China After Tienanmen

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How China is embracing economic reforms and open society even as a firm hold on political dissent remains in place three years after pro-democracy protests were brutally silenced.

Transcript

00:00:01Frontline is a presentation of the Documentary Consortium.

00:00:07It's been three years since the flowering of China's democracy movement.

00:00:14And the brutal crackdown in Tiananmen Square.

00:00:19Never in the history of Chinese Communist rule have there been so profound or so prolonged a demonstration of discontent.

00:00:26Tonight, Frontline producer Irv Drasman returns to a country torn by the conflicting realities of economic reform and political repression.

00:00:36In a nutshell, the leadership of the Communist Party can't be questioned.

00:00:40Nobody is going to be able to drag the people back. I don't believe that.

00:00:46Tonight, China after Tiananmen, a Frontline special report.

00:00:50With funding provided by the financial support of viewers like you.

00:01:00And by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

00:01:05This is Frontline.

00:01:10Frontline.

00:01:13It's as if Tiananmen Square had risen from the ashes of June 4th.

00:01:25More than two years after the army took back the square from hundreds of thousands of demonstrators, the people have returned.

00:01:34We came here on the eve of National Day, the Communist State's 42nd anniversary.

00:01:43On this night, the only slogan visible has all but disappeared everywhere else in the world.

00:01:49Socialism is good.

00:01:51But there were subtle reminders of the government's power.

00:02:00And if only for a moment, at least one man let us know that not all was forgotten.

00:02:06For seven weeks in the spring of 1989, the raised hands of protest dominated the Chinese capital.

00:02:19At first, the government responded with warnings, then with martial law.

00:02:26And then in the early morning hours of June 4th, with troops and tanks.

00:02:34Hundreds, perhaps thousands, were killed or wounded.

00:02:38Nothing like it had ever happened before in the People's Republic.

00:02:42The government had been shaken to its very foundation.

00:02:45Now at the gate of heavenly peace, all once again seems tranquil.

00:02:56But the forces of history are never far beneath the surface of Chinese life.

00:03:01Three years after Tiananmen, they're still at work.

00:03:05As surprising as the sounds in the night.

00:03:07In the aftermath of June 4th, there are limits on free expression, but also on the state's ability to suppress it.

00:03:22The country is very important for the people who are buying out from the planet.

00:03:24The country is being taken over by the family.

00:03:26The country is spreading over by the country.

00:03:27A few years after the country is being taken over by the country.

00:03:28The country is still at.

00:03:30The country is safe for the country.

00:03:31The country is there.

00:03:33The country is there.

00:03:34This may be just a rock version of history, but it raises a question many Chinese are asking, what's the 90s going to bring?

00:04:04Their answer might be heard as an echo, all the way back to Tiananmen.

00:04:34The band says it's only a song, no politics intended.

00:04:50But you can't hear this music on state-controlled television or radio, or in concert before large audiences.

00:04:59The words are provocative, especially to the sensitive ears of an aging and uncertain leadership.

00:05:08What the 90s might bring is still in the hands of Deng Xiaoping, China's 87-year-old leader, and a determined gerontocracy hoping for revolutionary immortality.

00:05:20But behind these scenes there's a power struggle that's been going on for a quarter century over who will replace them.

00:05:30Their age, their health, and for some their policies have made an urgent issue of succession.

00:05:38The chosen successors can be found here, at the end of an unmarked road on the outskirts of Beijing.

00:05:56This is the Central Committee School for Communist Party Cadres, officials on the verge of middle age and more responsibility.

00:06:07This was as close as we could get to the government, to what the leadership was thinking, about conditions inside China, about changes sweeping the communist world.

00:06:32We agree, international communism right now is at a low point.

00:06:41It's because of this that we as Chinese communists have our responsibility.

00:06:47One communist government after another has collapsed, but China's bureaucracy is still being schooled in dialectical materialism.

00:07:02Whoever controls the party line controls what's taught here.

00:07:06In a time of uncertainty, it's a hard line these officials will carry back to China's ministries and provinces.

00:07:17It may not be apparent at first, but China also is a country in ferment.

00:07:23Its leaders are under pressure to bridge a growing gap between rhetoric and reality,

00:07:28to explain not just world events, but what's been happening at home.

00:07:37The way theory fits reality is very complicated.

00:07:40We at the Central Party School have always taught it as a key principle, theory and practice.

00:07:46A key principle, connecting theory and practice.

00:07:50The key is connecting.

00:07:52Connecting.

00:07:53Connecting is a terribly difficult thing.

00:07:55The most difficult problem in years was explaining the movement that filled China's streets during the spring of 1989.

00:08:12In the West, it was seen as a popular outcry against corruption and the abuse of power.

00:08:20But this is the Chinese government's official version, portraying those events as a conspiracy of counter-revolutionaries that began in Beijing and spread to more than a hundred other cities.

00:08:35It was called bourgeois liberalization, a vaguely defined label that could mean almost anything.

00:08:42Any word or deed that seemed threatening to the party's leadership or authority became bourgeois liberalization.

00:08:51This was the danger and the justification for a crackdown.

00:08:57The term liberalization is sometimes misunderstood.

00:09:04It doesn't mean that we are against liberty in any sense.

00:09:09That's not right.

00:09:11We're against those who would give unlimited freedom to bourgeois elements, who should be considered enemies of the people.

00:09:19Three years later, the government is maintaining its vigilance over the political and intellectual life of the people.

00:09:28And in Tiananmen Square, the surveillance cameras still scan the horizon for any visible signs of dissent.

00:09:39If any government agency has grown since the crackdown, it's the state security apparatus.

00:09:45The white license plates are everywhere, of the police and of a new armed unit, the Wujing.

00:09:58Especially since the fall of Soviet communism, a wary Chinese leadership has posted guards at the gates, especially at places like Beijing University.

00:10:12It was from here the first students marched to Tiananmen in April 1989.

00:10:18Even three years later, this and every other university we went to was closed to us.

00:10:29We arrived in China at a time when its citizens were being warned against unauthorized contacts with foreign reporters.

00:10:37Within five weeks of filming, an official escort was with us most of the time, but not all the time.

00:10:44Everywhere, there were limits to what we could do, and ways to test those limits.

00:10:50That's nothing new in China.

00:10:52The barriers have always been there.

00:10:55So have the surprises.

00:10:58These walls have been there for centuries.

00:11:08They guard the ancient capital of Xi'an, 600 miles to the south and west of Beijing.

00:11:15This is the cradle of Chinese civilization, of China's greatest cultural achievements.

00:11:23By the seventh century, it was one of the great cities of the world.

00:11:30The walls of China were built to keep out foreign armies and ideas, to defend the orthodoxy of the state.

00:11:38But that orthodoxy may now be up against something that walls alone can't keep out.

00:11:45This isn't something that it is, but there is a million times in China's books living out of Chineseensitive,

00:11:48which'll never

00:12:15This song, It's Not That I Don't See, is by China's own rock idol, Suijian.

00:12:27It's about confusion and alienation, an anthem to China's growing generation gap.

00:12:35In competition with an older favorite, it's selling fast.

00:12:41What do you sell more of, Suijian or Mao Zedong?

00:12:45Suijian.

00:12:47Do you have Madonna?

00:12:51Madonna, sold out.

00:13:01Today in China, there's a credibility gap between a government moving in one direction and people moving in another.

00:13:10Between what people are told and what they think.

00:13:15China has come to a crossroads with no one path leading to the future.

00:13:28Many things seemed unclear.

00:13:33For example, what did bourgeois liberalization mean now, in the lives of ordinary Chinese?

00:13:40These young women are preparing for class in a subject that's never been taught in China, not in the People's Republic.

00:13:58What they're learning is how to become fashion models.

00:14:04What they're learning is how to become fashion models.

00:14:04Four nights a week, this is the Kadan school.

00:14:18That's Kadan, a name borrowed from Pierre Cardin.

00:14:21This school is the inspiration of a 29-year-old entrepreneur in business for himself.

00:14:33Five, six, seven, eight.

00:14:35What were you looking for?

00:14:36What were you hoping for when you started a school for fashion models?

00:14:42A kind of understanding.

00:14:45A kind of ideal.

00:14:48And have you found it?

00:14:49It's hard to explain in a few words.

00:15:00Maybe it's about the 90s in China.

00:15:03About new ways to make money.

00:15:08What is this doing for the country?

00:15:11Is this school helping to build socialism?

00:15:14You've asked a question that's hard to answer directly.

00:15:27Such questions are hard for many Chinese to answer these days.

00:15:31I'm going to make a change for once in my life.

00:15:39What is bourgeois liberalization?

00:15:55If you don't understand that, how can I understand it?

00:15:59In the 43rd year of the People's Republic,

00:16:17these young people are seeking a future in step with Michael Jackson.

00:16:20Some 500 miles away, in Chengdu,

00:16:35an important provincial capital in China's Midwest,

00:16:38the city walls have come down.

00:16:41But at the site of student demonstrations in 1989,

00:16:45Mao Zedong has held his ground.

00:16:50Depending on where you look,

00:16:53there's no telling what might be fashionable these days.

00:16:57Ten years ago, it was hard to find reminders of the Maoist era.

00:17:02Times have changed.

00:17:04On a side street, we found this museum,

00:17:06and the man who created it,

00:17:08with more than 20,000 pieces of Mao memorabilia.

00:17:12He says,

00:17:14when you drink water,

00:17:15you can't forget the person who dug the well.

00:17:17That's a Chinese saying recently revived by the party leadership,

00:17:23who hope many others will follow the example of Wang Anting.

00:17:28Is any of this for sale?

00:17:30No, not for sale.

00:17:32Has anybody ever offered to buy this from you?

00:17:36There were two Americans who offered me $500,000.

00:17:40I wouldn't sell them.

00:17:41I'm just a common man, right?

00:17:43Besides, I want to keep them,

00:17:45pass them down to the next generation.

00:17:46I mean, who comes here to see all of this?

00:17:50Anyone.

00:17:51Chairman Mao is not afraid of being seen.

00:17:59Back in Beijing,

00:18:01they couldn't agree more.

00:18:03Since June 4th,

00:18:05Chairman Mao is being seen.

00:18:07Everywhere.

00:18:08My name is Gu Yue.

00:18:11Before, no one knew me.

00:18:20Now, because I play Mao Zedong,

00:18:21I am well known.

00:18:23In acting the part of Mao,

00:18:25you ask what is most difficult.

00:18:27There are two sides of this.

00:18:29First, is to be like him in appearance.

00:18:31Second, is to be like him in spirit.

00:18:33For Chinese mindful of Mao's cultural revolution,

00:18:38the political terror of the 1960s and 70s,

00:18:42it's a complicated legacy.

00:18:45Only a few years ago,

00:18:47films were dramatizing political problems

00:18:49and injustice.

00:18:51Not now.

00:18:52Not since the crackdown.

00:18:53We don't want to make films

00:18:58which cause people to lose confidence

00:19:00in the future

00:19:01or to feel disappointed with the country.

00:19:06Film is supposed to boost morale

00:19:07and make people feel confident

00:19:09about the country.

00:19:10So we're cutting back

00:19:12on the films you asked about.

00:19:13We have purposely not allowed them to appear.

00:19:16Then I must ask you directly,

00:19:17Is this one of the effects

00:19:19of the events of spring 1989?

00:19:22This change,

00:19:23these changes in the film industry?

00:19:25I think there's a connection.

00:19:33The leadership's need

00:19:34is to make connections

00:19:35with a country grown tired

00:19:37of political indoctrination.

