The Economy of Tomorrow _ Aging Future _ Documentary Economy

Name: The Economy of Tomorrow _ Aging Future _ Documentary Economy
Uploaded: 2025-07-15T07:05:44+00:00
Duration: 1 h 8 min 48 s
Channel: Humzzaa

Humzzaa

2 days ago

Today, the best follow 👉
#youtube #youtuber #instagram #music #spotify #tiktok #love #explorepage #youtubechannel #follow #twitch #like #youtubers #hiphop #viral #gaming #video #instagood #rap #explore #facebook #subscribe #gamer #memes #trending #art #soundcloud #newmusic #artist #ps
#trending #viral #instagram #explorepage #explore #instagood #love #reels #fashion #fyp #trend #follow #like #photography #trendingreels #india #instadaily #tiktok #foryou #followforfollowback #likeforlikes #trendingnow #reelsinstagram #memes #style #photooftheday #viralpost #music #insta #viralvideos
#model #beautiful #instalike #foryoupage #likes #bollywood #beauty #picoftheday #art #onlineshopping #newpost #likesforlike #post #reelitfeelit #viralreels #photoshoot #exploremore #cute #new #kerala #instafashion #motivation #travel #funny #ootd #lifestyle #fashionstyle #nature #bhfyp #comment

Category

🤖

Tech

Transcript

Display full video transcript

00:00:01The challenges facing our world are growing all the time.

00:00:06How do we build stronger economies with equal opportunities for all?

00:00:11How do we build a sustainable world for generations to come?

00:00:16How do we protect our cities and harness the power of technology for our common benefit?

00:00:23Humanity has always been good at forward thinkings.

00:00:27We will make sense of the problems of tomorrow.

00:00:31Inequality, sustainability, urbanisation, the gender gap and the demographic time bomb.

00:00:52The world is changing.

00:00:54Today we stand on the brink of a fourth industrial revolution.

00:00:58One that will transform the way we work, the way we live and even what makes us human.

00:01:04There's a group of technologies that are combining to create transformation across almost every industry at the moment.

00:01:13And those technologies include things like artificial intelligence, 3D printing, robotics, big data and then some things on the sort of life sciences front in terms of genetics and medical imaging.

00:01:26And that these things are sort of combining in a way that's bringing about a host of transformative changes across industries.

00:01:36I would describe the fourth industrial revolution actually quite similarly to how I would describe the past three.

00:01:42And that is technology that leads to massive gains in productivity.

00:01:48And massive gains in productivity mean substantial improvements to everyone's quality of life.

00:01:54The world has been through revolutions before.

00:02:00The advent of mechanisation, then electronics, then the digital revolution all profoundly changed the world's economies.

00:02:08But this revolution could be even more disruptive.

00:02:12I think in previous revolutions you could really talk about them as industrial revolutions.

00:02:19What was changing was how things were made, factories, industry, often heavy industry in particular.

00:02:25Here you're seeing transformation across really a whole range of not just industry but services and the creation of whole new business models that didn't exist before.

00:02:33What's different a little bit about this particular revolution is that it gets into a whole range of things

00:02:40that people only thought were ever only possible for humans to do.

00:02:44Jobs that were human jobs before aren't going to be human jobs anymore.

00:02:49At the heart of this fourth revolution is artificial intelligence.

00:02:53The ability of machines to match and perhaps one day surpass the cognitive ability of their human creators.

00:03:00What's happening now is a big deal.

00:03:02It is making a big difference in the way people live, the way people interact with each other.

00:03:07It is sort of obliterating distance.

00:03:09It is in some cases removing humans from tasks that we once thought were the sole province of the human mind.

00:03:17These analytic tasks that we thought only a human brain could do.

00:03:20We're suddenly finding that algorithms can do, that machines can do.

00:03:24These are early days in the brave new world of artificial intelligence.

00:03:28But the potential benefits are vast.

00:03:31What are some of the liberating benefits of artificial intelligence?

00:03:34There are actually a lot.

00:03:35If you think about something just like driverless cars, autonomous vehicles, which is one use of AI that people are talking about,

00:03:41that could have a really liberating impact on a lot of people's lives.

00:03:44If you think about older people who can no longer drive, they're very shut in their houses right now,

00:03:49very dependent on others for transportation.

00:03:51With driverless cars, they would be able to go about their daily life.

00:03:54And then you're seeing with big data that this may have a profound impact on drug development.

00:03:59That you'll find new pharmaceuticals being developed at a faster rate to cure diseases

00:04:05because the computers are essentially able to sort through the data

00:04:08and pick up connections that otherwise would be missed.

00:04:13For health in particular, the advantages of machine learning and data science are immense.

00:04:18Those have an incredible chance to address both very infrequent diseases

00:04:22and diseases which affect different parts of the population very differently.

00:04:26If we're going to cure cancer, it's probably going to come through data science.

00:04:31But there is potentially a darker side to this technological revolution,

00:04:35one which could profoundly change the world of work as we know it.

00:04:41A technological revolution will cost jobs.

00:04:44It'll cost jobs in the areas that see the biggest advancements first.

00:04:48A good example of that, that is feasible over the near term, is truck driving.

00:04:53You have self-driving trucks.

00:04:56You don't need the 3.5 million truck drivers that you have right now in the U.S.

00:05:00What is key as part of this revolution, as productivity goes up,

00:05:04as the economy continues to evolve and new jobs are created,

00:05:08you need to make sure those displaced workers are given the skills to move into these new positions.

00:05:13That's what's key.

00:05:14Will all of them be? No.

00:05:16No.

00:05:17But I think the key point is you need to make sure if you've lost 3.5 million jobs in one sector,

00:05:21how do you create more than that in another sector?

00:05:24And I think in past industrial revolutions, that's what we've seen happen.

00:05:29And hopefully, and I think it will, it will be what happens again.

00:05:33But what if this doesn't happen?

00:05:39Martin Ford is a software entrepreneur.

00:05:42He has peered into our future economy and sees a world where potentially hundreds of millions of skilled workers are out of a job.

00:05:50I would say that if you look far enough into the future, there is no job anywhere in our economy.

00:05:56There is nothing that anyone does that is completely safe.

00:05:59And that includes even artists and novelists and, you know, the kinds of jobs that you would imagine right now

00:06:05are completely beyond the scope of artificial intelligence.

00:06:09Millions and millions of those jobs are going to be lost,

00:06:12and it's unlikely that enough jobs are going to be created to absorb all of those workers.

