurture and care for a nest of eggs had its origins
21:26with the dinosaurs.
21:29It's a behavior that was so successful it's still widespread today with birds.
21:35But the fossils show something else.
21:37These animals all died sitting on their nests.
21:56It seems that the threats don't always come from predators.
22:02Sometimes the real danger comes from the most unlikely places.
22:05These dinosaurs were all buried alive.
22:32Planet Dinosaur was an incredibly diverse and varied place, with these creatures able
22:46to colonize every continent on Earth.
22:52Continually evolving and changing, their dominance of life on Earth was absolute.
23:00Yet, they were doomed.
23:08Their downfall was caused by an asteroid smashing into the Earth.
23:15Traveling 20 times faster than a speeding bullet, 15 kilometers across, it slammed into the Gulf
23:23of Mexico.
23:28The impact released more energy than a billion atomic bombs.
23:33The initial impact triggered wildfires, massive earthquakes and tsunamis.
23:39But most devastating was the debris blasted high into the atmosphere.
23:47This shrouded the planet in a cloak of darkness that lasted for months.
23:53Cutting off sunlight, the Earth was thrown into almost permanent night.
24:02The animals that survived the blast were now faced with their greatest ordeal.
24:07As a devastating chain of events was set in motion.
24:10Deprived of light, many plants died.
24:18Plant eaters like this Magiosaurus are the first to be affected.
24:23With no food, the biggest succumb first.
24:29Fresh growth of plants offers a glimmer of hope.
24:34Allowing smaller plant eaters to scratch out a living.
24:39But these aren't enough to sustain anything for long.
24:59As the plant eaters succumb to starvation, there is a glut of food.
25:21But this surplus is an illusion.
25:45Once gone, scavengers will starve too.
25:50The impact resulted in the collapse of whole food chains.
25:59And the extinction didn't just affect dinosaurs.
26:04Virtually all life on Earth was affected.
26:07More than 60% of all species were wiped out.
26:13Yet the extinction wasn't a lottery.
26:16One factor more than any other determined the dinosaur's fate.
26:22Size.
26:24On land, no animal weighing more than 25 kilograms survived.
26:30There just isn't enough food to sustain large animals.
26:38Ironically, it's the very thing that makes dinosaurs so iconic that condemns them to extinction.
26:49The finds and discoveries of recent years have painted a staggering picture.
27:01Dinosaurs were incredibly adaptable with an astonishing capacity for survival.
27:08And during the breakup of continents, sea level rises and countless changes in climate,
27:20they continue to diversify and thrive.
27:23On land, in water, among the trees, and even in the skies.
27:35They conquered every continent, dominating life on Earth for more than 150 million years.
27:51The most successful animals the world has ever known.
27:59It was only with an unprecedented extraterrestrial impact that finally saw the end of Planet Dinosaur.
28:07An incredible year that maybe survived these days?
28:13The
28:23kinds of foods that executively 성공ed.
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