00:19:39One way is at the box office,

00:19:41starring Mao in his earlier years

00:19:43as a leader of then-popular causes.

00:19:46Of course there are political requirements.

00:19:54Definitely.

00:19:55You can't consider things

00:19:56only artistically or commercially.

00:19:58You have to consider all three.

00:20:01On the set of a movie

00:20:02about Mao in the 1940s,

00:20:04a director must know the right answers,

00:20:06even if he can't always remember them.

00:20:11The Central Committee

00:20:12has made it quite clear.

00:20:14It's just a matter of upholding

00:20:15the four cardinal principles.

00:20:17They are adhered to the leadership

00:20:19of the Communist Party,

00:20:20Socialism, Marxism, Leninism,

00:20:23and Mao Zedong thought,

00:20:24and what's it called?

00:20:27Let's see,

00:20:28four cardinal principles.

00:20:30Marxism, Mao Zedong thought,

00:20:32dictatorship of the proletariat.

00:20:35These are the principles.

00:20:37As long as you don't go against them,

00:20:38there is ample creative freedom.

00:20:40That artists and writers

00:20:46should loyally serve the state

00:20:48is part of Chinese tradition.

00:20:51So is dissent.

00:20:54River Elegy was a documentary series

00:20:57seen on Chinese television

00:20:58one year before June 4th.

00:21:01Using the Yellow River

00:21:09and other icons of China's past,

00:21:12it questioned the relevance

00:21:13of Chinese tradition

00:21:15to the needs of a modern nation.

00:21:17To catch up with the world's

00:21:19most advanced countries,

00:21:20it argued,

00:21:21China must reach out

00:21:22and create a new civilization.

00:21:29In a culture heavy with symbols,

00:21:31the ideas and images

00:21:33of River Elegy

00:21:34aroused intense debate.

00:21:37After June 4th,

00:21:39the debate ended.

00:21:41River Elegy was banned.

00:21:45Two of its writers were arrested.

00:21:48Three others escaped into exile.

00:21:52What has happened

00:21:56to those filmmakers

00:21:57who were making these films

00:21:59about the problems of reform

00:22:01and of official misconduct?

00:22:04Most of them are doing fine now.

00:22:06They are writing scripts

00:22:07according to the guidelines

00:22:09set forth by the state

00:22:10and raising funds

00:22:11to make films

00:22:13that will meet our requirements.

00:22:16A very small number

00:22:18are staying home,

00:22:19reading and studying,

00:22:20preparing themselves.

00:22:23And many of them

00:22:24have left China.

00:22:29Yes.

00:22:38The state still dominates

00:22:39intellectual life

00:22:41and the mass media.

00:22:43Despite changes

00:22:44in Chinese life,

00:22:45political ideas

00:22:46remain a monopoly

00:22:47of the party's leadership.

00:22:48that's one thing

00:22:51that hasn't changed.

00:22:55In a nutshell,

00:22:56the leadership

00:22:57of the Communist Party

00:22:58can't be questioned.

00:23:00The socialist road

00:23:00can't be questioned.

00:23:03Communism will inevitably triumph

00:23:05and it will triumph

00:23:06throughout the world.

00:23:08History will bear this out.

00:23:10No question about it.

00:23:12I'm certain of it.

00:23:13I can say that

00:23:19what has taken place

00:23:20in the Soviet Union

00:23:21will not happen

00:23:22in our country.

00:23:26If in the past

00:23:27it was said

00:23:28that the Soviet Union's

00:23:29today is China's tomorrow,

00:23:33now our answer

00:23:34to this is

00:23:35China's today

00:23:36is the Soviet Union's

00:23:38tomorrow.

00:23:38China's future

00:23:43may be decided

00:23:44at places like

00:23:45Beijing's

00:23:46number four

00:23:46middle school.

00:23:49Ask seniors here

00:23:50about their heroes

00:23:50and there's no mention

00:23:52of Mao.

00:23:53The only politician

00:23:54named was the late

00:23:55Prime Minister

00:23:56Zhou Enlai,

00:23:58a pragmatist

00:23:58identified with

00:24:00modernization.

00:24:01Who are your

00:24:02personal heroes?

00:24:03Who do you look up to?

00:24:04Who do you admire?

00:24:05I look

00:24:09I look

00:24:11on

00:24:12Prime Minister

00:24:12Zhou Enlai

00:24:13as my

00:24:14hero.

00:24:15I think

00:24:16I look

00:24:17on

00:24:17artists

00:24:18more than

00:24:19anyone else

00:24:21and among them

00:24:22I

00:24:22I think

00:24:23I admire

00:24:24Beethoven best.

00:24:26The hero

00:24:26in my heart

00:24:27there's two

00:24:29and there are two

00:24:29one is

00:24:30Prime Minister

00:24:31Zhou

00:24:31just like

00:24:32you have two

00:24:34and the other

00:24:35is in

00:24:36the NBA

00:24:37Michael Jordan

00:24:39I like

00:24:42his play

00:24:42I think

00:24:44Jordan

00:24:46is not

00:24:48play basketball

00:24:50only by technology

00:24:51but also

00:24:52use his

00:24:53heart

00:24:54so I love

00:24:57his play

00:24:58This school

00:25:01is called

00:25:02the top

00:25:02of the

00:25:03pagoda

00:25:03the most

00:25:04prestigious

00:25:04high school

00:25:05in the capital

00:25:06Students

00:25:07here are

00:25:08China's best

00:25:09and brightest

00:25:09They are

00:25:11among the

00:25:11relative few

00:25:12who will get

00:25:13a higher

00:25:13education

00:25:14This school's

00:25:16graduates

00:25:17include

00:25:17government

00:25:18leaders

00:25:18writers

00:25:19and artists

00:25:20teachers

00:25:21and scientists

00:25:22including a

00:25:23physicist

00:25:23whose name

00:25:25also is left

00:25:26unspoken

00:25:26Fang Li Zhur

00:25:28China's best

00:25:29known dissident

00:25:30now living

00:25:31in America

00:25:32It's one

00:25:34of the

00:25:34government's

00:25:35most pressing

00:25:35needs

00:25:36to inspire

00:25:37this generation

00:25:38to keep

00:25:39their loyalty

00:25:40to keep

00:25:41them in the

00:25:42country

00:25:42Do any

00:25:45of you

00:25:45want to go

00:25:45to the United

00:25:46States

00:25:46to study?