00:06:20Martin Ford is a software entrepreneur who has a chilling vision of the future.

00:06:30His best-selling books have put him at the forefront of a movement which worries about technology,

00:06:35the speed of its growth, and the immense potential it has to change the world.

00:06:40This is the fourth industrial revolution, the advent of machines powered by artificial intelligence

00:06:47which have the potential to make redundant hundreds of millions of workers across the planet.

00:06:53It is a world which is nearly upon us, but which governments and businesses are only starting to comprehend.

00:07:01Well, the central idea in my latest book, The Rise of the Robots, is that over time,

00:07:06machines, computers, smart algorithms are increasingly going to substitute for human labour.

00:07:12I think that that's inevitable.

00:07:14Technology is eventually going to be able to do many of the things that people now do,

00:07:19and I think there's a good chance that that will result in unemployment.

00:07:22It's going to push people out of the labour force.

00:07:24Many people are going to find it impossible to adapt to that

00:07:27because they're not going to have capabilities that really exceed what machines can do.

00:07:31And that's, I think, going to be a genuine concern both for our society, of course,

00:07:35and ultimately for the economy, too.

00:07:37Some of those machines are already with us.

00:07:44There are already algorithms that can interpret things like body language

00:07:48and respond to some extent to emotion that can determine your mood, for example, and so forth.

00:07:54And, you know, this has big implications.

00:07:57Imagine what that could mean, for example, for advertising.

00:08:00If an algorithm can determine exactly how you're feeling and then target advertisements at you based on that.

00:08:07Some of the language translation things that have been demonstrated are truly remarkable.

00:08:12Imagine if anyone in any country who speaks any language would now be able to do any job

00:08:18because we have perfect machine translation in real time between languages.

00:08:23So, you know, that has real implications for the job market, obviously.

00:08:29We may already be starting to see the effect on the wider economy.

00:08:33In the first decade of this century, the net total number of jobs created in the United States was zero.

00:08:40What we see is that in the United States we've been having what we call jobless recovery.

00:08:52So clearly there's something happening there.

00:08:54And I think part of what's happening is that jobs disappear when a recession happens.

00:08:59And then when finally recovery comes back, companies find that they're able to leverage technology

00:09:05to avoid rehiring a lot of those workers.

00:09:08And so it's taken longer and longer for the jobs to reappear.

00:09:11Throughout history, technology has always disrupted economies and societies.

00:09:17In the late 19th century, 50% of US workers were employed on farms.

00:09:22By 2000, it was less than 2%.

00:09:26Those workers found work in other sectors.

00:09:30But Martin thinks this time it's different.

00:09:35What transformed agriculture was a specific mechanical technology.

00:09:40Now we've got a technology that's really just ubiquitous.

00:09:42It's across the board.

00:09:46Artificial intelligence is something that's just scaling across our entire economy.

00:09:50It's not something that's impacting just one sector.

00:09:54It's something that literally is everywhere.

00:09:56And as a result, it means that there isn't really going to be any safe haven for workers.

00:10:02What makes the new technology so ubiquitous is the development of a new virtual world.

00:10:08The world of big data.

00:10:10Well, big data essentially is the collection and use of just massive amounts of data.

00:10:15In big corporations, for example, these companies are collecting all kinds of information

00:10:19about their customers, about their business operations,

00:10:23about the actual processes in industrial environments and factories,

00:10:28about the things that their employees are doing.

00:10:31All of this data essentially becomes a kind of feedstock for these smart algorithms.

00:10:35It becomes the information that they use to learn and basically to figure out how to do things.

00:10:41And that's something that is just going to be, I think, dramatically disruptive going forward.

00:10:47The total data stored on the world's computers is now believed to be well over 1,000 billion gigabytes.

00:10:55And it is big data which is driving the most disruptive advance in technology.

00:10:59The ability of machines to think.

00:11:02One thing that you'll very often hear people say, even today,

00:11:06is that computers only do what their programs do.

00:11:09And, you know, this is really not right anymore.

00:11:11And the reason it's not right is basically because of machine learning.

00:11:14Because we now have this technology that allows smart software algorithms to look at data

00:11:19and based on that to learn, to learn how to do things, to figure things out, to make predictions.

00:11:25So it really is no longer the case that some human being is sitting down

00:11:29and telling a computer exactly what to do step by step.

00:11:33Computers are now having the ability to figure that out for themselves.

00:11:40You can imagine a future where every device, every appliance, all kinds of industrial equipment,

00:11:45everything communicates and talks to each other.

00:11:48And I think that one of the things will happen is that artificial intelligence will kind of use that as a platform.

00:11:53It will scale across all of that. Everything will become more intelligent.

00:11:59The last great technological advance saw robots replace millions of blue-collar jobs in factories and on production lines.

00:12:07Martin believes this new disruption is going to target the white-collar workforce as well.

00:12:12Once a computer learns to do something, then that information can be scalable out to any number of machines.

00:12:19So it's almost like you can imagine having a workforce of people and you could train one employee to do a particular task,

00:12:25and then you could clone that worker and have a whole army of those workers.

00:12:30That's a bit like the way artificial intelligence works.

00:12:33So machine learning is very scalable.

00:12:36If you've got the kind of job where someone else, another smart person, could maybe watch what you're doing

00:12:42or study everything you've done in the past and figure out how to do your job,

00:12:46then it's a pretty good bet that eventually there will be an algorithm that will come along

00:12:50and be able to do essentially that same approach.

00:12:53So that's a lot of jobs.

00:12:58Many of the jobs which might be displaced are those currently occupied by educated, highly paid workers.

00:13:04So you can see really across the board that anyone sitting in front of a computer doing some sort of routine, predictable knowledge work.

00:13:14For example, if they're cranking out the same report or the same analysis again and again,

00:13:18all of that is going to be very susceptible to this.

00:13:21Journalism is one interesting area that's being impacted by this

00:13:24because there are now systems that can essentially tap into data

00:13:28and then they can transform that data into a very compelling news story

00:13:32that many people would read and they can't tell that it was written by a machine.

00:13:36In the future, maybe 90% of news stories will be machine generated.

00:13:43The number of jobs displaced has the potential to utterly transform the economic landscape.

00:13:49There have been a couple of studies done, most notably by a couple of researchers at Oxford University,

00:13:54and they looked at a number of countries and most of the results have come back suggesting

00:13:58that up to half of the jobs could be susceptible to automation perhaps over the next 20 years.

