Le garçon fermier qui a construit Walmart

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572 milliards de dollars. C'est le montant des revenus générés par Walmart en 2022.  Avec plus de 2 millions de personnes travaillant pour l'entreprise, celle-ci est le plus grand employeur et le plus grand détaillant au monde en termes de ventes, mais la construction d'un tel empire n'a pas été une mince affaire. Tout a commencé avec un pauvre agriculteur qui, après s'être entendu dire qu'il ne pouvait pas faire carrière dans le commerce de détail, a décidé d'ouvrir son propre magasin.  Chapitres:  00:00 - 00:26 Prologue 00:27 - 03:24 Des débuts modestes 03:25 - 06:08 Le magasin Ben Franklin 06:09 - 08:52 Tout recommencer 08:53 - 11:14 La naissance de Walmart 11:15 - 13:42 S'emparer de l'industrie #histoire #documentaire

Transcript

00:00$572 billion is the amount of revenue Walmart will generate in 2022.

00:05With over 2 million people working for the company,

00:08It is the world's largest employer and largest retailer in terms of sales,

00:13But building such an empire was no easy feat.

00:16It all started with a poor farmer who,

00:19after being told he couldn't pursue a career in retail,

00:23decided to open his own store.

00:30Sam Walton was born on March 28, 1918, in Kingfisher, Oklahoma.

00:37His father, Thomas Walton, is a farmer,

00:40but the farm does not bring in enough money to support the family.

00:44That's why the family traveled across the country, looking for opportunities,

00:48moving from state to state, until finally settling in Columbia, Missouri.

00:53At this time, Sam is already a teenager.

00:56He helped his family by doing a variety of odd jobs

01:00and saw his father survive by making a small profit on every deal he closed.

01:04He also saw his mother start a small dairy business,

01:07in which Sam was in charge of milking the cows

01:09and deliver milk in the neighborhood after school.

01:13His parents taught him the value of work

01:15and he also learned how hard it took to earn a single dollar.

01:19However, things are not going well at home for Sam.

01:22His father, Thomas, is almost never with the family,

01:25because he is always traveling to earn money.

01:28As a result, Thomas's relationship with his wife deteriorates year by year.

01:32In fact, in his autobiography, Sam describes his parents

01:35like the two most quarrelsome people who have ever lived together.

01:38To escape from the problems at home, Sam plays sports,

01:41joined the school scouts

01:42and takes on various management roles that keep him busy.

01:46Sam graduated from David H. Hickman High School in 1935

01:51and decided to enroll at the University of Missouri

01:54to get started in the business world.

01:56During his studies, he did many odd jobs

01:59to provide for one's needs,

02:00including delivering newspapers and waiting tables in exchange for meals.

02:05After graduating in the spring of 1940,

02:08Sam gains his first experience in the retail sector.

02:12He was hired as a sales intern at J.C. Penney,

02:14which was then just a small retail store in Des Moines,

02:17in Iowa and his starting salary is $75 a week.

02:21But this job was not easy for Sam

02:23and he was considered one of J.C. Penney's worst employees.

02:27One of the things that worked against him

02:29was that his accounting was terribly messy

02:32because he hated keeping his customers waiting

02:34while he was dealing with the paperwork.

02:36In fact, Sam's boss once threatened to fire him.

02:39and even told him that he couldn't make a career

02:41in retail.

02:43The only thing that saved Walton,

02:44it's his talent as a salesman,

02:47which allowed him to earn an extra 25 dollars a month

02:49thanks to its sales commissions.

02:51When World War II broke out in the United States in 1941,

02:55Walton, eager to play a role in his country,

02:58left his job the following year

02:59and enlisted in the U.S. Army.

03:02The Army recognized Sam's natural leadership abilities

03:05and selected him to become a member of the military intelligence corps

03:08where he was promoted to captain.

03:11The Army stationed Sam in Oklahoma in April 1942,

03:13where he met his future wife, Helen Robson.

03:18And after a short period of dating,

03:20They were married on Valentine's Day in 1943.

03:30At the end of the war in 1945,

03:32Sam Walton had a wife and son to support

03:34and so he decided to start his own retail business.