00:25:48Of course

00:25:48I want to go

00:25:49I suppose

00:25:50all of us

00:25:51want to go

00:25:52even have

00:25:52chance

00:25:53Yes

00:25:53One should

00:25:54go to

00:25:55the United

00:25:56States

00:25:57for

00:25:58maybe

00:25:58once

00:25:59or twice

00:26:00in his

00:26:01life

00:26:01to see

00:26:02how

00:26:03life

00:26:04it could

00:26:04be

00:26:05I think

00:26:06it's a

00:26:06stage

00:26:08it's a

00:26:09stage

00:26:09that

00:26:09you can't

00:26:10find it

00:26:11anywhere else

00:26:12in the world

00:26:13only in

00:26:14America

00:26:14you can

00:26:14find it

00:26:15Americans

00:26:16in their

00:26:17families

00:26:18they are

00:26:18really

00:26:19true with

00:26:20each other

00:26:20and free

00:26:21and very

00:26:22free

00:26:22maybe it's

00:26:24because

00:26:24the children

00:26:25can choose

00:26:26their own

00:26:27future

00:26:27and

00:26:28they're not

00:26:29very

00:26:30not very

00:26:32I think

00:26:34they are not

00:26:35obliged to do

00:26:35things

00:26:36by the teacher

00:26:37or by their

00:26:38parents

00:26:38and

00:26:39we're

00:26:41different

00:26:41From a class

00:26:44in physics

00:26:45there may be

00:26:46a history

00:26:46lesson as well

00:26:47from the

00:26:49May 4th

00:26:50movement of

00:26:501919

00:26:51to the

00:26:52physicist

00:26:52Fang Li

00:26:53Jur

00:26:53to the

00:26:54student

00:26:54leaders

00:26:55of Tiananmen

00:26:56the connection

00:26:57has been

00:26:57made between

00:26:58science and

00:26:59democracy

00:26:59between critical

00:27:01thought and

00:27:02reform

00:27:03between free

00:27:04inquiry

00:27:05and a

00:27:06modern society

00:27:07I think

00:27:09I think

00:27:09the job

00:27:12I do

00:27:12must be

00:27:13a little

00:27:14free

00:27:15much

00:27:16freer

00:27:17from the

00:27:18government

00:27:18control

00:27:19I hope

00:27:20this

00:27:20at one

00:27:24of the

00:27:24government's

00:27:25key schools

00:27:26or anywhere

00:27:26else

00:27:27that's not

00:27:28a hope

00:27:28you expect

00:27:29to hear

00:27:29expressed

00:27:29so openly

00:27:30but the

00:27:31frustrations

00:27:32of youth

00:27:33are hard

00:27:33to contain

00:27:34they keep

00:27:35breaking out

00:27:36even in a

00:27:36courtyard

00:27:37of the old

00:27:37imperial palace

00:27:38the forbidden

00:27:39city

00:27:40in the very

00:27:41heart of

00:27:41Beijing

00:27:42my name

00:27:44is Jeff

00:27:44Kafka

00:27:44Jeff Kafka

00:27:45where did

00:27:47you get

00:27:47that name

00:27:47oh I have

00:27:49a friend

00:27:49a Jewish

00:27:49friend

00:27:50I like

00:27:51Kafka's

00:27:52work very

00:27:53much

00:27:53why do

00:27:53you like

00:27:54Kafka

00:27:54because we

00:27:55are somehow

00:27:57we are

00:27:57in the same

00:27:58confronted

00:27:59with the

00:27:59same

00:28:00situation

00:28:01what is

00:28:02your situation

00:28:03oh

00:28:03lack of

00:28:05I could not

00:28:07live in truth

00:28:07and a lot of

00:28:10people really

00:28:11understand me

00:28:12in my factory

00:28:13or in any

00:28:14place

00:28:14this place

00:28:16is a personnel

00:28:17office

00:28:18for Chinese

00:28:19it's a measure

00:28:20of independence

00:28:21that didn't

00:28:21exist before

00:28:22the freedom

00:28:24to look for

00:28:24a better job

00:28:25local officials

00:28:27have recognized

00:28:27the needs

00:28:28of a changing

00:28:29workplace

00:28:29if not the

00:28:30restlessness

00:28:31of China's

00:28:32recent college

00:28:32graduates

00:28:33why have you

00:28:35come here

00:28:35today

00:28:36because I'm

00:28:39not satisfied

00:28:40with my

00:28:40current job

00:28:41I don't think

00:28:45it allows me

00:28:45to develop

00:28:46myself

00:28:46there's no

00:28:49there's really

00:28:50no

00:28:51there's not

00:28:52much of a

00:28:53future in it

00:28:54I want to

00:28:55I want to

00:28:55express myself

00:28:56at any time

00:28:57and I want

00:28:58to be a

00:29:00successful

00:29:01girl

00:29:02independent

00:29:04woman

00:29:06maybe in

00:29:07a future

00:29:08day

00:29:08that's my

00:29:10dream

00:29:10yes

00:29:11is that possible

00:29:12in China

00:29:13today

00:29:13I don't care

00:29:16I don't care

00:29:16I only care

00:29:17I must try

00:29:19my best

00:29:20to realize

00:29:22my dream

00:29:23and I will do

00:29:25try my best

00:29:26that's fine

00:29:27I don't care

00:29:29the result

00:29:30that is not

00:29:32very important

00:29:34for me

00:29:35I only

00:29:35do that thing

00:29:37that I want

00:29:38to do

00:29:38what many

00:29:44young Chinese

00:29:44want to do

00:29:45has become

00:29:46more personal

00:29:47more and more

00:29:49they're looking

00:29:50away from

00:29:50careers in the

00:29:51state sector

00:29:52away from the

00:29:53government and

00:29:54party

00:29:54away from

00:29:56politics

00:29:56well I don't

00:30:01care

00:30:01absolutely

00:30:01I don't care

00:30:02about it

00:30:03I'm not

00:30:04a man

00:30:07very interested

00:30:08in politics

00:30:08I'm just

00:30:09very interested

00:30:10in my

00:30:10job

00:30:12of course

00:30:13a job

00:30:14that I like

00:30:15it very much

00:30:15and my future

00:30:17my payment

00:30:18of course

00:30:19because now

00:30:20you see

00:30:20the inflation

00:30:21so I just

00:30:22I don't care

00:30:24about my

00:30:25payment

00:30:28and earning

00:30:28power

00:30:29that's what

00:30:30most Chinese

00:30:31are thinking

00:30:31about

00:30:3210 years

00:30:35before

00:30:36Tiananmen

00:30:37China's

00:30:38road to

00:30:38socialism

00:30:39took a

00:30:39dramatic

00:30:39turn

00:30:40widespread

00:30:41reforms

00:30:42that began

00:30:43in 1979

00:30:44with the

00:30:45four modernizations

00:30:46it was an

00:30:47economic idea

00:30:48not a

00:30:49political

00:30:49program

00:30:50the stone

00:30:53corporation

00:30:53is a

00:30:54high-tech

00:30:54producer

00:30:55of computer

00:30:55technology

00:30:56on the

00:30:57cutting edge

00:30:57of reform

00:30:58this is

00:30:59private

00:31:00enterprise

00:31:00there have

00:31:05been many

00:31:05opinions in

00:31:06China

00:31:06about why

00:31:07stone

00:31:07has developed

00:31:08so quickly

00:31:09in our view

00:31:10the main reason

00:31:11is because

00:31:12we have new

00:31:13views

00:31:13about how

00:31:14to manage

00:31:14an enterprise

00:31:15how to develop

00:31:17the economy

00:31:18in China

00:31:18a new concept

00:31:20a new way

00:31:21of thinking

00:31:22really

00:31:22this is the

00:31:23key to

00:31:23our rapid

00:31:24development

00:31:25a decade

00:31:28of economic

00:31:29development

00:31:29is changing

00:31:30the Chinese

00:31:31economy

00:31:31and challenging

00:31:33that most

00:31:33cherished of

00:31:34socialist

00:31:35doctrines

00:31:35central planning

00:31:37the government

00:31:39is holding

00:31:40on to its

00:31:40four basic

00:31:41principles

00:31:42so is the

00:31:43stone

00:31:44corporation

00:31:44we raise

00:31:48the principles

00:31:49of four

00:31:50autonomous

00:31:50rights

00:31:51we recruit

00:31:53our own

00:31:54personnel

00:31:54we manage

00:31:55our own

00:31:56business

00:31:56we're responsible

00:31:57for our profits

00:31:58and losses

00:31:59and we raise

00:31:59our own funds

00:32:00in these

00:32:01matters

00:32:02the government

00:32:02doesn't interfere

00:32:03in the 1980s

00:32:07stone

00:32:07became a

00:32:08think tank

00:32:08on economic

00:32:09reform

00:32:10some of its

00:32:11researchers

00:32:12joined the

00:32:12demonstrations

00:32:13in Tiananmen

00:32:14Square

00:32:14two were

00:32:16arrested

00:32:16and stone's

00:32:18former president

00:32:18fled to

00:32:19Paris

00:32:20but stone

00:32:23and more

00:32:24than a thousand

00:32:24other companies

00:32:25are still here

00:32:26in China's

00:32:27first Silicon

00:32:28Valley

00:32:29an area

00:32:30the government

00:32:30still calls

00:32:31an experimental

00:32:32zone

00:32:33ten miles

00:32:36from Tiananmen

00:32:37Square

00:32:38another revolution

00:32:39may be taking

00:32:40place

00:32:41that so far

00:32:42nothing's been

00:32:44able to stop

00:32:44the private

00:32:47sector

00:32:47is this

00:32:48China's future

00:32:49I think it

00:32:52should be

00:32:53the future

00:32:53because compared

00:32:56with state

00:32:57enterprises

00:32:57every one of

00:32:59these private

00:32:59enterprises

00:33:00shows more

00:33:01vitality

00:33:02and more

00:33:04motivation for

00:33:05development

00:33:06for great

00:33:09numbers of

00:33:10Chinese

00:33:10this is no

00:33:11experiment

00:33:12the entrepreneurial

00:33:13spirit is

00:33:14everywhere

00:33:15private enterprise

00:33:18has taken over

00:33:19the streets

00:33:19and shops

00:33:20for them

00:33:21the future

00:33:22is now

00:33:23the government

00:33:27speaks of

00:33:28socialism

00:33:28with Chinese

00:33:29characteristics

00:33:30this is one

00:33:31trait

00:33:32that looks

00:33:33feels

00:33:33and operates

00:33:34suspiciously

