- 7/8/2025
Justice isn't always served on the first try... Join us as we explore infamous criminal cases that exposed critical flaws in our legal system and sparked nationwide reforms. From courtroom failures to investigative oversights, these shocking cases forced lawmakers to rewrite the rules, creating new protections and procedures that still impact us today.
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00:00At least 38 residents of this apartment building heard her screams and did nothing.
00:05Welcome to Ms. Mojo.
00:07And today we're looking at crimes that impacted the legal system and shaped the laws we live by.
00:12I just signed in the law the Emmett Till Anti-Lynching Act.
00:17Veronica Guerin, a tenacious investigative reporter.
00:21Veronica Guerin was one of the most well-respected journalists in Ireland during the 1990s.
00:26I'm not the only crime reporter that, you know, does this.
00:29And I think that the regrettable thing is that we're all probably targets, unfortunately.
00:34Known for building strong relationships with her sources, Guerin doggedly pursued her stories,
00:39occasionally putting her own safety on the line to secure interviews.
00:43She also did not shy away from contentious topics.
00:47Ultimately, her work covering organized crime led to her death when a South Dublin drug cartel ordered a hit on her in 1996.
00:54Following her murder, the Irish Parliament enacted the Proceeds of Crime Act and the Criminal Assets Bureau Act.
01:01That seminal moment in which Veronica was shot, I think, woke people up.
01:06It was a shock to the system, to everybody in the country,
01:09that, you know, these people are gaining the ascendancy in our society and we have to stop them.
01:15These two acts enabled the government to seize assets bought with money acquired through criminal activity
01:20and led to the formation of the Criminal Assets Bureau.
01:24Carl Stark.
01:25After her son was murdered in the parking lot just outside of her home,
01:29Anita Waring Kennedy pushed to see a change in the law.
01:32We want everyone to know that he never had an enemy and had the purest heart.
01:37On August 18, 2015, two men targeted Carl Stark, who had autism, while he was shopping at a store near his home.
01:45When Stark left, the men followed him, later killing him during a failed attempt to steal his car.
01:51The loss our family has suffered doesn't make sense.
01:55It is something that you never expect to happen.
01:58In 2016, Carl's law was officially enacted in the state of Florida.
02:02The law permits the reclassification of criminal offenses when the victim involved has a mental or physical disability,
02:09thereby allowing officials to hand down harsher punishments.
02:14Andrew Harper.
02:15On August 15, 2019, police officer Andrew Harper responded to a burglary in progress.
02:21The teenagers had that night gone to steal this quad bike.
02:25The bike's owner watched on as the theft unfolded.
02:28While attempting to catch one of the suspects on foot, Harper got caught in a tow strap hanging from the back of the getaway vehicle.
02:35Harper was dragged for a mile before becoming disentangled from the strap.
02:39He was pronounced dead moments later.
02:41His death received national attention and resulted in significant public outcry.
02:46Their case for murder was that the teenagers knew the officer was behind the car and had intended to kill him.
02:54But the jury wasn't convinced and convicted on manslaughter instead.
02:59Harper's widow launched a campaign to make life sentences mandatory for those found guilty of the manslaughter of emergency service workers during the commission of a crime.
03:07As part of the Police Crime Sentencing and Courts Act, Harper's Law received royal assent in 2022.
03:15Tracy Thurman.
03:16After months of horrific abuse and unrelenting harassment, Tracy Thurman was attacked by her husband in front of her home.
03:23A police officer was on the scene, but despite the brutality of the attack, the officer failed to intervene.
03:29In fact, Thurman's husband went after her two more times during the incident, inflicting even further injury before the officer finally arrested him.
03:40It took Thurman eight months to recover, and she was left with partial paralysis.
03:49In a landmark lawsuit, she sued the town and the police department for violating her civil rights.
03:55The case brought about significant change to domestic violence laws across the United States, including the Family Violence Prevention and Response Act in Connecticut, which makes arrests in domestic violence cases mandatory.
04:07The case forced police departments nationwide to reassess their policies toward spousal abuse and protect women when threatened by their husbands.
04:16Drew Shadeen.
04:16On Saturday, November 22, 2003, Drew Shadeen wrapped up her shift at the local mall, did a little shopping, and then headed to her car.
04:25Drew had been talking on the phone from roughly 5 p.m. to 5.04 p.m. to her boyfriend, and that phone call was interrupted, and she abruptly hung up prior to doing so.
04:37She said something along the lines of, okay, okay.
04:39It appeared to be a typical day for Shadeen, but her friends and family began to worry when she later failed to show up at her other job.
04:46She was found dead the next week.
04:49Her murderer was identified as Alfonso Rodriguez Jr., a convicted sex offender recently released from prison.
04:56Rodriguez was classified as a Level 3 sex offender at the time, which indicated that he was highly likely to re-offend.