03:37With a $20,000 loan from his father-in-law

03:40and $5,000 of his own savings,

03:42Sam bought a Ben Franklin store in Newport, Arkansas.

03:47It is important to note that millions of small stores

03:49went bankrupt during the 20th century in America

03:51and that when Sam bought this store,

03:54he was losing a lot of money.

03:56Not only did Sam invest in a store

03:57which didn't bring in much money,

03:59but he also paid too much for it.

04:00The store rent was 5% of turnover

04:03and, initially,

04:05This seemed correct to Walton.

04:07But after signing the lease,

04:08he found that it was the highest rate

04:11never paid for a variety store.

04:14Despite all the obstacles,

04:15Sam succeeded beyond everyone's expectations.

04:18He studied all the typical rules of retail business

04:20and then discarded all those

04:22that didn't seem to make sense.

04:24When Sam bought the Ben Franklin store,

04:26he was required to buy all his products wholesale

04:28with the company,

04:29but he knew he could find products

04:31even cheaper elsewhere.

04:33So he found a clause in his contract

04:34which allowed him to buy his goods elsewhere

04:37and reduce the cost of its products

04:38well below what other stores were selling.

04:41He made his own profits on the volume

04:43rather than on the margin.

04:45But it took him almost 10 years

04:46to fully appreciate the power of this idea.

04:50Nothing Sam did was extraordinary.

04:52And he wasn't a genius either.

04:54While there is no doubt that he had business acumen,

04:56the real reason for its success

04:58reside in its fundamental policy,

05:00make life easier for its customers.

05:02And because he did,

05:04more and more people were buying products from him.

05:08Once things were going well for Sam

05:09and his company,

05:11he asked his brother Bud to join him

05:13and, together,

05:14they were able to manage the store

05:15much more efficiently.

05:17The Butler brothers,

05:19owners of the store that Sam had rented,

05:21were not very happy

05:22that the Waltons procure

05:23their goods elsewhere.

05:25But they couldn't say much about it.

05:27because the numbers that Sam was generating

05:29were unmatched in any other store.

05:32Its sales had increased by more than 45%,

05:34reaching $105,000

05:35during his first full year of ownership.

05:38The following year,

05:39turnover increased to $140,000

05:41and the third year,

05:43it has increased by another 25%

05:44to reach $175,000.

05:47After only 3 years of activity,

05:49Sam was able to repay in full

05:51the loan of 20,000 dollars

05:52that his stepfather had granted him.

05:53And two years later,

05:55Sam became the best owner

05:56Arkansas variety stores

05:58and probably also neighboring states.

06:00But the truth,

06:01it was of no use to him

06:03because in the end,

06:04his business was doomed to failure.

06:11When Sam Walton signed the lease

06:15from his store in 1945,

06:18this one did not include

06:19renewal clause.

06:21Renewal options

06:22are typical of the beautiful.

06:23Also, when Walton's stepfather

06:24learned of this oversight,

06:25he was shocked

06:26that Sam could have made such a mistake.

06:29Walton had not only created

06:30one of the companies

06:31the most prosperous in Newport,

06:33but he had also invested himself

06:34body and soul in the company

06:35and in the city.

06:37Helen, his wife,

06:38also loved the city

06:39since 3 of their 4 children were born there.

06:41In his autobiography,

06:43Sam Walton is quoted as saying

06:44“It was the lowest point of my life.

06:47I felt so bad.

06:48I had built the best store

06:49variety from all over the region

06:51and I worked hard for the community.

06:53I had done everything right

06:54and now he was driving me out of town."

06:57After being kicked out

06:59from his own store,

07:00Sam Walton was eager to start again

07:02but this time,

07:03he was going to do it the right way

07:04and even better.

07:05He starts looking

07:06of a new destination

07:07to buy another store

07:08until he finds one

07:10in the small community of Bentonville,

07:12in Arkansas.

07:13This is where Walton sets up

07:14his second store

07:15in the town square

07:16insisting this time

07:17on a 99-year lease.

07:20Sam opens his new store

07:21in the summer of 1950

07:22and calls him

07:23"Walton's Five and Dine."