00:33:35like capitalism

00:33:36Chinese

00:33:39know a business

00:33:39opportunity

00:33:40when they see

00:33:41one

00:33:41the same

00:33:42is true

00:33:43for these

00:33:43Russians

00:33:43in Moscow

00:33:55Russians can

00:33:57demonstrate in

00:33:58red square

00:33:58but for the

00:33:59bounty of a

00:34:00freewheeling marketplace

00:34:01they come to

00:34:02Beijing

00:34:03filling their bags

00:34:05with consumer

00:34:05goods

00:34:06that will be

00:34:07resold

00:34:07on the streets

00:34:08back home

00:34:09you buy these

00:34:14things

00:34:15to take to

00:34:16Moscow

00:34:16it's a trade-off

00:34:23not lost

00:34:23on China's leaders

00:34:24material gains

00:34:26for political

00:34:27stability

00:34:28how well can

00:34:41a private

00:34:41entrepreneur

00:34:42do in a shop

00:34:43like this

00:34:44how much money

00:34:44can be made

00:34:45in this kind

00:34:45of business

00:34:46oh

00:34:47that's

00:34:47we

00:34:50it's a lot

00:34:52of money

00:34:52I would say

00:34:53especially

00:34:54to local

00:34:55companies

00:34:56there's

00:34:56millions

00:34:57of yuan

00:34:58per year

00:34:59net

00:34:59I would say

00:35:00profit

00:35:01we're talking

00:35:03profit wise

00:35:04you could make

00:35:05up to

00:35:0530%

00:35:08net

00:35:09profit

00:35:10in

00:35:15Bai Wei's

00:35:15store

00:35:16the background

00:35:17music

00:35:17is a folk

00:35:18song

00:35:18that goes

00:35:18back

00:35:19hundreds

00:35:19of years

00:35:20the decor

00:35:21and fashions

00:35:22are right

00:35:23out of

00:35:23today's

00:35:23Hong Kong

00:35:24for shoppers

00:35:28it's a modernization

00:35:29of lifestyle

00:35:30for the sales

00:35:32staff

00:35:32there are

00:35:33incentives

00:35:34they won't

00:35:34find working

00:35:35for the state

00:35:36our companies

00:35:38the average

00:35:39salary

00:35:39are much

00:35:40higher

00:35:40than the

00:35:41state

00:35:41owned

00:35:41companies

00:35:42I would

00:35:43say

00:35:43doubled

00:35:44at least

00:35:45doubled

00:35:45their salaries

00:35:46but the people

00:35:47here

00:35:47are going

00:35:47to work

00:35:48harder

00:35:49than the

00:35:49state

00:35:49owned

00:35:50companies

00:35:50you know

00:35:51the state

00:35:51companies

00:35:52they can

00:35:52drink tea

00:35:53and drink

00:35:53newspaper

00:35:53here

00:35:54you have

00:35:55at least

00:35:56the management

00:35:58we have

00:35:59to drive

00:35:59the people

00:36:00to work

00:36:00hard

00:36:00and they

00:36:01seem

00:36:01to accept

00:36:01that

00:36:02because

00:36:02they

00:36:02think

00:36:03it's

00:36:03better

00:36:03for them

00:36:03to make

00:36:04more

00:36:04salary

00:36:06than

00:36:06sitting

00:36:06there

00:36:07reading

00:36:07newspapers

00:36:08and we

00:36:09are much

00:36:09more

00:36:10flexible

00:36:10in

00:36:10everything

00:36:11you know

00:36:11we don't

00:36:12discuss

00:36:13a lot

00:36:13of

00:36:13policy

00:36:14things

00:36:14we do

00:36:14what is

00:36:15best

00:36:15for the

00:36:16company

00:36:16private

00:36:20enterprise

00:36:20obviously

00:36:21is the

00:36:22fastest

00:36:22growing

00:36:22sector

00:36:23of the

00:36:23Chinese

00:36:24economy

00:36:24Duyen

00:36:27is a

00:36:28former

00:36:28government

00:36:28researcher

00:36:29who now

00:36:29runs a

00:36:30private

00:36:30research

00:36:31company

00:36:31he must

00:36:32be cautious

00:36:33about what

00:36:34seems all

00:36:34too obvious

00:36:35but the

00:36:39government

00:36:39is putting

00:36:40a lot

00:36:40of effort

00:36:40into solving

00:36:41the internal

00:36:42problems

00:36:42of the

00:36:43state

00:36:43sector

00:36:44as to

00:36:49whether

00:36:49there's

00:36:50still

00:36:50life

00:36:50left

00:36:50in

00:36:51the

00:36:51state

00:36:51run

00:36:51enterprises

00:36:52I

00:36:53personally

00:36:53don't

00:36:54think

00:36:54it's

00:36:54reached

00:36:54the

00:36:54point

00:36:55where

00:36:55they

00:36:55can't

00:36:55be

00:36:55saved

00:36:56but

00:37:01whether

00:37:01or not

00:37:01they'll

00:37:01soon

00:37:01be

00:37:02revitalized

00:37:02I'd

00:37:03have

00:37:03to

00:37:03say

00:37:04there

00:37:04is

00:37:04more

00:37:05than

00:37:05one

00:37:05answer

00:37:05waiting

00:37:06for

00:37:06us

00:37:07in

00:37:12places

00:37:12like

00:37:12Chengdu

00:37:13the

00:37:14capital

00:37:14of

00:37:14Sichuan

00:37:15province

00:37:15where

00:37:16many

00:37:16economic

00:37:17reforms

00:37:17began

00:37:18the

00:37:19answer

00:37:19seems

00:37:19clear

00:37:20ten

00:37:21years

00:37:21ago

00:37:22if

00:37:22you

00:37:22knew

00:37:22where

00:37:23to

00:37:23look

00:37:23you

00:37:24could

00:37:24find

00:37:24a

00:37:24free

00:37:25market

00:37:25where

00:37:26farmers

00:37:26sold

00:37:26a few

00:37:27homegrown

00:37:27items

00:37:28now

00:37:29it's

00:37:29becoming

00:37:30a free

00:37:30economy

00:37:30people

00:37:34here

00:37:34remember

00:37:35when

00:37:35this

00:37:35state

00:37:35run

00:37:36corner

00:37:36market

00:37:36was

00:37:37the

00:37:37only

00:37:37place

00:37:38to

00:37:38buy

00:37:38meat

00:37:38today

00:37:41the

00:37:42private

00:37:42butcher

00:37:43shops

00:37:43stretch

00:37:44for

00:37:44blocks

00:37:44and

00:37:45have

00:37:45cornered

00:37:46most

00:37:46of

00:37:46the

00:37:46business

00:37:47just

00:37:52a few

00:37:52years

00:37:53ago

00:37:53this

00:37:54marketplace

00:37:54was

00:37:5590%

00:37:55state

00:37:56owned

00:37:56now

00:37:57it's

00:37:58the

00:37:58other

00:37:58way

00:37:59around

00:37:59where

00:38:01there's

00:38:01room

00:38:02for

00:38:02competition

00:38:02the

00:38:03state

00:38:04is

00:38:04losing

00:38:04in

00:38:05the

00:38:05marketplace

00:38:06as

00:38:07in

00:38:07lifestyle

00:38:07there

00:38:08arises

00:38:09the

00:38:09inevitable

00:38:10question

00:38:10are

00:38:13people

00:38:13here

00:38:14worried

00:38:14about

00:38:14bourgeois

00:38:15liberalization

00:38:16we

00:38:18often

00:38:18heard

00:38:18that

00:38:18word

00:38:19really

00:38:20really

00:38:21what

00:38:21that

00:38:21means

00:38:22and

00:38:22the

00:38:23common

00:38:23people

00:38:24seem

00:38:24not to

00:38:24worry

00:38:25about

00:38:25it

00:38:25they

00:38:25just

00:38:26buy

00:38:26come

00:38:26to

00:38:27our

00:38:27store

00:38:27buy

00:38:27what

00:38:27they

00:38:28like

00:38:28you

00:38:28know

00:38:28and

00:38:29I

00:38:29don't

00:38:30think

00:38:30they

00:38:31really

00:38:31worry

00:38:31about

00:38:32the

00:38:32bill

00:38:32even

00:38:33if

00:38:33the

00:38:33government

00:38:33might

00:38:34worry

00:38:34about

00:38:34it

00:38:34the

00:38:35government

00:38:35I

00:38:35don't

00:38:35know

00:38:36but

00:38:36I

00:38:36know

00:38:36how

00:38:37the

00:38:37young

00:38:38people

00:38:38love

00:38:38to

00:38:38come

00:38:39to

00:38:39our

00:38:39store

00:38:39the

00:38:41government's

00:38:42worry

00:38:42how

00:38:43economic

00:38:43change

00:38:44might

00:38:44affect

00:38:44political

00:38:45expectations

00:38:46is the

00:38:47unanswered

00:38:47question

00:38:48for now

00:38:49in state

00:38:50stores

00:38:51like this

00:38:51the

00:38:52party

00:38:52line

00:38:53is to

00:38:53compete

00:38:54it's

00:38:55only a

00:38:55choice

00:38:56of

00:38:56suits

00:38:56but

00:38:57in

00:38:57China

00:38:58the

00:38:58cut

00:38:59of

00:38:59one's

00:38:59clothes

00:39:00is

00:39:00often

00:39:00more

00:39:01than

00:39:01just

00:39:01a

00:39:01fashion

00:39:02statement

00:39:02the

00:39:04open

00:39:04policy

00:39:04nobody

00:39:05I

00:39:05believe

00:39:06nobody

00:39:06is

00:39:06going

00:39:07to

00:39:07close

00:39:09it

00:39:09again

00:39:09because

00:39:10people

00:39:11now

00:39:11are already

00:39:12there

00:39:12you know

00:39:13like

00:39:13all the

00:39:14young

00:39:14people

00:39:14now

00:39:15you ask

00:39:15them

00:39:16to wear

00:39:16this

00:39:17mouth

00:39:17who's going

00:39:19to wear

00:39:19it

00:39:19even

00:39:20even

00:39:20the

00:39:20most

00:39:21conservative

00:39:21party

00:39:22members

00:39:23as

00:39:24one

00:39:24working

00:39:25in

00:39:25our

00:39:25in

00:39:27here

00:39:27in

00:39:28our

00:39:28company

00:39:28and

00:39:29he

00:39:29always

00:39:30wear

00:39:30the

00:39:30western

00:39:31suits

00:39:31nobody

00:39:32is

00:39:32going

00:39:32to

00:39:33be

00:39:33able

00:39:34to

00:39:34drag

00:39:35the

00:39:35people

00:39:35back

00:39:36I

00:39:36don't

00:39:36believe

00:39:36that

00:39:37it's

00:39:38open

00:39:39open

00:39:39is

00:39:39open

00:39:40in

00:39:41the

00:39:45middle

00:39:45of

00:39:45Beijing

00:39:46there's

00:39:46an

00:39:47observatory

00:39:47that

00:39:48dates

00:39:48to

00:39:48the

00:39:48Ming

00:39:48dynasty

00:39:49in

00:39:51the

00:39:5217th

00:39:52century

00:39:53astronomers

00:39:54urged

00:39:54the

00:39:54emperor

00:39:55to

00:39:55adopt

00:39:55a

00:39:55more

00:39:56accurate

00:39:56western