05:03Following Shadeen's murder, legislation was passed in 2006 that established the Drew Shadeen National Sex Offender Public Website.
05:10NSOPW is the only federal website that searches public sex offender registries in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the five principal U.S. territories, and participating federally recognized Indian tribes.
05:24The registry allows users to access information about sex offenders nationwide.
05:29The Manson Family Murders.
05:31While almost everyone is familiar with the infamous Manson Family Murders, few people realize how the cult's crimes affected the legal process.
05:39They were average American kids, and that's what was so shocking.
05:44You would never dream that these people would be mass murderers, so it shocked the entire country.
05:48Following Sharon Tate's murder, her mother, Doris Tate, became an activist who fought for victims' rights.
05:54She joined the Victim Offender Reconciliation and Justice for Homicide Victims group.
05:59She was also instrumental in getting the Victim's Rights Bill passed in 1982.
06:04Victims in every state are now allowed to give victim impact statements against violent attackers, either written or verbal, during the legal process.
06:12And Doris Tate, who has become an internationally recognized champion of victims' rights, didn't confine her anger to our interview.
06:20Doris Tate was even the first person to make a victim impact statement when her words were read aloud at a parole hearing for a Manson Family cult member in 1976.
06:31Caden Mancuso.
06:32Jeffrey Mancuso had a history of explosive anger and mental health issues.
06:36He disfigured a man in a fight in 2012 and mistreated animals in front of his family.
06:41But, despite such violent tendencies, he was awarded unsupervised visitation with his daughter, Caden.
06:48I still don't feel like it's real.
06:49I still feel like I'm going to wake up from this awful nightmare, but I know that I'm not.
06:54Her mother fought to keep Caden safe by seeking restraining orders, but it was no use.
06:59On August 6, 2018, after a scheduled visitation with her father, Caden Mancuso was found dead in her father's home.
07:06Caden's grieving mother and stepfather fought to change custody laws, and in 2024, Caden's law was signed by the Pennsylvania governor.
07:15Most of the times, parents can put their child's needs first, but sometimes that child's safety needs to be prioritized.
07:21Caden's law is Pennsylvania's efforts to make sure tragedy never happens again.
07:25The law strengthens existing safety conditions and restrictions to help prevent abuse in court-ordered visitation cases,
07:32and increases the factors judges must consider before granting custody.
07:37The Dunblane Massacre
07:38On March 13, 1996, a local shopkeeper walked into Dunblane Primary School in Dunblane, Scotland, and opened fire.
07:46That will go down in history as one of the worst massacres ever.
07:50Nobody had planned for anything like this in Dunblane.
07:53In under five minutes, he killed 17 people and injured 15 others before taking his own life.
07:59The attack remains the deadliest mass shooting in UK history.
08:03In the wake of the Dunblane Massacre, grieving parents and activists called for significant gun reform.
08:09After intense public debate, private ownership of most handguns and semi-automatic weapons was banned the following year.
08:16They just showed people how you can recover and you can make changes to the law for other people.
08:23And I just thought that they should tremendous courage to people who were behind that campaign.
08:26Parliament also enacted mandatory registration for shotgun owners.
08:30In the decades since the Dunblane Massacre, there have been no other mass school shootings in the UK.
08:35Helen McCourt
08:37On February 9, 1988, Helen McCourt headed home after work.
08:42She had plans with her boyfriend and was anxious to prepare for her date.
08:46She never made it home.
08:47We started ringing around.
08:50Hospitals.
08:52Our friends.
08:54I thought, oh my god, something's happened.
08:57That's when I went into panic.
08:58As evidence surfaced, it became clear Helen had met with foul play.
09:03Although her body was never found, authorities were able to gather enough evidence to convict local pub owner Ian Sims.
09:09McCourt and Sims had argued shortly before her disappearance.
09:13Helen's mother advocated for new legislation concerning convicted killers who withhold information about their victims.
09:18You want this for a change in the law to deny parole to killers who don't disclose the location of their victims' bodies.
09:26Under Helen's law, offenders who conceal information about their victims face longer prison terms.
09:32The law received royal assent in 2020.
09:35Sims was released before the law was passed and later died without ever disclosing the location of Helen's remains.
09:43The Mississippi Burning Murders
09:44In June 1964, during the height of the Civil Rights Movement,
09:48a major initiative was underway to register black voters in the southern United States.
09:53For trying to exercise rights, for trying to help others exercise rights, people paid with their lives.
10:04It was called Freedom Summer, and in Philadelphia, Mississippi, the Ku Klux Klan was not happy about it.
10:11They launched their own campaign, one of terror and intimidation to counter the initiative.
10:15Three activists, James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, went missing and were later found dead.
10:23The murders ignited national outrage.