00:14:05That's 60 million jobs in the United States alone.

00:14:11That's a staggering number.

00:14:12Obviously we have a massive social problem.

00:14:14You'd have tremendous stress on government in terms of trying to take care of all these people that no longer have an income.

00:14:20I think that you would see the potential for a massive economic downturn because you would run out of consumers.

00:14:27You no longer have people that are capable of buying the products and services that are being produced by the economy.

00:14:37A revolution on this scale wouldn't just transform an economy, it would have immense implications for our society.

00:14:44We could really have just what you might call inequality on steroids.

00:14:52The very wealthy people who own all this technology are going to do extraordinarily well.

00:14:57You would have the potential for civil unrest, perhaps even riots or massive crime waves.

00:15:03In the United States, during the Great Depression, we had an unemployment rate of about 25%.

00:15:08And back then there were many people genuinely concerned that that would result in the collapse of both democracy and capitalism.

00:15:19This situation amounts to just about the end of the world as we know it.

00:15:24A science fiction nightmare straight from the movies.

00:15:27There are some very prominent thinkers like, for example, Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk who have raised genuine fears about the potential for advanced artificial intelligence.

00:15:36And their concern is that someday we're going to build a super-intelligent machine.

00:15:40Imagine a machine that's a hundred or maybe a thousand times smarter than any living person.

00:15:46What would that system think? How would it act? Would it have a use for us?

00:15:51It might decide that we're simply a burden. It might decide to just get rid of us.

00:15:56So it could potentially present an existential threat.

00:15:59Is that something to worry about? I think that it's not a silly concern.

00:16:02It's not something that we should laugh at and just dismiss.

00:16:04There's really no end point to this. There's no point at which you can say this is absolutely as far as we can go and machines will never go beyond this.

00:16:18We are reaching a new era of time when things are going to operate differently and we need to adapt to that.

00:16:23Healthcare is one area of the economy already adapting to this disruption and in this field researchers hope that intelligent humans and intelligent machines can work together for everyone's benefit.

00:16:37The fourth industrial revolution, the era of artificial intelligence, has arrived.

00:16:53Computers are now mastering tasks once considered the sole preserve of humans and putting millions of jobs at risk.

00:16:59And now business leaders are wrestling with the potentially huge implications.

00:17:06In general, robots of one form or another are going to become much more omnipresent in our lives in a good way.

00:17:14They'll replace a lot of repetitive activities that people are currently doing.

00:17:17Robots will have a dramatic effect on the labour pool, lower the cost of products.

00:17:22People will start to realise that just about every manual task eventually will probably be done by a robot.

00:17:26Martin Ford's books have highlighted the threat to the job market.

00:17:32But even he sees areas where artificial intelligence could be beneficial.

00:17:37I do think that healthcare is actually one of the areas where the impact of artificial intelligence and robotics could be extraordinarily positive in the future.

00:17:45The burden on our economy is growing at a remarkable rate, especially in the United States.

00:17:50So if we can deploy more artificial intelligence and robotics there to make that more efficient, that'll be a great thing.

00:17:58Analysts expect the AI healthcare market to generate revenues of over $6 billion by 2021, ten times its current total.

00:18:09Young companies like Hindsight in New Jersey and Enlytic in California are mining data to improve patient outcomes across a range of illnesses.

00:18:18And in New York, IBM researchers have developed Watson, an intelligent software system at the forefront of this revolution.

00:18:28It can understand somebody's personality type.

00:18:31It can look at email, for example, and tell you what is the tone of the email.

00:18:36You know, what kind of messages are coming through, whether you internet them or not, right?

00:18:40It can look at, for example, a big encyclopedia and extract all the concepts and the relationship among those concepts.

00:18:49Watson operates in the world of big data, extracting knowledge from the billions of facts and figures floating through cyberspace.

00:18:58I look at the world from the point of view of, you know, the amount of data that there is,

00:19:03and the amount of knowledge that is embedded or insights that's embedded in the data that we are not able to extract today, and therefore we are not able to make the right decision.

00:19:14So, the fourth industrial revolution to me is the ability to have a much better understanding of the world through all of the data, and therefore making better decisions for it.

00:19:26IBM is currently running a research project in which Watson augments the intelligence of medical professionals, helping doctors treat the most dangerous diseases in the world, including skin cancer.

00:19:43IBM is a very deadly form of skin cancer, and it's something where early detection and intervention is key.

00:19:54So, a dermatologist faced with a patient who has a skin lesion will make some assessment about the likelihood of a lesion being melanoma.

00:20:03So, unfortunately today, dermatologists can make errors. Some melanomas are being missed, and some skin lesions, which are perfectly benign, are being excised needlessly.

00:20:15So, what we can do here is essentially ask the computer to make a deep analysis over an image.

00:20:24So, this image is then being sent to the computer, and it's being automatically analyzed.

00:20:30And what the computer is telling us about this image is that there's a very high probability that it corresponds to melanoma.

00:20:37What we're finding in our own internal retrospective research is that the computer can be as accurate as 95%.

00:20:46So, this compares to the best clinical experts today that are between 75% and 84% in recognizing melanoma.

00:20:55It is not a tool that would replace the clinical expert.

00:20:59Rather, it provides them with additional analysis over the skin lesion images by providing reaches into large databases of similar lesions.

00:21:14This is a vision of a future where humans and machines work hand in hand, complementing one another's skills.

00:21:21I look forward to a time when, you know, every professional, in fact, you know, two, three billion professionals around the world,

00:21:28are all able to have their own personal cognitive assistant that can help them do their daily jobs.

00:21:33And that changes the nature of expertise.

00:21:36Humanity will move to a completely different place in terms of expertise and how we apply our knowledge and our experience into real-world problems,

00:21:44and therefore, make the world a better place.

00:21:45Just like we've had machines that could augment people's muscles in the prior industrial revolutions,

00:21:54or can help people, you know, search vast amounts of information, like in the internet era,

00:22:01I look at the next revolution as machines augmenting people's cognitive capabilities.

00:22:09That's how I think about it.

00:22:10Martin Ford remains cautious, believing artificial intelligence is going to fundamentally change the way we live and work,

00:22:20and challenge us like never before.

00:22:23We're not prepared for the disruption that's coming.

00:22:26We're going to see things get worse before they get better.

00:22:30In particular, the impact on the job market and the impact on the incomes and the livelihoods for average people.