00:39:56calendar

00:39:57a

00:39:58new

00:39:58way

00:39:58of

00:39:58thinking

00:39:59it

00:40:00said

00:40:00the

00:40:00conservatives

00:40:01at the

00:40:01imperial

00:40:02court

00:40:02had

00:40:03them

00:40:03executed

00:40:04against

00:40:05a

00:40:06changing

00:40:06skyline

00:40:07that's

00:40:08a

00:40:08reminder

00:40:08that

00:40:09China

00:40:09doesn't

00:40:09change

00:40:10easily

00:40:10across

00:40:13the

00:40:14street

00:40:14is

00:40:14the

00:40:14academy

00:40:15of

00:40:15social

00:40:15sciences

00:40:16where

00:40:17many

00:40:17scholars

00:40:17actively

00:40:18supported

00:40:18late

00:40:1920th

00:40:19century

00:40:20reforms

00:40:20immediately

00:40:22after

00:40:23June

00:40:234th

00:40:24the

00:40:24building

00:40:25was

00:40:25occupied

00:40:25by

00:40:26the

00:40:26army

00:40:26that's

00:40:30something

00:40:30for

00:40:30modern

00:40:31innovators

00:40:32like a

00:40:32stone

00:40:33corporation

00:40:33executive

00:40:34to think

00:40:35about

00:40:35stone

00:40:38to hold

00:40:47up the

00:40:48heavens

00:40:48you may

00:40:50know the

00:40:50ancient

00:40:51Chinese

00:40:51legend

00:40:52about

00:40:52how long

00:40:52ago

00:40:53the sky

00:40:53collapsed

00:40:54a goddess

00:40:55named

00:40:56Nua

00:40:56propped up

00:40:57the sky

00:40:58with a

00:40:58stone

00:40:58a stone

00:40:59to hold

00:41:00up the

00:41:00sky

00:41:01but if

00:41:01we don't

00:41:02do a

00:41:02good

00:41:02job

00:41:03we

00:41:03might

00:41:03be

00:41:03called

00:41:04the

00:41:04stone

00:41:04that

00:41:05blocks

00:41:05the

00:41:05road

00:41:06there's

00:41:14one

00:41:15road

00:41:15that's

00:41:15blocked

00:41:15virtually

00:41:16every

00:41:16day

00:41:17with

00:41:17bumper

00:41:18to

00:41:18bumper

00:41:18traffic

00:41:19this

00:41:21is a

00:41:21major

00:41:21highway

00:41:22on

00:41:22China's

00:41:23southern

00:41:23coast

00:41:24the

00:41:25traffic

00:41:25is

00:41:26headed

00:41:26south

00:41:26toward

00:41:27China's

00:41:28special

00:41:28economic

00:41:29zones

00:41:29and

00:41:29just

00:41:30beyond

00:41:30to

00:41:31Hong

00:41:31Kong

00:41:31if

00:41:34there's

00:41:34an

00:41:34economic

00:41:35law

00:41:35of

00:41:35gravity

00:41:35this

00:41:36may

00:41:36be

00:41:37it

00:41:37and

00:41:38it

00:41:38may

00:41:38just

00:41:38be

00:41:38pulling

00:41:39China

00:41:39into

00:41:40the

00:41:40future

00:41:40in

00:41:45theory

00:41:45this

00:41:46is

00:41:46just

00:41:46another

00:41:46outpost

00:41:47of

00:41:47socialism

00:41:48until

00:41:50the

00:41:51mid

00:41:511980s

00:41:52this

00:41:52land

00:41:53was

00:41:53being

00:41:53used

00:41:53to

00:41:53grow

00:41:54bananas

00:41:54now

00:41:55it's

00:41:55a

00:41:56special

00:41:56economic

00:41:56zone

00:41:57designed

00:41:58to

00:41:58attract

00:41:58foreign

00:41:59companies

00:41:59and

00:41:59foreign

00:42:00money

00:42:00to

00:42:01help

00:42:01finance

00:42:01economic

00:42:02development

00:42:03I

00:42:04believe

00:42:06there's

00:42:06no

00:42:06force

00:42:07that

00:42:07can

00:42:07stop

00:42:07China

00:42:08from

00:42:08opening

00:42:08up

00:42:09to

00:42:09the

00:42:09outside

00:42:09world

00:42:11maybe

00:42:12some

00:42:13people

00:42:13have

00:42:13different

00:42:14points

00:42:14of

00:42:14view

00:42:14on

00:42:14certain

00:42:15issues

00:42:15but

00:42:16these

00:42:16are

00:42:16merely

00:42:17internal

00:42:17disagreements

00:42:18as

00:42:19for

00:42:19possible

00:42:20interference

00:42:20it's

00:42:21not

00:42:21a

00:42:22big

00:42:22deal

00:42:22through

00:42:23our

00:42:23work

00:42:24we

00:42:24can

00:42:24get

00:42:24rid

00:42:25of

00:42:25it

00:42:25not

00:42:27just

00:42:28now

00:42:28but

00:42:29for

00:42:29a

00:42:29hundred

00:42:29years

00:42:30the

00:42:30pace

00:42:31of

00:42:31reform

00:42:31how

00:42:32far

00:42:33how

00:42:33fast

00:42:33has

00:42:34been

00:42:34an

00:42:34issue

00:42:35in

00:42:35China

00:42:35so

00:42:36has

00:42:36the

00:42:36role

00:42:37of

00:42:37foreigners

00:42:37in

00:42:38Chinese

00:42:38life

00:42:38the

00:42:40official

00:42:40line

00:42:41is

00:42:41to

00:42:41prevent

00:42:41contamination

00:42:42by

00:42:42capitalism

00:42:43while

00:42:44holding

00:42:44open

00:42:45the

00:42:45door

00:42:45to

00:42:45foreign

00:42:46investors

00:42:46nowhere

00:42:52is

00:42:52the

00:42:52party

00:42:53strategy

00:42:53more

00:42:53evident

00:42:54push

00:42:55ahead

00:42:55with

00:42:56the

00:42:56new

00:42:56economics

00:42:56but

00:42:57especially

00:42:57since

00:42:58Tiananmen

00:42:59keep

00:43:00a

00:43:00firm

00:43:00grip

00:43:00on

00:43:00the

00:43:01political

00:43:01controls

00:43:02on

00:43:03the

00:43:03old

00:43:03ideology

00:43:04we

00:43:07need

00:43:07young

00:43:08people

00:43:08who

00:43:08are

00:43:08both

00:43:09red

00:43:09and

00:43:09expert

00:43:09who

00:43:10uphold

00:43:10the

00:43:10four

00:43:11principles

00:43:11who

00:43:12understand

00:43:13technology

00:43:13who

00:43:14love

00:43:14to

00:43:15work

00:43:15and

00:43:16serve

00:43:16the

00:43:16people

00:43:16these

00:43:17are

00:43:17the

00:43:17kind

00:43:18of

00:43:18young

00:43:18people

00:43:18we

00:43:19need

00:43:19but

00:43:23just

00:43:23a few

00:43:23miles

00:43:24away

00:43:24red

00:43:25and

00:43:25expert

00:43:26were

00:43:26hard

00:43:27to

00:43:27find

00:43:27we

00:43:29asked

00:43:29how

00:43:30many

00:43:30communist

00:43:30party

00:43:31members

00:43:31were

00:43:31in

00:43:31this

00:43:32rural

00:43:32township

00:43:33the

00:43:34local

00:43:34party

00:43:34secretary

00:43:35didn't

00:43:35know

00:43:36young

00:43:37people

00:43:38it

00:43:38seems

00:43:38are

00:43:39being

00:43:39motivated

00:43:40by

00:43:40something

00:43:40else

00:43:41it's

00:43:45private

00:43:45and local

00:43:46enterprise

00:43:47that's

00:43:47driving

00:43:47the

00:43:47socialist

00:43:48economy

00:43:48this

00:43:50fan

00:43:50factory

00:43:51is

00:43:51a

00:43:51rural

00:43:51business

00:43:52independent

00:43:52of the

00:43:53state

00:43:53there's

00:43:55trouble

00:43:55in the

00:43:55state

00:43:56sector

00:43:56which

00:43:57now

00:43:57produces

00:43:57barely

00:43:58half

00:43:58of

00:43:58China's

00:43:59national

00:43:59income

00:44:00and

00:44:00is

00:44:01billions

00:44:01of

00:44:01dollars

00:44:02in

00:44:02debt

00:44:02in

00:44:05this

00:44:05part

00:44:06of

00:44:06the

00:44:06economy

00:44:06you

00:44:07may

00:44:07find

00:44:07a

00:44:08communist

00:44:08party

00:44:08member

00:44:09but

00:44:09his

00:44:10ideas

00:44:10aren't

00:44:10always

00:44:11what

00:44:11you'd

00:44:11expect

00:44:12to

00:44:12hear

00:44:12we

00:44:17are

00:44:17using

00:44:18management

00:44:18methods

00:44:19from

00:44:19overseas

00:44:19especially

00:44:20Hong Kong

00:44:21and

00:44:21Macau

00:44:22state

00:44:25run

00:44:25enterprises

00:44:25can't

00:44:26make

00:44:26all

00:44:26these

00:44:27changes

00:44:27for

00:44:29example

00:44:29we

00:44:30have

00:44:30the

00:44:30power

00:44:30to

00:44:31hire

00:44:31and

00:44:31fire

00:44:31state

00:44:33managers

00:44:34don't

00:44:34dare

00:44:34go

00:44:35that

00:44:35far

00:44:35a

00:44:39political

00:44:39study

00:44:40session

00:44:40has

00:44:40given

00:44:41way

00:44:41to

00:44:41the

00:44:41production

00:44:42meeting

00:44:42the

00:44:43measure

00:44:43of

00:44:44their

00:44:44success

00:44:44will

00:44:45be

00:44:45profits

00:44:45not

00:44:46politics

00:44:47before

00:44:56we

00:44:56never

00:44:56imagined

00:44:57owning

00:44:57things

00:44:58like

00:44:58a

00:44:58color

00:44:58TV

00:44:59a

00:45:00videotape

00:45:00recorder

00:45:01karaoke

00:45:02now every

00:45:03family has

00:45:04them

00:45:04some better

00:45:05off families

00:45:05have central

00:45:06air conditioning

00:45:07private telephones

00:45:08are common

00:45:08this is one

00:45:10change in our

00:45:10lives

00:45:11also we have

00:45:13more contact

00:45:14with the

00:45:14outside

00:45:15we have a

00:45:16pretty good

00:45:17idea

00:45:17about what

00:45:18the outside

00:45:18world is

00:45:19really like

00:45:19rising out

00:45:23of the fields

00:45:23of southern

00:45:24china

00:45:24is an

00:45:25economic

00:45:25transformation

00:45:26that can't

00:45:27help but

00:45:27affect the

00:45:28political

00:45:28landscape

00:45:29in the

00:45:31chinese

00:45:32countryside

00:45:32there's

00:45:33emerging a

00:45:34new world

00:45:34of the

00:45:35suburban

00:45:36peasant

00:45:36what do

00:45:40you earn

00:45:41to be able

00:45:42to live

00:45:42like this

00:45:43an annual

00:45:45income

00:45:46of 80

00:45:46to 100

00:45:47thousand

00:45:47will do

00:45:47it

00:45:49100

00:45:51thousand

00:45:51yuan

00:45:52is about

00:45:5220

00:45:53thousand

00:45:53US

00:45:54dollars

00:45:54at least

00:45:55100

00:45:55times

00:45:56what

00:45:56Mr.