07:25The Walton Family

07:26often heard people

07:27whispering to each other.

07:29"We give him 60 days,

07:30or even 90.

07:31It won't last that long."

07:33But Sam will prove to them

07:34that they are wrong.

07:35At the time,

07:36there were two other stores

07:37variety in town

07:37but none offered

07:39such low prices

07:40than those of Walton.

07:41That is why,

07:42when Walton finally

07:43opened his store,

07:44he changed life

07:45residents

07:45of the community

07:46from Bentonville.

07:47During the 1950s,

07:49the American economy

07:50was doing very well

07:51and Sam took full advantage of it.

07:53He continued

07:54to find new ways

07:55to reduce prices

07:55of its products

07:56and satisfy its customers.

07:58A day,

07:58Walton learned of the existence

07:59self-service

08:00in the sector

08:01of retail.

08:02The concept is simple.

08:04Instead of the sellers

08:05go and get

08:05products for customers,

08:06the latter could

08:07enter the store,

08:08take it themselves

08:09their products

08:09and pay at the entrance.

08:11Walton immediately

08:12was seduced by the idea.

08:14This allows him

08:14to reduce its staff

08:15and to decrease

08:16still the cost

08:17of its products.

08:18Not only

08:19this new trick

08:19works perfectly

08:20but she allows him

08:21to triple

08:22his income

08:23in less than a year.

08:24With more money,

08:25Walton has the funds

08:26and resources

08:26necessary to develop

08:28his company.

08:29In the following years,

08:30Sam opens a store

08:31after the other

08:32and in the late 1950s,

08:34Walton was a proud owner

08:35of 15 stores

08:36that he acquired

08:37with borrowed money

08:38and the profits made

08:39in these same stores.

08:41Despite this,

08:42Sam is still not satisfied

08:43results

08:44of his company.

08:46He then decides

08:46to adopt a new strategy

08:48and this new strategy

08:50will change everything.

08:52Our reason for being

08:59is to bring

08:59of value

09:00to our customers,

09:01which means

09:02that in addition to quality

09:03and service,

09:04we must do it to them

09:05save money.

09:07Walton's Idea

09:08was to build

09:08department stores

09:09offering discounts

09:10on everything he proposed

09:11and to implement them

09:13in small towns.

09:14By drastically reducing

09:15its prices,

09:16the store would be cheaper

09:17than its competitors

09:18and would compensate the difference

09:19of price by a larger one

09:20sales volume.

09:21This idea was already

09:22applied throughout the country,

09:24but the difference

09:24was that the stores

09:25discount tended

09:26to be small

09:27and located in cities

09:28and that most

09:29of them

09:29did not offer discounts

09:30only on articles

09:31specific

09:32and not on all

09:33the products.

09:34It was risky

09:35and he needed

09:35of a lot of money

09:36to achieve this.

09:38Sam first proposed

09:39his idea to society

09:40who franchises the stores

09:41Ben Franklin.

09:42But she refused

09:43to support him.

09:44Especially since his idea

09:45meant that she had to

09:45halve

09:47its usual wholesale margin

09:48to be able to practice

09:49the desired low prices

09:50by Sam.

09:51Having nowhere to go,

09:52Walton decides to take

09:53himself the risk.

09:55He mortgages his house,

09:56borrow a large sum

09:57silver and opens

09:59its first Walmart store

10:00in Rogers, Arkansas

10:02in 1962.

10:04The customers were delighted

10:05not to have

10:06to move around town

10:07to get reduced prices

10:08on the products.

10:09Therefore,

10:09everyone started

10:10to frequent the stores

10:11Walmart and the company

10:12and its sales have experienced

10:13considerable growth.

10:16During these years,

10:16Sam continued

10:17to learn from its competitors

10:18and to develop

10:19new methods

10:20to reduce further

10:21the prices of its products.

10:22He replaced

10:23wooden shelves

10:24of its stores

10:24by metal shelves,

10:26cheaper

10:26and more sustainable.

10:28Another strategy

10:29that he developed

10:29consisted of keeping

10:30its stores open

10:31longer than its competitors.