00:22:39So, you know, in the short term, things could be pretty difficult.

00:22:43But in the longer term, if we do adapt to this, then I think there are reasons to be really optimistic.

00:22:48I mean, you can imagine an almost utopian kind of future where no one has to do a job that's dangerous,

00:22:56or that they really hate, or that's really boring, where technology takes on more and more of that.

00:23:01And if we can get to that point, of course, then that's a tremendously positive outcome.

00:23:05So I think that all of that is really possible, and it could be one of the best things that's ever happened to humanity,

00:23:10but it will require that we adapt to it, and that's going to be a staggering challenge.

00:23:21This is the age of the city.

00:23:24For the first time in human history, more people live in urban than rural settlements.

00:23:30The world's urban population is growing by 70 million people each year.

00:23:35301 cities account for 50% of global GDP.

00:23:42This will rise to 66% by 2025.

00:23:46So if we don't get things right in our cities, then the consequences for humanity are profound.

00:23:52Cities are critically important to the global economy and to progress in the global economy.

00:23:59Cities can be sources of chaos as well as development.

00:24:09This dual personality of cities is what makes them so alluring and so vital.

00:24:15They can be dangerous places.

00:24:18But cities are where fortunes can be made.

00:24:22One of the primary factors driving urbanization is opportunity.

00:24:27You live on a farm and you're growing crops, you don't have a lot of opportunity.

00:24:33You see a bustling, growing city.

00:24:36Your friends are moving there.

00:24:37They're getting jobs in offices, maybe jobs in a manufacturing center.

00:24:43There's restaurants, there's culture, there's life.

00:24:46This is attractive.

00:24:48This is attractive and something you want to be a part of.

00:24:50And everything is relative, you know, they'll have greater access to schools, greater access to healthcare, greater access to employment and a much less vulnerable economic life.

00:25:01In 1900, twelve of the world's biggest cities were in North America or Europe.

00:25:15One hundred years later, this number had fallen to just two.

00:25:19Most of the biggest cities of the future will be in the developing economies of Asia and Africa.

00:25:24Most of the growth in cities is going to be in China, India and Nigeria.

00:25:30Those three countries alone will account for 37% of the world's urban population.

00:25:36Just staggering numbers.

00:25:38Here's an example. Lagos, the biggest city in Nigeria.

00:25:43Its population every year is adding the equivalent of the population of Boston.

00:25:47The urbanization rate in the U.S., Japan, it's over 70%.

00:25:56In China, it's still 50%.

00:25:58So China may have a lot of megacities, they may have a lot of larger cities, but those cities are either going to get bigger or there's going to be more of them.

00:26:06So I think that's going to be a trend.

00:26:07And I think a lot of emerging markets, especially those with large populations, are going to experience trends like that in the next 50 years.

00:26:15This incredible rate of growth makes the challenges of managing a large city even more difficult.

00:26:23The biggest risks facing cities are the same risks that challenge all of us.

00:26:30Politically, governance, climate change, economic inequality, productivity, economic growth, employment, education, transportation.

00:26:42Those issues that face cities are the same that face everyone except in a much more concentrated way.

00:26:53One city battling with many of these problems is Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.

00:26:58Alessandra Orofino is on the front line, trying to solve them.

00:27:04She believes the world's biggest cities are in danger of sinking under a tide of poverty, decrepit infrastructure and citizens' apathy.

00:27:13And unless we do something about it, billions will suffer the consequences.

00:27:17The kind of urbanization that we have today can only go so far.

00:27:24If we do not change the way we design our cities, if we do not make cities change with us, we're going to have very serious limits to urbanization.

00:27:32Cities will become impossible to manage, impossible to live in, and just very miserable places to be.

00:27:37I think if we change that process, those limits could change dramatically and potentially be non-existent.

00:27:45But that requires that we think deeply about the environments that we want to be in and how we can better build them together.

00:27:51Managing megacities is one of the great challenges facing the world.

00:28:04This is Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

00:28:07Nearly 12 million people crowd into its metro area.

00:28:12It is beautiful and vibrant, but it also has its problems.

00:28:17Crime.

00:28:20Inequality.

00:28:22And poverty.

00:28:24Alessandra Orofino is an urban activist and thinker who has lived and worked in megacities on three different continents.

00:28:32She has worked with the United Nations on its Sustainable Development Goals

00:28:36and founded the groundbreaking Mayo Rio, an NGO that uses data gathered from citizens to raise campaigns and solve thorny issues posed by the rapid growth of the city.

00:28:49Mayo Rio has 170,000 activists and Alessandra hopes it can become a model for other rapidly growing cities around the globe.

00:28:57We build upon a rich tradition of neighborhood movements not only in Brazil but all over the world and try to sort of bring it to the 21st century in a way that makes sense for people.

00:29:10I was born in this city in Rio de Janeiro and my family has a very sort of mixed background.

00:29:16My father comes from a neighborhood in Rio that was quite dangerous in the 90s, quite poor or lower middle class.

00:29:26And my mom comes from a very wealthy background, one of the best neighborhoods in Rio.

00:29:31It taught me that this city can be amazing but it can also be very rough and unequal and that's not just a characteristic of this city.

00:29:38I think it's something that we are seeing increasingly in cities around the world.

00:29:45Rio de Janeiro is similar to many emerging megacities. Some neighborhoods are as wealthy as anywhere on the planet.

00:29:53Others remain impoverished and cut off.

00:29:58Bridging this gap will, Alessandra believes, have profound benefits for us all.

00:30:03Cities bring people closer together and they have this intensity in them, this density in them.

00:30:10They are definitely the places where most innovation will naturally happen because it's very hard to innovate when you're always talking to the same people and hearing the same thoughts.

00:30:20And cities are the exact contrary of that. They are natural hubs for innovation, natural hubs for economic growth and they tend to be the engines of growth in most countries.

00:30:30But when this growth is rapid and unplanned, the results are gridlocked streets, poisoned air and an infrastructure that simply cannot cope.

00:30:44Well I come from a city that expanded too rapidly for sure.

00:30:47How do you create sidewalks, sewage systems, schools, mobility systems to cater to a growing population?

00:30:57If that rapid urban expansion is happening in environments where inequality is paramount, the challenges are even bigger.

00:31:06In a megacity, one of the biggest challenges can be simply getting from A to B.

00:31:11Our mobility systems in general, very few exceptions, suck.