00:45:56He

00:45:56used

00:45:57to

00:45:57earn

00:45:57he

00:45:59owns

00:46:00the

00:46:00house

00:46:00and a

00:46:01motorcycle

00:46:01and watches

00:46:02Hong

00:46:02Kong

00:46:03television

00:46:03because

00:46:04he says

00:46:05it's

00:46:06more

00:46:06interesting

00:46:07some

00:46:08people

00:46:09might

00:46:09look

00:46:09around

00:46:09at

00:46:10the

00:46:10way

00:46:10you're

00:46:10living

00:46:10and

00:46:11say

00:46:11isn't

00:46:12this

00:46:12bourgeois

00:46:13liberalization

00:46:13not at all

00:46:18I'd say

00:46:18this issue

00:46:19doesn't even

00:46:19exist

00:46:20no

00:46:21this doesn't

00:46:22affect us

00:46:23at all

00:46:25it's just

00:46:28semantics

00:46:28people want

00:46:30better lives

00:46:31a better

00:46:32education

00:46:32stability

00:46:33that's what

00:46:34they want

00:46:35so it's

00:46:37just a

00:46:37choice

00:46:37of

00:46:37words

00:46:38in the

00:46:39west

00:46:39they call

00:46:39it

00:46:40freedom

00:46:40and

00:46:40democracy

00:46:41the way

00:46:42we interpret

00:46:42this is

00:46:43living and

00:46:43working

00:46:44in peace

00:46:44and happiness

00:46:45this is the

00:46:47biggest wish

00:46:48of the

00:46:48common people

00:46:49for the

00:46:55people of the

00:46:55pearl river

00:46:56delta

00:46:56known for

00:46:57their

00:46:58ambition

00:46:58and

00:46:58independence

00:46:59it's

00:47:00income

00:47:01not

00:47:01ideology

00:47:02that

00:47:02counts

00:47:02moving

00:47:05down river

00:47:06toward the

00:47:07outside world

00:47:08Beijing

00:47:09and its

00:47:09politics

00:47:10seem

00:47:11far

00:47:12away

00:47:12we don't

00:47:16worry about

00:47:16that

00:47:17because it's

00:47:18the tide

00:47:18of history

00:47:19no one

00:47:20can stop

00:47:21it

00:47:22it's what

00:47:23the people

00:47:23want

00:47:24what has

00:47:30Beijing

00:47:30worried

00:47:31is what

00:47:32the tide

00:47:32is bringing

00:47:33into

00:47:33Guangzhou

00:47:34better known

00:47:35in the west

00:47:35as Canton

00:47:36This city

00:47:39of six

00:47:40million

00:47:40is firmly

00:47:41situated

00:47:42on the

00:47:42banks

00:47:42of

00:47:42international

00:47:43commerce

00:47:44this is

00:47:45the capital

00:47:46of a rich

00:47:46province

00:47:47that's produced

00:47:48rice and

00:47:48rebellion

00:47:49it was a

00:47:50training ground

00:47:51and source

00:47:51of revenue

00:47:52for China's

00:47:53nationalist

00:47:54movements

00:47:54of the

00:47:541920s

00:47:55it's hard

00:47:58to measure

00:47:59the political

00:47:59mood

00:48:00today

00:48:00but Guangzhou

00:48:01has become

00:48:02a regional

00:48:02power center

00:48:03whose interests

00:48:05can't be

00:48:05ignored

00:48:05In the

00:48:10spring of

00:48:101989

00:48:11thousands

00:48:12stopped

00:48:12traffic

00:48:13here

00:48:13in support

00:48:14of the

00:48:14demonstrators

00:48:15in Tiananmen

00:48:16but the

00:48:18story is

00:48:18told

00:48:18not until

00:48:20after 9pm

00:48:21when the

00:48:22shops were

00:48:22closed

00:48:23Today

00:48:25these

00:48:26commuters

00:48:26are headed

00:48:27for the

00:48:27business

00:48:27district

00:48:28To get

00:48:29there

00:48:29you take

00:48:30the Pearl

00:48:31River

00:48:31Bridge

00:48:31to the

00:48:32statue

00:48:32an imposing

00:48:33monument

00:48:34to the

00:48:34PLA

00:48:35the

00:48:36People's

00:48:36Liberation

00:48:36Army

00:48:37and turn

00:48:38left

00:48:38There's a

00:48:40restaurant

00:48:40across the

00:48:41street

00:48:41the

00:48:42Chowjo

00:48:43As much

00:48:49as anywhere

00:48:49else in

00:48:50town

00:48:50it can give

00:48:51you a sense

00:48:52of what's

00:48:52important

00:48:53in Guangzhou

00:48:53Just a

00:49:07generation

00:49:07back

00:49:08they might

00:49:09have been

00:49:09working the

00:49:10fields

00:49:10now it's

00:49:11the phones

00:49:12In this

00:49:14den of

00:49:14private

00:49:15enterprise

00:49:15cadres

00:49:16and capitalists

00:49:17mingle

00:49:18and make

00:49:19deals

00:49:19Nobody

00:49:25wants to

00:49:26be left

00:49:26out

00:49:27including

00:49:27the

00:49:28government

00:49:28It's

00:49:29the

00:49:29state

00:49:30that

00:49:30made

00:49:30this

00:49:30deal

00:49:31but

00:49:31it

00:49:31has

00:49:32a

00:49:32familiar

00:49:32ring

00:49:33to it

00:49:33The

00:49:36A1 lady

00:49:37has come

00:49:37to China

00:49:38and she

00:49:40has a

00:49:40future

00:49:40in China

00:49:41I mean

00:49:42they have

00:49:42a mass

00:49:43market

00:49:44here

00:49:44a potential

00:49:45mass market

00:49:46here

00:49:47for cosmetics

00:49:48How many

00:49:51salespersons

00:49:52are you

00:49:52training

00:49:52How many

00:49:53women

00:49:53do you

00:49:53have

00:49:53working

00:49:54for you

00:49:54Well

00:49:55so far

00:49:57we have

00:49:57recruited

00:49:586,000

00:50:00sales

00:50:01representatives

00:50:01We came

00:50:11here

00:50:11just

00:50:11for business

00:50:12and the

00:50:13business

00:50:13looked

00:50:13booming

00:50:14You're

00:50:15not

00:50:15worried

00:50:15about

00:50:15bourgeois

00:50:16liberalization

00:50:17I don't

00:50:19worry

00:50:20about

00:50:20that

00:50:21or

00:50:22worry

00:50:22about

00:50:22it's

00:50:22the

00:50:23sales

00:50:23It's

00:50:30the

00:50:30Ministry

00:50:30of

00:50:30Light

00:50:31Industry

00:50:31that's

00:50:31investing

00:50:32in the

00:50:32future

00:50:33of

00:50:33cosmetic

00:50:33products

00:50:34for

00:50:34the

00:50:34new

00:50:34socialist

00:50:35woman

00:50:35For

00:50:38Avon

00:50:39there's

00:50:39the

00:50:39old

00:50:40and

00:50:40often

00:50:40elusive

00:50:41hope

00:50:41of

00:50:41the

00:50:41China

00:50:42market

00:50:42to

00:50:43sell

00:50:43just

00:50:43one

00:50:44of

00:50:44anything

00:50:44to

00:50:45one

00:50:45billion

00:50:46Chinese

00:50:46The economy

00:51:07here

00:51:07may be

00:51:07the fastest

00:51:08growing

00:51:08in the

00:51:09world

00:51:09producing

00:51:10in

00:51:10Guangzhou

00:51:11a new

00:51:11white

00:51:11collar

00:51:12class

00:51:12of

00:51:13higher

00:51:13income

00:51:14of

00:51:15higher

00:51:15expectations

00:51:16and

00:51:17of

00:51:17consumerism

00:51:18The

00:51:20television

00:51:21antennas

00:51:21that were

00:51:22removed

00:51:22in the

00:51:22crackdown

00:51:23that

00:51:23followed

00:51:24June

00:51:244th

00:51:24are

00:51:25up

00:51:25again

00:51:26bringing

00:51:27in

00:51:27news

00:51:27and

00:51:28programming

00:51:28from

00:51:28across

00:51:29the

00:51:29border

00:51:29But

00:51:38this

00:51:38isn't

00:51:38Hong

00:51:39Kong

00:51:39television

00:51:39This

00:51:40is

00:51:41CCTV

00:51:41Chinese

00:51:43television

00:51:43seen

00:51:44from

00:51:44Guangzhou

00:51:45to

00:51:45Beijing

00:51:46and

00:51:47everywhere

00:51:47else

00:51:47in

00:51:47China

00:51:48How do

00:51:54you sell

00:51:54a computer

00:51:54on

00:51:55Chinese

00:51:55television

00:51:56have

00:51:57it

00:51:57demonstrated

00:51:57by

00:51:58a

00:51:58model

00:51:58at

00:51:59the

00:51:59Great

00:51:59Wall

00:52:00In

00:52:03Chinese

00:52:04this

00:52:05is

00:52:05part

00:52:05of

00:52:06Kaifeng

00:52:06opening

00:52:07up

00:52:08China's

00:52:08open

00:52:09door

00:52:09policy

00:52:10In

00:52:11any

00:52:11language

00:52:11it

00:52:12means

00:52:12a

00:52:12more

00:52:13open

00:52:13society

00:52:14There's

00:52:19always

00:52:19been

00:52:19a

00:52:20market

00:52:20for

00:52:20this

00:52:20but

00:52:21until

00:52:21now

00:52:22never

00:52:22on

00:52:23a

00:52:23public

00:52:23thoroughfare

00:52:24In

00:52:26China

00:52:26it's

00:52:27called

00:52:27yellow

00:52:27literature

00:52:28sold

00:52:29here

00:52:29despite

00:52:30government

00:52:30attempts

00:52:31to wipe

00:52:31it

00:52:31out

00:52:31Confirmation

00:52:34perhaps

00:52:35that

00:52:35almost

00:52:36anything

00:52:36is

00:52:37possible

00:52:37in

00:52:37Guangzhou

00:52:38if

00:52:39you

00:52:39have

00:52:39the

00:52:40money

00:52:40Sex

00:52:45violence

00:52:46gossip

00:52:47The

00:52:48covers

00:52:48promise

00:52:49more

00:52:49than

00:52:49these

00:52:50magazines

00:52:50deliver

00:52:51but

00:52:52could

00:52:52this

00:52:52be

00:52:52bourgeois

00:52:53liberalization

00:52:54maybe

00:52:55so

00:52:56There's

00:53:01also

00:53:01no

00:53:02hiding

00:53:02the

00:53:02fact

00:53:02that

00:53:03China

00:53:03has

00:53:03a

00:53:04growing

00:53:04drug

00:53:04problem

00:53:05still

00:53:06small

00:53:06by

00:53:06Western

00:53:07standards

00:53:08but

00:53:08big

00:53:09enough

00:53:09to

00:53:09attract

00:53:09attention

00:53:10It's

00:53:12another

00:53:12sign

00:53:13that

00:53:13the

00:53:13government's

00:53:14grip

00:53:14on

00:53:14social

00:53:15controls

00:53:15is

00:53:15weakening

00:53:16regardless

00:53:17of

00:53:18tough

00:53:18talk

00:53:18by

00:53:18party

00:53:19regulars

00:53:20When

00:53:22we

00:53:22opened

00:53:23the

00:53:23window

00:53:23of

00:53:23reform

00:53:24some

00:53:25flies

00:53:25and

00:53:25mosquitoes

00:53:25may

00:53:26come

00:53:26in

00:53:26and

00:53:27when

00:53:28they

00:53:28do

00:53:28we'll

00:53:28take

00:53:28measures

00:53:29to

00:53:29control

00:53:29them

00:53:30we'll

00:53:31just

00:53:31kill

00:53:31the

00:53:31flies

00:53:31and

00:53:32mosquitoes

00:53:32so

00:53:33we

00:53:33can

00:53:33resist

00:53:34the

00:53:34invasion

00:53:34of

00:53:34decadent

00:53:35influences

00:53:35like

00:53:36bourgeois

00:53:37ideas

00:53:38and

00:53:38lifestyles

00:53:39It may

00:53:43not

00:53:44be

00:53:44that

00:53:44easy

00:53:44there's

00:53:46a

00:53:46rising

00:53:46crime

00:53:46rate

00:53:47next

00:53:48to

00:53:48the

00:53:48birth

00:53:48control

00:53:49notice

00:53:49there's

00:53:49a

00:53:49wanted

00:53:50poster

00:53:50there are

00:53:51heavy

00:53:52penalties

00:53:52for

00:53:53drugs

00:53:53and

00:53:53pornography

00:53:54for

00:53:55murder

00:53:55rape

00:53:56and

00:53:56embezzlement

00:53:57and

00:53:58just

00:53:58down

00:53:58the

00:53:58street

00:53:59from

00:53:59here

00:53:59for

00:54:00another

00:54:00crime

00:54:01against

00:54:01the

00:54:01state

00:54:01you

00:54:03were

00:54:03in

00:54:03prison

00:54:03oh

00:54:04yeah

00:54:04twice

00:54:04the

00:54:06first

00:54:06time

00:54:061955

00:54:08for

00:54:0916

00:54:09months

00:54:10the

00:54:11second

00:54:12time

00:54:1220

00:54:13years

00:54:13from

00:54:151958

00:54:17to

00:54:1778

00:54:1820

00:54:19years

00:54:19and

00:54:21when

00:54:21I

00:54:21came

00:54:22out

00:54:22why

00:54:23why

00:54:24were

00:54:24you

00:54:24in

00:54:24prison

00:54:25they

00:54:25said

00:54:26I

00:54:26was

00:54:26an

00:54:26anti

00:54:27revolutionary

00:54:27his

00:54:36crime

00:54:36was

00:54:36preaching

00:54:37the

00:54:37gospel

00:54:37pastor

00:54:39Lin

00:54:39Xiang

00:54:40Gao

00:54:40was

00:54:4067

00:54:41years

00:54:41old

00:54:42and

00:54:42like

00:54:43his

00:54:43father

00:54:43before

00:54:43him

00:54:44a

00:54:44baptist

00:54:45minister

00:54:45there's

00:54:51an

00:54:51official

00:54:51church

00:54:52in

00:54:52china

00:54:52for

00:54:53all

00:54:53religions

00:54:54sanctioned

00:54:55and

00:54:55controlled

00:54:55by

00:54:55the

00:54:55government

00:54:56this

00:54:57isn't

00:54:57one

00:54:57of

00:54:58them

00:54:58and

00:54:59the

00:54:59people

00:55:00who've

00:55:00come

00:55:00here

00:55:00aren't

00:55:01converts

00:55:02from

00:55:02another

00:55:02pre-communist

00:55:03generation

00:55:04most

00:55:05of them

00:55:06are

00:55:06young

00:55:06adults

00:55:06children

00:55:08of the

00:55:08revolution

00:55:08we have

00:55:13over a

00:55:13thousand

00:55:13people

00:55:14tonight

00:55:15300

00:55:16tomorrow

00:55:16morning

00:55:17300

00:55:17sunday

00:55:18morning

00:55:18300

00:55:19tuesday

00:55:20morning

00:55:20200

00:55:21wednesday