10:33Walmart was the only one

10:34to do it,

10:35which allowed

10:35to the stores

10:36to earn more money.

10:37He also ensured

10:38that its customers

10:38have large areas

10:40parking

10:40and, unlike

10:41to its competitors,

10:42he never charged

10:43a single cent

10:44for parking spaces.

10:46Until 1969,

10:47Sam Walton had financed

10:48the expansion of his business

10:50thanks to its profits

10:51and loans.

10:52But in 1970,

10:54he decided

10:54to introduce

10:55the company on the stock exchange.

10:57The initial offer

10:57generated

10:58about 5 million dollars

10:59and allowed Walton

11:00and his family

11:01to keep

11:02approximately 61% of the shares.

11:04This money has allowed

11:05in Walton

11:05to repay

11:06debts

11:06that he had contracted

11:07with banks,

11:08to repay

11:08the loans granted

11:09by his friends

11:10and to implement

11:11his next projects

11:12ambitious

11:12for his business.

11:20Between 1970

11:21and 1971,

11:23Walmart added

11:246 additional stores,

11:26followed by 13 other stores

11:27the following two years,

11:29then 14,

11:30then 26.

11:30At the end of 1980,

11:33Walmart had

11:34276 stores in total

11:36and then opened

11:37about 100 stores

11:38per year.

11:39Sam estimates

11:39that this rapid growth

11:40is not only

11:41due to low costs

11:42that attract customers,

11:43but also at work

11:44of his collaborators

11:45the closest ones.

11:47Sam did

11:47of his associates

11:48partners

11:49and watched over

11:49to what he benefits from

11:50cash bonuses

11:51and purchase options

11:52of actions,

11:53giving them thus

11:53the possibility

11:54to participate

11:55to growth

11:55of his company.

11:57Walton also has

11:58ensured that

11:58its stores are

11:59close to warehouses

12:00in order to allow

12:01delivery of products

12:02the same day

12:02while minimizing

12:03advertising costs.

12:05Another innovation

12:06was the decision

12:07to stock up

12:07directly from

12:08manufacturers

12:09rather than by

12:10the intermediary

12:10of wholesalers,

12:11which allowed him

12:12to reduce further

12:13its prices.

12:14In the late 1970s,

12:16Walton had done

12:17from his store

12:17the growing company

12:18the fastest

12:19and the most influential

12:21of the sector

12:21of retail.

12:23Things were going well

12:23so good for the company

12:24than an investor

12:25having bought

12:26for 1650 dollars

12:27Walmart shares

12:28in 1970

12:29were worth more than

12:30$700,000

12:31in 1987.

12:33In 1983,

12:34Walton took

12:35another decision

12:36important commercial.

12:37He throws the first one

12:38of its stores,

12:39Sam's World Sale Club,

12:40which is aimed at stores

12:41and to people

12:42wishing to buy

12:42wholesale products.

12:44Once again,

12:45Walton found gold

12:46and in 1990,

12:48Walmart had

12:48more than 1000 stores

12:50and 150,000 employees.

12:53But Sam also had

12:54his share of people

12:55and groups

12:55who didn't like him

12:56or who did not like

12:57its retail business.

12:58He has often been criticized

12:59to compete

13:00small shops

13:01and bankrupt them.

13:02Sam Walton himself

13:04recognized him by saying

13:05"Small shops

13:06were intended

13:06to disappear,

13:07at least in number,

13:08because everything is governed

13:09by customers,

13:10who are free

13:11to choose the place

13:12where they shop."

13:14Sam Walton has died

13:15April 5, 1992.

13:17He was 74 years old

13:18and at the time of his death,

13:20Walmart was realizing

13:21an annual turnover

13:22of more than 104 billion dollars.

13:23Today,

13:25Walmart counts

13:26more than 10,500 stores

13:27and generates a number

13:28annual business

13:29of more than 500 billion dollars.

13:32That's all for today.

13:34I hope you enjoyed it

13:35the video

13:35and don't forget

13:36to like and subscribe.

13:38Until then,

13:38I'll see you next time.

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