00:31:20When you have a poor mobility system, you just preclude entire segments of the population from living in the city.

00:31:28From actually accessing the opportunities and the beauties and the amazingness that cities have, right?

00:31:32Because it's very hard for them to get around. You also preclude the rich people in the city from getting to know other areas in the city,

00:31:41which can be incredibly exciting and a fulfilling experience in and of itself.

00:31:45So you're creating a city in which everyone is living in their own territory, which is terrible.

00:31:51At the forefront of these infrastructure problems are the cities poor.

00:32:00They can become physically cut off from the economic opportunities that living in a city provides.

00:32:06The poor pay the brunt of most things, and I think that includes rapid expansion of cities.

00:32:10The fact that in the developing world, one third of the population is living in slums is something that none of us should accept as we grow and as we think about the planet in which we want to live.

00:32:22Slums are a result of rapid, unplanned expansion.

00:32:27Today, an estimated 863 million people live in slums.

00:32:31If the 104 million slum dwellers in India were a separate nation, they would be the 13th most populous country in the world.

00:32:42But slums are not always hopeless places.

00:32:46The poor are not just sitting, waiting for the government to do something for them, they're creating their own urban environments.

00:32:52So if you go to a slum in Rio, you see that most of that infrastructure was built by the community itself over the years.

00:32:59So there is a level of do-it-yourself, a level of initiative that you see a lot more in poor neighborhoods than rich neighborhoods precisely because the government wasn't there.

00:33:08This means slums must be handled delicately by urban planners.

00:33:14What do we do with areas that were developed by communities but lack infrastructure?

00:33:19Even if we're assuming goodwill in terms of how we handle them, even if the only thing that we want to do is provide those areas with good quality public services, that are choices that need to be made in terms of which pieces of that infrastructure do we leave, which pieces do we change, knowing that it was built by the people.

00:33:37If we don't handle that process in a way that is human and intelligent and actually aims at protecting the interests of the poor communities, we can end up with massive waves of dislocation and destroying an urban fabric and a social fabric that is so important and so vital.

00:33:55Here in Rio we have a neighborhood called Santa Teresa and in that neighborhood we have a tram. It's a historical tram, it's beautiful. Most trams in Rio were destroyed earlier in the 20th century. In Santa Teresa the neighbors organized and kept their tram. It's a point of pride for them. Santa Teresa was a forgotten neighborhood for a while. It became a lot poorer.

00:34:10And then in the past five to six years, it has been gentrifying really quickly. And the government decided to turn that tram, which is one of the very few remaining in the city, into a tourist attraction. But what the neighbors said at that point was, the only reason why this tram still exists and it's vintage and it's vintage and it's vintage and it's vintage and it's vintage and it's vintage.

00:34:35It's because we kept it here. They created that value. They created the richness of that community. And we see that all over the world.

00:34:50Alessandra believes cities often ignore this creativity. The result is a democratic deficit which erodes faith in the city's government and alienates already vulnerable communities.

00:35:03Alessandra believes cities must take their citizens with them if they are to expand successfully.

00:35:08I think what we have definitely not gotten right is the process by which we involve citizens. I have not seen one case of a city that has really used the collective intelligence of its citizens and distributed power in a way that makes it actually possible for people to influence the way the city evolves.

00:35:27And when we get that right, I think we'll solve a lot of the other issues that we see.

00:35:32But for us to truly harness the power of our cities, we need to heal the divisions within them first.

00:35:39If we keep building unequal cities, cities that are not sustainable and cities that are not very good to live in for most of their population, I don't think we can actually hope to be happy in these urban spaces.

00:35:51The worst case scenario for the global city of the future would be cities that do not have a soul and therefore become less and less attractive to entrepreneurs, to people who do want to create new economic activity and that ultimately also become less wealthy.

00:36:08Across the ocean from Rio, another giant city is growing. Lagos is now the most economically important city in Africa, but its growing pains are excruciating and threatening the futures of 21 million people.

00:36:25More people live in cities than ever before. But many of the world's biggest cities are struggling to cope.

00:36:41Lagos, on Nigeria's Atlantic coast, is the largest city in the world without a city-wide rail system, meaning everyone has to travel by road.

00:36:56For workers like Abraham Cole, this means his daily commute takes over his life.

00:37:02What time did you wake up?

00:37:04This morning, I woke up like 3 o'clock, 3, 3.30.

00:37:11Well, I usually don't do breakfast because it kind of slows me down.

00:37:17In three years, the population of Lagos has nearly doubled, from 11 million to 21 million.

00:37:24But this staggering expansion has overwhelmed the city's impoverished infrastructure.

00:37:29How long should it take you to get to the office?

00:37:32It should take me four to five minutes to get to the office.

00:37:35But in full traffic, in full rush hour, how long does that take?

00:37:39You probably would do like some six, seven hours in traffic, three hours going, three, four hours coming back.

00:37:48It's much worse coming back. Coming back is something else.

00:37:55And I don't think I want to waste seven hours of my everyday time for the rest of my life.

00:38:09Lagos is currently ranked in the top five least liveable cities in the world.

00:38:16But although the city's economy is bigger than Kenya's,

00:38:19simply getting to their desks is a daily ordeal for its millions of workers.

00:38:24So when do you see your children?

00:38:26Weekends. Weekends only.

00:38:30Sometimes I see them during the week if they really want to see me and they're keen to see me.

00:38:38Sometimes they miss me that much.

00:38:40It must be quite difficult.

00:38:42Yes, it is, but it's what we have to do.

00:38:50For now.

00:38:51Like millions of Lagosian workers, Abraham's first act on getting to work in the morning is to take a nap.

00:39:13There we go.

00:39:16Welcome to my office.

00:39:18So what are you going to do now?

00:39:20I think I have, yeah, this is quite early. This is 7.10.

00:39:26So I took a nap for like 30 minutes and get ready for work.

00:39:352,000 people migrate permanently to Lagos every day, straining the city's infrastructure further

00:39:42and expanding the city from the land to the sea.

00:39:45The result is slums like Makoko, a floating settlement on the city's lagoon.

00:39:58The infrastructure has not kept pace with the population growth.

00:40:04So basic measures of quality of life, just as access to clean water, for example, access to electricity are limited.

00:40:12So before you even get to issues related to growth and development, Lagos and Nigeria have to sort out much more basic issues of infrastructure.

00:40:27Makoko is the oldest slum in Lagos.