00:55:23evening

00:55:23300

00:55:24saturday

00:55:25evening

00:55:25300

00:55:26altogether

00:55:261100

00:55:27many

00:55:29believers

00:55:30baptized

00:55:31here

00:55:31and they

00:55:32bring

00:55:32some

00:55:33non-believers

00:55:33in

00:55:34do you

00:55:36know what

00:55:37happened to

00:55:37us last

00:55:38year

00:55:38february

00:55:3922nd

00:55:40what

00:55:40happened

00:55:41two

00:55:42two

00:55:43two

00:55:43february

00:55:4422nd

00:55:46the government

00:55:47closed our

00:55:48church

00:55:48about

00:55:5160 or

00:55:5250

00:55:52already

00:55:54in uniform

00:55:54came up

00:55:55and took

00:55:56the things

00:55:56away

00:55:56bibles

00:55:57spiritual

00:55:58books

00:55:59fans

00:55:59amplifier

00:56:02and many

00:56:04many other

00:56:04things

00:56:05why did

00:56:06they come

00:56:07here

00:56:07why did the

00:56:08police come

00:56:09here

00:56:09they come

00:56:09and close

00:56:10our church

00:56:10the authorities

00:56:17would keep it

00:56:18closed

00:56:18but members of

00:56:20the congregation

00:56:20kept coming

00:56:21back

00:56:22christians are

00:56:27few

00:56:27a tiny percentage

00:56:28of the population

00:56:29but despite

00:56:31stricter government

00:56:32controls

00:56:33there's been a

00:56:34growing interest

00:56:34religion

00:56:35what are they afraid

00:56:54of

00:56:54what frightens

00:56:55them about

00:56:56your church

00:56:57i do not know

00:56:59their purpose

00:57:00but

00:57:01they don't like

00:57:03pure faith

00:57:04in china

00:57:05they want

00:57:07political

00:57:08church

00:57:09are you afraid

00:57:28that the

00:57:28police might

00:57:29come again

00:57:30oh perhaps

00:57:31they will come

00:57:31tomorrow

00:57:32i don't know

00:57:33but i'm ready

00:57:35the government

00:57:41is sensitive

00:57:42about religion

00:57:42in china

00:57:43about any

00:57:44faith that

00:57:45might challenge

00:57:45the scriptures

00:57:46of the state

00:57:47but on a warm

00:57:50muggy saturday

00:57:51night

00:57:51there are many

00:57:53people looking

00:57:53here

00:57:54and elsewhere

00:57:55at a time

00:58:10of tight controls

00:58:12on the arts

00:58:12and literature

00:58:13and media

00:58:14you look for

00:58:15revelations

00:58:16where you can

00:58:16in a country

00:58:18where two-thirds

00:58:18of the population

00:58:19is under 35

00:58:20that might be

00:58:22in a karaoke club

00:58:23sometimes

00:58:36popular thinking

00:58:37can be found

00:58:38in a popular song

00:58:39like this one

00:58:40i'm not a bad kid

00:58:42it includes the words

00:58:46i'm not the bad kid

00:58:47you say i am

00:58:48my thinking

00:58:49has left you behind

00:58:50this generation

00:58:52is mine

00:58:52this is our time

00:58:54for more and more

00:59:18chinese

00:59:18this new urban

00:59:20lifestyle

00:59:21represents not only

00:59:22a new way of thinking

00:59:23but a new way

00:59:24of living

00:59:25in a dozen years

00:59:27of reform

00:59:28despite political

00:59:29restraints

00:59:30and setbacks

00:59:31an up-and-coming

00:59:32generation

00:59:33has traveled

00:59:34a great distance

00:59:35for many others

00:59:37there's still

00:59:38some ground

00:59:39to cover

00:59:39there's no one

00:59:58china

00:59:58there's the urban

01:00:00terrain of guanzhou

01:00:01and shanghai

01:00:02and beijing

01:00:03and there's the

01:00:04yellow earth

01:00:05the landscape

01:00:06that goes back

01:00:07thousands of years

01:00:09one of every

01:00:16seven people

01:00:17on earth

01:00:18lives in the

01:00:18chinese countryside

01:00:19that's about

01:00:21seventy percent

01:00:21of china's

01:00:22population

01:00:23in these hills

01:00:48and valleys

01:00:49archaeologists

01:00:50found the roots

01:00:51of chinese civilization

01:00:52it's also the

01:00:54spiritual birthplace

01:00:55of chinese

01:00:56communism

01:00:57the caves of yanan

01:01:03became sanctuary

01:01:04and headquarters

01:01:05for the chinese

01:01:06communist movement

01:01:07in the years before

01:01:08the red army

01:01:09reached beijing

01:01:10in 1949

01:01:11the long march

01:01:17ended here

01:01:18the epic retreat

01:01:19of six thousand miles

01:01:21which established

01:01:22the character

01:01:22and myths

01:01:23of chinese

01:01:24communism

01:01:24this is where

01:01:29mao and his

01:01:30followers argued

01:01:31and experimented

01:01:32and finally shaped

01:01:33their vision

01:01:34of china's future

01:01:35and where

01:01:37to this day

01:01:38you can find

01:01:39veterans

01:01:39who were there

01:01:40and who remain

01:01:41loyal to their cause

01:01:43men like

01:01:44jang ching yi

01:01:45we say stick to marxism

01:01:50leninism

01:01:51and mao zedong

01:01:52fault

01:01:53but there are

01:01:54a few people

01:01:55who don't think

01:01:55this way

01:01:56we must persuade them

01:01:59educate them

01:02:01help them

01:02:02to change

01:02:03their minds

01:02:03in this former

01:02:07outpost

01:02:08the party

01:02:09seeks to maintain

01:02:10its claim

01:02:10to the future

01:02:11and its hold

01:02:12on the past

01:02:13survivors

01:02:16of the long march

01:02:17know what it means

01:02:18to never give up

01:02:19the revolution

01:02:24defined entire

01:02:25generations

01:02:25becoming the source

01:02:27of their ideas

01:02:28and values

01:02:29in the old photographs

01:02:34the cadres

01:02:35coming back

01:02:36to yanan

01:02:36still find inspiration

01:02:38and even an old

01:02:40comrade or two

01:02:41perhaps it's only

01:02:55a museum now

01:02:56and should be

01:02:57left undisturbed

01:02:58recalling a time

01:02:59when the long march

01:03:00generation

01:03:01led a popular struggle

01:03:02against injustice

01:03:04and inequities

01:03:05in chinese life

01:03:06but already

01:03:10in yanan

01:03:10in this room

01:03:12the party

01:03:13was formulating

01:03:14policies

01:03:14to control

01:03:15the arts

01:03:16and media

01:03:16campaigning

01:03:17against liberalism

01:03:19and dissent

01:03:20it's a complex

01:03:22heritage

01:03:23that the veteran

01:03:24jang brings

01:03:25to the era

01:03:25of reform

01:03:26i think what we need

01:03:33to reform

01:03:33is the way

01:03:34people think

01:03:35teach them

01:03:39to love communism

01:03:40to love socialism

01:03:42to love the state

01:03:44to love the people

01:03:46to love the party

01:03:48this would be

01:03:49the biggest

01:03:50reform of all

01:03:51it's the long march

01:03:56generation

01:03:56that still holds power

01:03:58that still struggles

01:03:59with the meaning

01:04:00of the revolution

01:04:01and of reform

01:04:02it was into these hills

01:04:09that mal brought

01:04:10his promise

01:04:11of socialist equality

01:04:12and it was the poverty

01:04:14and discontent

01:04:15of the peasant

01:04:16that made his revolution

01:04:17possible

01:04:18here as elsewhere

01:04:20mal's communes

01:04:22are gone

01:04:22but compared

01:04:24with suburban farmers

01:04:25the people living here

01:04:27still are victims

01:04:28of geography

01:04:28they must still

01:04:30carve an existence

01:04:31out of the hillside

01:04:32a hundred families

01:04:34on a few thousand acres

01:04:36of usable land

01:04:37in an era of change

01:04:41temple gorge village

01:04:43seems a place

01:04:43frozen in time

01:04:45in the soviet union

01:04:49the leaders there

01:04:50say that communism

01:04:51has been a tragic

01:04:52mistake

01:04:53a failure

01:04:55well

01:05:00we don't really know

01:05:03too much about that

01:05:04because it's in the soviet union

01:05:06in their country

01:05:08but over here

01:05:10we don't

01:05:11we don't

01:05:12understand it very much

01:05:14we're not too clear

01:05:18about what's going on

01:05:19over there

01:05:20our concerns

01:05:26are northern shanxi

01:05:27our peasants

01:05:28we want to uphold

01:05:31socialism

01:05:31marxism

01:05:33leninism

01:05:33we just want to carry on

01:05:36the spirit of yinan

01:05:36self-reliance

01:05:38that's all we're interested in

01:05:39we don't care about

01:05:41other stuff

01:05:42we don't think about it

01:05:43it's beyond us

01:05:45the meaning of reform

01:05:49can very much depend

01:05:50on where you live

01:05:51no one here

01:05:53makes 50 or 100 thousand

01:05:55yuan a year

01:05:56it's more like

01:05:571500

01:05:57they're doing better now

01:06:01but they're also

01:06:02being left behind

01:06:03with yesterday's idealism

01:06:05an egalitarian vision

01:06:08that's fast disappearing

01:06:09in china

01:06:10what does socialism mean to you

01:06:15socialism is to make

01:06:18everybody rich

01:06:19socialism is to make

01:06:21all people rich

01:06:22if some people are poor

01:06:24everyone should be poor

01:06:26if some people are rich

01:06:27everyone should be rich

01:06:29and do you think that is

01:06:30what's happening in china today

01:06:31in our village

01:06:36everyone is basically equal

01:06:37comparatively equal

01:06:39in this respect

01:06:40there are no extremely

01:06:43rich people

01:06:43or extremely poor people

01:06:47we have statistics

01:06:49in yanan

01:06:53you can feel the weight

01:06:55of the party's traditions

01:06:56and ideology

01:06:57but even here

01:06:59where you might least expect it

01:07:01you can hear disappointment

01:07:03and concern

01:07:03about the party's failings

01:07:05even among its most devoted followers

01:07:08there have been instances

01:07:13of corruption

01:07:14and embezzlement

01:07:15within the party

01:07:16the students in beijing

01:07:20demanded that we do something

01:07:21to change that

01:07:22were they right

01:07:24to raise such an issue

01:07:25yes

01:07:26i think they were very right

01:07:28very right

01:07:30there are corrupt

01:07:33and bad things

01:07:34within the party

01:07:34and they should be wiped out

01:07:37is this still a problem

01:07:40yes

01:07:41it's still there

01:07:43at the central committee school

01:07:57for cadres in beijing

01:07:58official misconduct

01:08:00corruption

01:08:01is an issue

01:08:02that won't go away

01:08:03there truly is corruption

01:08:08within the party

01:08:08this issue has become

01:08:11a matter of concern

01:08:12for the entire party

01:08:13and it must be solved

01:08:15if not

01:08:17it will lead to bigger problems

01:08:19and more trouble

01:08:21the country's leadership

01:08:24remains mostly hidden

01:08:26inside limousines

01:08:27and walled compounds

01:08:28their public appearances

01:08:30carefully managed

01:08:31and publicized

01:08:33in a media

01:08:34they control

01:08:35beneath this updated

01:08:38rendering of socialist realism

01:08:40the communist party

01:08:42has an image problem

01:08:43you won't find it

01:08:47in the streets

01:08:48but it's there

01:08:49a problem of style

01:08:51and of substance

01:08:52and since june 4th

01:08:54about the role

01:08:55of the people's

01:08:56liberation army

01:08:57no image

01:09:01has been stronger

01:09:01or more respected

01:09:03or more important

01:09:04to restore

01:09:05than the PLAs

01:09:07the ballad belongs

01:09:21to the Yan'an period

01:09:22a song dedicated

01:09:24to the 359th division

01:09:26the club belongs

01:09:29to the PLA

01:09:30in partnership

01:09:31with a private

01:09:32trading company

01:09:33let's walk forward

01:09:36she sings

01:09:37and give our flowers

01:09:38to the model soldiers

01:09:39the PLA

01:09:44has marched

01:09:44into the marketplace

01:09:45an investor

01:09:46in the Putong 100

01:09:48Guangzhou's

01:09:49hottest night spot

01:09:50her song includes the words

01:10:01inside trading

01:10:02outside profits

01:10:04as easy as you please

01:10:05people getting rich

01:10:07do a little business

01:10:09at the Putong 100

01:10:12two big ideas

01:10:14pass in the night

01:10:15sharing the same stage

01:10:17sharing one benefit

01:10:18of reform

01:10:19this is sometimes

01:10:23called cadre capitalism

01:10:25members of the

01:10:26state apparatus

01:10:27the party

01:10:28the police