00:40:3080,000 people live here, in buildings sitting on stilts, connected by a complex system of canals.

00:40:38Successful cities find ways to deliver services to even the most deprived.

00:40:45And that's the challenge, especially in the developing world, where resources are at a premium.

00:40:53In Makoko, residents have developed their own infrastructure, including fresh water and electricity.

00:40:59And this three-storey floating school, which doubles as a community centre, is the latest addition to this unique environment.

00:41:09The school was completed in 2013. It is cheap and easy to build.

00:41:14Its designers hope it will become a template for future buildings in Makoko.

00:41:19Makoko in Nigeria raises interesting questions of governance and control.

00:41:24For example, it's been a long-ignored area and the local residents took charge and tried to improve their own lot

00:41:35with schools and with their own locally-initiated development projects.

00:41:39However, the central government also has decided it wants that area for its own development reasons.

00:41:44Only a few kilometres away lies an alternative vision of how Lagos might develop.

00:41:51Not a grassroots community vision, but a grand project of incredible scale.

00:41:57Echo Atlantic.

00:41:59Well, where we are standing, we are in the alignment of the financial district,

00:42:06what we call Echo Boulevard, or some people call it our Fifth Avenue.

00:42:11This is where all the major financial institutions will establish their headquarters and offices.

00:42:20Echo Atlantic is a multi-billion dollar residential and business district,

00:42:25built on 10 square kilometres of reclaimed land.

00:42:28It is, in effect, a new city. Or it will be soon.

00:42:31Its backers hope a quarter of a million people will one day live here, with 150,000 workers commuting from the old city across the water.

00:42:41When we initially started to conceive Echo Atlantic, obviously we looked at Canary Wharf in London.

00:42:54We looked at Dubai. And if you look at the heart of London, the heart of Paris, the heart of New York.

00:42:59Obviously, the vast majority of the residents are wealthy people.

00:43:06I couldn't afford to live in the heart of London.

00:43:09But, in creating the residents for these people, you are also creating job opportunities.

00:43:16And it is the norm here in Nigeria that when you create a residential apartment, you also create quarters for the domestic staff working for that family.

00:43:31You have to take it into context that this is a city development.

00:43:35It is not a low-income settlement. It is a business centre, primarily.

00:43:41This is the future for the commercial development of Lagos. There is no doubt about it.

00:43:50David hopes the first residential units will be open by the end of 2016, with the infrastructure of the whole site in place by 2022.

00:44:00Projects like Echo Atlantic raise as many questions as they answer.

00:44:05Especially from where local residents are aware that they may be getting the short end of the stick.

00:44:12On the other hand, they really do lend themselves to starting from scratch and being able to build structures where there are schools, hospitals, offices, transportation facilities.

00:44:25And they give gigantic cities like Lagos an opportunity to create a model of what can be presuming they are planned and executed correctly.

00:44:36The future paths of mega cities like Lagos remain uncertain.

00:44:44Organic, citizen-led growth like Makoko.

00:44:48Or large-scale plan development like Echo Atlantic.

00:44:52What is clear is that left unchecked, growth could destroy cities' immense potential.

00:44:57I'm an optimist when it comes to cities. I grew up in New York City in the 70s, when the city went to the edge of bankruptcy.

00:45:05And here we are in the 21st century and New York is booming and thriving and it's a tremendous place.

00:45:13And you can see with proper planning and a diverse and vibrant population what's possible.

00:45:19I hope that those global cities will be extremely interconnected in the sense that they will have solidarity networks,

00:45:29in the sense that they will have resiliency networks,

00:45:32and in the sense that their citizens will feel like their city is where they want to be,

00:45:36their city is sort of the project that they want to build,

00:45:39but they can move, they can visit each other, they can learn from each other at the global stage.

00:45:50The world of work is still dominated by men.

00:45:54In the Middle East and North Africa, only 25% of women are economically active.

00:46:00Globally, three-quarters of unpaid work is done by women.

00:46:04And even in North American companies, 25% of female employees feel their gender has held them back.

00:46:11If women are half the people, they should have, you know, a fair shot for all of our benefit

00:46:20at contributing to the economy in a way that is really much more equal with men than maybe what we've seen in the past.

00:46:26Of the biggest companies in the world, only about 5% are run by women.

00:46:30On corporate boards, less than 20% of the decision makers at the corporate board table are women right now.

00:46:36In the US Congress, only about 20% of the elected officials in both the Senate and the House are women.

00:46:43Women earn about 79 cents on the male dollar.

00:46:46So there's all kinds of ways in which women don't have parity in the world in which we live.

00:46:50This is the gender gap and it's been around for a long time.

00:46:58The organizations that have a lot of power in our world, the elected government, big companies, the education structure, the medical systems,

00:47:09all of these things are really dominated by men at the top.

00:47:12And that's largely a result of the history of the 20th century and before that.

00:47:15And it is taking a while for women to break that, what we call the glass ceiling.

00:47:22But at the same time, it's taking a while for the whole society to adjust to seeing men and women as equal actors at the top of any of these institutions.

00:47:31Nearly 100 years after women in the United States were guaranteed the right to vote,

00:47:36the gender gap remains an issue in every corner of the world.

00:47:39And closing it has become more than just an issue of fairness.

00:47:47It has become an economic imperative, debated at Davos and in boardrooms across the world.

00:47:54The gender gap matters for business.

00:47:57It's the market opportunity as well as the potential loss to the bottom line.

00:48:03You have a company and a workforce that represents your market, you're more likely to succeed.

00:48:09By having a more diverse workforce, companies tend to be more successful because they're able to more creatively address challenges and issues and innovation.

00:48:23And so if you have a boardroom or a committee entirely composed of individuals who all went to similar schools and have similar backgrounds and think the same way,

00:48:34they're going to be less successful than a very diverse board.

00:48:37In a study that came out last fall from McKinsey, they found in looking at a big global number of companies and looking at economies around the world that in fact equalizing women's economic contribution by 2025 would add 26 trillion dollars to the global economy.

00:48:58So, you know, there's really very big numbers related to women becoming more equal in terms of economic participation wherever you look around the world.

00:49:10Evidence is mounting of the positive effect female voices can have at the very top of businesses.

00:49:16If you look at companies where you find female CEO or chair women, those are companies where you don't have poor corporate governance.

00:49:28They don't have poison pills. They don't have unequal voting rights that keeps insider management in control.

00:49:35They don't have staggered board elections. Companies with good governance are more likely to have female CEOs.

00:49:43So the question is, with the issue at the top of the economic and political agenda, what is holding women back from the very top?

00:49:52Is it lack of ambition? Or simple old fashioned sexism?

00:49:57So if we look at professional women in the workforce, about 43% of them leave their profession at some point to deal with care of most likely a child,

00:50:10but also care of elderly relatives, it's very difficult to re-enter your profession at the same level as your male peers who have been present for those last 10 years.

00:50:23This explanation rings true for former senior State Department official Anne-Marie Slaughter.

00:50:28She believes that what is holding women back is the structure of our workplaces and societies.

00:50:34And if we don't do something about it, then our corporations and governments will continue to underperform.

00:50:40There's no global issue that would not be helped by advancing women or achieving equality.

00:50:48We want a world in which every human being, boys and girls, has the right and the ability to live up to his or her God-given potential.

00:50:59And what we have is a world in which far more men have that ability than women do.

00:51:04Once upon a time, women were promised they could have it all.

00:51:16But something is holding women back from gaining and retaining the very highest positions in business and government.

00:51:23Anne-Marie Slaughter has reached these heights in her career.

00:51:26For two years, she worked for Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, helping to shape the long-term goals of US foreign policy,

00:51:37and now runs the Washington DC think tank New America.

00:51:41But it was a 2012 article in The Atlantic, which she subsequently turned into a critically acclaimed book,

00:51:47which cemented her reputation as one of the most intriguing and thoughtful commentators on the question of women in power.

00:51:53The feminist movement is about equality. It's about women being able to have what men have always had,

00:52:01which is to be fulfilled in a job, to be powerful if that's what you want,

00:52:08to do important work or work that is meaningful to you, and have a family too.

00:52:13And I still believe that women and men can do that.

00:52:18I think there's nothing that stops us in principle from doing that.

00:52:21But what I now say is we have to make really big changes still if we're going to get there.

00:52:28Because as work is currently structured, as we think about careers currently structured,

00:52:34far too many people do have to make a choice, and far too many of those people are women.

00:52:40This was a choice which Anne-Marie Slaughter had to confront herself.

00:52:44Work in the State Department at a high level is work that depends on the state of the world.

00:52:51And the world is unpredictable by definition, and there's always too much work to do.

00:52:56If there's a revolution in Egypt, you can't say, hold that, I'll be back on Monday.

00:53:01You have to be there when it happens.

00:53:02So I definitely worked pretty much, you know, very long hours for two years.

00:53:08When I went to the State Department, my family understood that they were going to sacrifice so that I could do something I really wanted.

00:53:15They stayed in Princeton. I worked in Washington.

00:53:18I left home at 5 a.m. on Monday mornings, and I came back late on Fridays.

00:53:22And that was difficult, but I understood that that was what it took to do this job.

00:53:29My oldest son was entering adolescence when I left, and he had a very stormy period.

00:53:37So much so that he started making really quite bad choices.

00:53:42A number of times I would just jump on a train and go home, you know, in the middle of the day,

00:53:46and then Secretary Clinton was incredibly understanding.

00:53:50But after two years, we realized that it really was a choice between putting all our energy into helping him get back on track with real important life consequences,

00:54:04or, you know, getting promoted in a career that I had, I loved.

00:54:09The decision to quit her dream job and leave Washington didn't just affect Anne-Marie's career.

00:54:19It challenged the feminist credo by which she had lived her life.

00:54:23I saw the world differently. I realized that I had been telling women for decades,

00:54:29young students whom I taught, you can make it work. You just have to, you know, work hard and you can make it work.

00:54:35And I couldn't make it work. And if I couldn't make it work, with all the advantages in the world,

00:54:41I had money, I had a husband who was a lead parent, I had every possible way to make it work,

00:54:47well then, you know, then there are places where we simply have to make choices. That was an epiphany.

00:54:54Anne-Marie's decision to put caring for her family before advancing her career saw her accused of betraying feminism.

00:55:01When I wrote my Atlantic article, I got a great deal of criticism from women of my generation or older,

00:55:09who were feminists, women I admire, but who very much worried that I was setting the movement back.

00:55:16If I told people I'd come back because I wanted to be with my family,

00:55:20I got a reaction that essentially told me, among many people and many women,

00:55:24that they saw me a little differently than they had before, that I wasn't really a player, that I wasn't as motivated or ambitious as they thought I'd been.

00:55:35Kind of disappointed.

00:55:37Anne-Marie's experience sparked a debate about whether women can have it all.

00:55:43Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg had suggested that, in order to get ahead, women needed to be more assertive in the workplace in the face of male power.

00:55:52They need to lean in more.

00:55:54I admire Sheryl Sandberg and I admire what Lean In has done.

00:56:01I've seen it as somebody who runs an organization.

00:56:05I have seen young women come in and ask me for raises.

00:56:09And I know that they've just read Lean In.

00:56:12They're doing it.

00:56:14They're pushing themselves forward in exactly the way that Sheryl Sandberg recommends and many women advocate.

00:56:20And I agree with all of that.

00:56:23I think it is a debate about where to put the priority.

00:56:28Anne-Marie believes the problem lies deeper, not just in women's individual behavior,

00:56:34but in the way business and society is structured to make it almost impossible for women to have a career and to care for a family at the same time.

00:56:43That's a full-time job.

00:56:47And somebody has to do it.

00:56:50And women have traditionally done it.

00:56:52So women are still expected to do it.

00:56:54So what you're doing is asking people who are holding two full-time jobs to compete with people who are holding only one.

00:57:02So if a woman is the primary caregiver for her children or for her parents and a full-time breadwinner,

00:57:07she's competing with people who are doing only one of those.

00:57:10That's like running a race and having half the people, you know, put a pack of rocks on their back and wondering why they don't advance to the finish line at the same pace.

00:57:21Instead of saying, well, that's something that women should still do while they're also working,

00:57:27we need to say, parents should have the time and the space to be able to care for their children and also work.

00:57:35But that requires a much bigger shift in thinking.

00:57:38The effect of the gender gap can be seen across the global economy.

00:57:49Rates of prime age employment for women have been falling in the United States for nearly two decades.

00:57:56In 2014, just 70% of women aged 25 to 54 were in work.

00:58:01The comparable figure is higher in Scandinavian countries and these are the countries where the gender gap is at its narrowest.