01:10:29and security bureaus

01:10:30the military

01:10:31all are also

01:10:32in business

01:10:33for themselves

01:10:34there's no way

01:10:41of knowing

01:10:42where the money goes

01:10:43but it's every bureaucracy

01:10:45for itself

01:10:46this is another

01:10:51PLA investment

01:10:52Beijing's first

01:10:5424 hour health club

01:10:55according to the brochure

01:10:57facilities here

01:10:59include a jiggle bath

01:11:00with massage

01:11:00a karaoke club

01:11:02billiards

01:11:03mahjong

01:11:04and a car wash

01:11:06or try the palace

01:11:11one of the finest hotels

01:11:13in the capital

01:11:14an investment

01:11:16of the PLA general staff

01:11:18these investments

01:11:26that produce hard currency

01:11:27are the best of all

01:11:29and for upwardly mobile

01:11:31Chinese

01:11:32they offer the best jobs

01:11:34but for the leadership

01:11:39there's an ideological

01:11:40price to pay

01:11:41what is becoming

01:11:48of the communist ideal

01:11:49the Maoist ideal

01:11:51of the classless society

01:11:52as an ideal

01:11:56it still exists

01:11:57but not as a reality

01:11:59not now

01:12:00ideals may be one victim

01:12:09of reform

01:12:10there are others

01:12:12more visible now

01:12:13than they have been

01:12:14for years

01:12:15the iron rice bowl

01:12:22of Chinese socialism

01:12:23that virtually guaranteed

01:12:25everyone

01:12:26the basic necessities

01:12:27is beginning

01:12:28to show cracks

01:12:29now there's room

01:12:31for failure

01:12:31to be left

01:12:32on the streets

01:12:33to peddle

01:12:34or to please

01:12:36your case

01:12:36for charity

01:12:37for Chinese

01:12:40the sound

01:12:41of a traditional violin

01:12:42in the hands

01:12:43of a beggar

01:12:44has always conveyed

01:12:45the loneliness

01:12:46of the abandoned

01:12:47the sign

01:12:49tells this man's story

01:12:50of being labeled

01:12:52a reactionary

01:12:5330 years ago

01:12:54of going to jail

01:12:55of losing his family

01:12:57his health

01:12:58his livelihood

01:12:59beggars are few

01:13:09but China's jobless

01:13:11now number

01:13:12in the tens

01:13:12of millions

01:13:13mostly peasants

01:13:15who've traveled

01:13:15to the cities

01:13:16in search

01:13:16of a new life

01:13:17look closely

01:13:20at the far side

01:13:21of this bridge

01:13:22and you'll see them

01:13:23it's an alarming sight

01:13:25to a government

01:13:25that's always been able

01:13:26to control

01:13:27the movement

01:13:28of its citizens

01:13:28throughout China

01:13:35there are an estimated

01:13:37100 million or more

01:13:38looking for jobs

01:13:40for an urban lifestyle

01:13:42for their share

01:13:43of economic opportunity

01:13:45in the age of reform

01:13:49it's another marketplace

01:13:50called the floating labor market

01:13:53wherever we went

01:14:08we discovered people

01:14:21hoping to change their lives

01:14:23looking for ways

01:14:24to express themselves

01:14:25in Guangzhou

01:14:28we found them

01:14:29in China's

01:14:30first modern dance troupe

01:14:31I like it because I can use

01:14:38both my mind and body

01:14:39I can express myself

01:14:41and I like other people

01:14:43to see me

01:14:44I can express what's in my heart

01:14:48what I really want to say

01:14:50I feel I've been liberated

01:14:53emotionally and physically

01:14:54that's why I like modern dance

01:14:56in China

01:15:01modern dance

01:15:02stretches the limits

01:15:03of tradition

01:15:04and creates new possibilities

01:15:06as elsewhere

01:15:10in a changing society

01:15:11it requires

01:15:13a new way of thinking

01:15:14they feel like

01:15:33as artists

01:15:34they've gained a new life

01:15:35in the classroom

01:15:38of modern dance

01:15:39they feel completely free

01:15:41they feel they can fully express

01:15:45what they're feeling inside

01:15:46three years after Tiananmen

01:16:06Chinese can't always speak directly

01:16:09in a society where art is politics

01:16:14art forms committed

01:16:16to free expression

01:16:17assume even greater meaning

01:16:19the basic meaning

01:16:36of what happened

01:16:37in Tiananmen Square

01:16:38may simply be people

01:16:40wanting a greater say

01:16:41in their own lives

01:16:43China is not America

01:16:46for most Chinese

01:16:48democracy is only a vague idea

01:16:51but many felt the need

01:16:53for another reform

01:16:54in how they were governed

01:16:56but at the party school

01:17:04for cadres

01:17:04there's no backing down

01:17:06from the official version

01:17:08during June 4th 1989

01:17:15there were an extremely

01:17:16small number of people

01:17:17wanting bourgeois liberalization

01:17:19who jumped out

01:17:20and agitated some students

01:17:22but the majority of workers

01:17:25peasants

01:17:26intellectuals

01:17:27and PLA soldiers

01:17:28including cadres

01:17:30at all levels

01:17:30were not happy at all

01:17:32with what they were doing

01:17:33to the outside world

01:17:40and to many Chinese

01:17:41it didn't look that way

01:17:43are we few in number

01:17:56they chanted

01:17:57not true

01:17:58are we conspirators

01:18:00not true

01:18:02not true

01:18:03long live the people

01:18:07they chanted

01:18:08before the wave

01:18:12of political change

01:18:13swept through eastern Europe

01:18:15and the Soviet Union

01:18:16there was Beijing's spring

01:18:18some people opposed

01:18:28the principles of the party

01:18:30and stirred up winds and waves

01:18:31I didn't agree with this

01:18:35I can't condone it

01:18:38because there was no way

01:18:39such actions

01:18:39could solve

01:18:40Chinese problems today

01:18:41no way it can solve

01:18:43these problems

01:18:44the situation reached a stage

01:18:46where a solution

01:18:47had to be found

01:18:48what kind of solution

01:18:50there was no choice

01:18:51we finally had to call out

01:18:54the troops

01:18:55consequently

01:18:57there were some losses

01:18:58some dead and wounded

01:18:59that's what happened

01:19:01exactly what happened

01:19:08will probably never be known

01:19:09how many died

01:19:11were wounded

01:19:11went to prison

01:19:13this much is clear

01:19:16beginning the night

01:19:17of June 3rd

01:19:18the government

01:19:19was an instrument

01:19:20of repression

01:19:21not reform

01:19:22for a long march

01:19:25veteran of the Red Army

01:19:26that's hard to accept

01:19:28look

01:19:32if people said the PLA

01:19:34crushed the students

01:19:35never

01:19:36didn't happen

01:19:37speaking very frankly

01:19:40if we seek truth from facts

01:19:42this didn't happen

01:19:43our PLA

01:19:45has never suppressed the people

01:19:47because the relationship

01:19:49between the army

01:19:50and the people

01:19:51is like that

01:19:52between fish and water

01:19:53between fish and water

01:19:55the events that happened

01:19:57in Beijing

01:19:58we saw on television

01:19:59with our own eyes

01:20:00the PLA acted

01:20:03just like we

01:20:03in the Red Army

01:20:04acted in the past

01:20:05we didn't resort to force

01:20:08or beat

01:20:08or abuse people

01:20:10instead we tried

01:20:12to persuade the people

01:20:13if some people

01:20:14didn't understand

01:20:15we used persuasion

01:20:17to change their minds

01:20:18but we never opened fire

01:20:20on the people

01:20:21it's absolutely forbidden

01:20:23and it never happened

01:20:24and that's a fact

01:20:25even Chinese who saw it

01:20:36didn't want to believe it

01:20:38the people's army

01:20:40had been ordered

01:20:40to fire on its own people

01:20:42in 1949

01:20:50the People's Liberation Army

01:20:52took Beijing

01:20:53without firing a shot

01:20:54but not 40 years later

01:20:57in the early morning hours

01:21:07of June 4th

01:21:08the lights were turned off

01:21:09in Tiananmen Square

01:21:11it was a time

01:21:14of darkness

01:21:15of tragedy

01:21:16for Chinese

01:21:17of all generations

01:21:18but most of all

01:21:20for members

01:21:21of a generation

01:21:22whose political faith

01:21:23had been shattered

01:21:24for whom politics

01:21:26had become

01:21:27too great a risk

01:21:28to take

01:21:29I don't care about

01:21:32I dare not care

01:21:35it's true

01:21:38yes it's true

01:21:39because politics

01:21:40it's a problem

01:21:41often make people

01:21:42face some

01:21:44cruel things

01:21:45yes

01:21:45face some

01:21:46such like

01:21:48death

01:21:49and blood

01:21:51yes

01:21:51I hate that thing

01:21:52yes

01:21:53on the day

01:21:56of June 4th

01:21:57all the powerful

01:21:58emotions

01:21:58and images

01:21:59of that time

01:22:00seem captured

01:22:01in one last confrontation

01:22:03like the student movement

01:22:08itself

01:22:09it was a challenge

01:22:10direct

01:22:12bold

01:22:13naive perhaps

01:22:14but historic

01:22:15for Chinese

01:22:20how history records

01:22:22these events

01:22:22matters

01:22:23it's an issue

01:22:24of credibility

01:22:25of legitimacy

01:22:27that someday

01:22:28the government

01:22:29will also have to

01:22:30confront

01:22:30at some point

01:22:33in the future

01:22:34will the history

01:22:34of June 4th

01:22:35have to be rewritten

01:22:36just like dealing

01:22:41with any historic event

01:22:42the Chinese people

01:22:45including the

01:22:46governing party

01:22:47the Chinese

01:22:48communist party

01:22:49has the need

01:22:51and the intelligence

01:22:53to reflect

01:22:54as to win

01:22:57to reflect

01:22:57and to come up

01:22:58with new perspectives

01:22:59it depends on how

01:23:01and when the historic

01:23:03moment is mature

01:23:04no

01:23:08as time goes on

01:23:12it will be proven

01:23:14even more strongly

01:23:15that the measures

01:23:16adopted then

01:23:17were correct

01:23:18without such measures

01:23:20there will be

01:23:21persistent chaos

01:23:22in China

01:23:22to the leadership

01:23:27chaos also means

01:23:29opposition

01:23:30to its monopoly

01:23:31on power

01:23:32their gamble

01:23:33is that

01:23:34a changing China

01:23:35will trade

01:23:36political rights

01:23:37for prosperity

01:23:38every day

01:23:40the government

01:23:41makes its presence

01:23:42felt in Tiananmen

01:23:43Square

01:23:44but being here

01:23:46you can't help

01:23:47but feel

01:23:47that the movement

01:23:48of reform

01:23:49of raised expectations

01:23:51of a more open

01:23:52society

01:23:53seems irrepressible

01:23:55no longer

01:23:57is China

01:23:57isolated

01:23:58a universe

01:23:59unto itself

01:24:00of one mind

01:24:01or vision

01:24:02at the center

01:24:05of the square

01:24:05is the monument

01:24:06to the people's heroes

01:24:07it was built

01:24:08for the martyrs

01:24:09of the revolution

01:24:10and was headquarters

01:24:11for the students

01:24:12pro-democracy movement

01:24:14it's a legacy

01:24:16and a reminder

01:24:17for whoever

01:24:18holds power

01:24:19in China too

01:24:21there's a will

01:24:22of the people

01:24:23listeners

01:24:24are missing

01:24:30and

01:24:34and

01:24:35and

01:24:36and

01:26:06And by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.

01:26:14Frontline is produced for the Documentary Consortium by WGBH Boston, which is solely

01:26:21responsible for its content.

01:26:29For videocassette information about this program, please call this toll-free number, 1-800-328-PBS1.

01:26:37This is PBS.

01:26:47Next time on Frontline, boxing promoter Don King.

01:26:53Don's hair, his jewelry, his lingo, it's all an act.

01:26:57It's too confused.

01:26:59It's too obscure.

01:27:01But essentially, he's a con man.

01:27:03It's the con man as buffoon.

01:27:05So I don't have no use for you, Jack Newfield.

01:27:07Reporter Jack Newfield investigates Don King, his criminal past, and his handling of young

01:27:13fighters.

01:27:14Don King, unauthorized.

01:27:16For a printed transcript of this or any Frontline program, send $5 to Journal Graphics Incorporated,

01:27:291535 Grant Street, Denver, Colorado, 80203.

01:27:34To order by credit card, call 303-831-9000.

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