00:58:12The countries that have gone the farthest toward real equality are the Nordic countries, Denmark and Sweden and Finland and Norway.

00:58:23What they understand is both that you have to recognize that raising children is a social and economic investment and their governments say we're going to invest in maternity leave and paternity leave.

00:58:39And the paternity leave is particularly important because they create incentives for men to take not a week, not two weeks, but up to six months.

00:58:50And they do that in part by giving one month or sometimes two months as a kind of use it or lose it.

00:58:58So the man's an idiot if he doesn't take the month to be with his children, when if he doesn't do that, he just loses that leave, right? That's crazy.

00:59:11If sharing the burden of care of children and of parents is key to closing the gender gap,

00:59:16then that suggests accepting the traditional roles of men and women are a thing of the past.

00:59:22You have to be accustomed to seeing men as the primary caregivers of young children.

00:59:29And men have to understand that they're just as good as women at this.

00:59:34And even more important or equally important in many ways, as a Finnish CEO said to me, the head of a big Finnish company, he said,

00:59:46now when someone comes, a young man who hasn't taken their paternity leave, I wonder about their character.

00:59:53And that's where we have to go.

00:59:54And in Scandinavia, that's where they're heading. The Nordic nations are pioneering a new approach to work and parenthood,

01:00:03and narrowing the gender gap in the process.

01:00:05Across the world, women are reaching the top in business and politics, but they're struggling to stay there.

01:00:22I call myself an impatient optimist. I'm impatient because the world is getting better for women, but it's not getting better quickly enough.

01:00:30And we need to do a lot to move that forward.

01:00:33I would love to tell you that because I'm a female CEO, I've changed the fabric of the diversity makeup of my own company and I'm leading by example.

01:00:43But the reality is, is that we're challenged in terms of female representation.

01:00:48It's not getting better. In fact, you know, post the crisis, there was less diversity on Wall Street than pre the crisis.

01:00:55And one would have thought it would have been the opposite.

01:00:56Right.

01:00:57So I would take the opposite side. It's not getting better. And it's costing Wall Street a lot of money.

01:01:03Anne-Marie Slaughter thinks this gender gap exists because of the way businesses and government treat family life.

01:01:10In Sweden, along with its Nordic neighbors, attitudes are different.

01:01:14Scandinavia leads the world in gender equality, but its success has been hard won.

01:01:19I did military service when I was 20 years old. And we were three women in a group out of 60 people. I came in as top 10 out of 60 on a half marathon with 15 kilos on my back. And they said that I was lucky. And they continued to say that I was lucky when I was at a shooting range or did my exams well. So my performance wasn't valued as much as the guys.

01:01:43Sofia has made it her mission to challenge this culture.

01:01:50Sweden is viewed as one of the most gender equal countries in the world. And we are. If we look at, you know, legislation, the fact that you actually can combine family and career. And we see also that we are very above EU average in terms to women in the workforce.

01:02:08But if you look into the managerial positions, we are not there. We drop out and we are actually below the EU average. I think the EU's average is 27 percent female managers and in Sweden we are 23.

01:02:25Sofia's job is to help smash the glass ceiling in the Swedish private sector.

01:02:30We are working with companies that were constructed 100 years ago. So when they did recruitment, when they communicated, when they gave feedback, when they interacted with their clients, they did that in one certain way. And they still do it. But the world has changed. So the glass ceiling is basically old norms, old culture. So you have to change the culture to get rid of the glass ceiling.

01:02:5480 percent of the glass ceiling. 80 percent of the global consumers are women today. And they are powerful. They have more money than before. 64 percent of the university graduates are women. So the future is female.

01:03:10If you don't know how to meet, predict their needs, you will not be here.

01:03:16While Sofia tackles business culture, Swedish family life is already moving towards parity between men and women.

01:03:27Sofia splits the care of her two children equally with her husband Harry, who also has his own demanding career.

01:03:34For me as a CEO of another company, I work hard. I get up early. But I'm also totally focused from five to eight on the kids. We split 50-50 with the kids when they were small and before kindergarten.

01:03:52And this gives me the best of two worlds. I work hard. I have a fulfilling job. But I also get to really know my kids. We have 40 years of career. Spending six months with the kids is one of the best investments you can do.

01:04:11This shared attitude to parenting is typical in Scandinavia. TDC is one of Denmark's leading telecommunications companies with revenues of over 3.5 billion dollars in 2015.

01:04:27The company offers generous parental leave to its nearly 9000 employees, believing it to be good for business as well as families.

01:04:35I definitely think that the labour market in Denmark compared to other countries are much more free, giving a high degree of responsibility to our employees and ask them to feel free to have a whole life and we see our employees as a human being as a whole 360 degrees around.

01:05:00TDC offers fathers 100% of their salary during 16 weeks of paternity leave. Like Sophia's work in Sweden, the aim is to change the culture around work and families. The result is a take-up rate of 85% and the company believes a happier, more productive workforce.

01:05:21There is no doubt that we have seen increased productivity levels for our employees. Of course we can attract more competent people because we have a more balanced focus for the job between your private life and your work life. That's for sure.

01:05:39Senior manager Peter Jesperson is a veteran of paternity leave. He is able to split care of their three children with his wife Christine, who then feels the benefit in her own career.

01:05:53Senior manager Peter Jesperson is allowed to spend four weeks with me at home right after the baby is born. And then when I go back to work, he has the first couple of months, he stays at home with the kids, which enables me to start working without having any duties at home, which then I can focus on work.

01:06:13Senior manager Peter Jesperson is a student in New Jersey.

01:06:16Senior manager

01:06:28I would say what other countries, or other people, probably could be missing out of, is two things, probably. I think one thing is the family side. I mean, both parents get to know their children, they get to know their preferences, they get to know who they are.

01:06:35And I think on the work environment, on the workplace,

01:06:39I think there's numerous studies that show that equality,

01:06:43if you promote equality, being both having women in top positions,

01:06:48women in managers' jobs and women in the workplace in general,

01:06:52you will be more successful as a society as a whole.

01:06:59Moves towards gender equality in Scandinavia have not happened by accident.

01:07:04They're the result of a deliberate, long-running strategy.

01:07:08I think it's critical to how we live now and how we go forward

01:07:12that the gender gap and broader issues of diversity are part of the conversation.

01:07:16And that is really because of the way the world is changing.

01:07:19The gender gap is part of it and it's not going anywhere,

01:07:21so it's important for us to talk about it.