10:25Ultimately, 19 people were charged in connection with the crime, including the local sheriff.
10:31The FBI arrested 21 Klansmen, charging 19 of them for conspiracy to injure, oppress, threaten, and intimidate the civil rights workers.
10:40The events sparked landmark federal legislation prohibiting racial discrimination in voting, the Voting Rights Act, which was signed into law on August 6, 1965.
10:51Claire Wood
10:52Around the world, many women have lost their lives at the hands of their partners or ex-partners.
10:58On International Women's Day in 2014, a law was implemented in England and Wales that could significantly reduce the frequency of such tragic incidents.
11:06I see no reason why that information shouldn't be passed on so you can make an educated assessment of your predicament and will I stay or will I go.
11:17Claire's Law, also known as the Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme, grants a person the opportunity to find out if their partner has a history of violent behavior.
11:26The law takes its name from Claire Wood, an English woman who was murdered by her ex-boyfriend, George Appleton.
11:32This young lady said, sorry to trouble you, Mr. Brown, you deserve better than this. We've just found your daughter's body.
11:38Appleton had served prison time for violence towards women, a record that was unknown to Wood at the time.
11:45Today, other parts of the UK, Australia, and Canada have all adopted Claire's Law.
11:50Daniel Morcom
11:51On December 7th, 2003, Daniel Morcom was last seen waiting for a bus somewhere in Queensland, Australia.
11:59According to reports, when the bus finally came, it failed to stop and pick him up because the driver was running late.
12:05Ultimately, for Daniel, the difference between life and death came down to just three minutes.
12:10A tiny moment in time, but as it so tragically turned out, certainly long enough for evil to strike.
12:18Morecam was apparently abducted shortly after by Brett Peter Cowan, a known predator,
12:23and he was declared missing until eight years later when his remains were found.
12:27In 2014, Cowan was arrested and sentenced to prison for life.
12:31And then you heard those three words, guilty, guilty, guilty.
12:38I muttered under my breath, yes.
12:40I wanted to scream out, but I just knew I couldn't do that.
12:43As a result of the case, Australia implemented the No Child Left Behind policy,
12:48which mandates bus drivers to always stop and pick up children, even if they can't pay the fare.
12:54Lee Rigby
12:55Lee Rigby was a British Army soldier who lost his life in an attack on May 22, 2013.
13:01Rigby's assailants, Michael Adabalajo and Michael Adabawale,
13:05claimed to have carried out the attack in retaliation for the victims of British military action in Islamic countries.
13:11A terrible murder has occurred.
13:13We've launched an investigation led by the Counter Terrorist Command,
13:17and we've made two arrests in relation to that awful crime.
13:20The two men waited at the scene until police arrived, at which time they were subdued and arrested.
13:26It's believed that Adabalajo and Adabawale had been radicalized to commit such a crime in the preceding years.
13:31British converts to Islam had gloried in Lee Rigby's barbaric murder, according to the judge.
13:38It was a crime that had appalled the nation.
13:41Three protesters were arrested outside the Old Bailey as the men were sentenced.
13:46In a bid to prevent further instances of this,
13:49then-British Prime Minister Theresa May introduced the Counter Terrorism and Security Act in 2015.
13:55The bill requires internet providers to keep records of users who access certain IP addresses.
14:00Andrew Bagby and Zachary Turner
14:03The 2008 documentary, Dear Zachary, A Letter to a Son About His Father,
14:08detailed the tragic case of Andrew Bagby and Zachary Turner.
14:11Bagby was an American medical student schooling in Canada when he met Shirley Turner.
14:15I was excited at the thought that maybe he had found somebody that he, you know, could really be happy with.
14:24But it turned out that way.
14:26Their relationship produced one child, Zachary,
14:29who Bagby never got to see as he was murdered by Turner months before the boy was born.
14:34While out on bail, Turner gave birth to Zachary and remained in custody of him.
14:38However, before she could stand trial for Bagby's murder, she took her own life and that of her son.
14:44After the documentary was released, Canadian Parliament passed Zachary's bill,
14:49which would deny bail to people on the grounds that doing so will protect their children.
14:53It doesn't bring either of them back, but it's the best we can get.
14:58We hope it will save lives.
15:00We'll never know for sure.
15:02The Chicago Tylenol Poisonings
15:04You most likely won't buy a bottle of over-the-counter drugs if its seal is broken.
15:09That level of assurance is only possible today because of the Chicago Tylenol incident.
15:13Back in 1982, several bottles of Tylenol were tampered and laced with potassium cyanide.
15:20The bottles were labeled extra-strength Tylenol, 50 capsule size, lot number MC-2880, expiration date April 1987.
15:30As a result, seven people who consumed the lethal capsules in the Chicago metropolitan area lost their lives.
15:37This led to a nationwide recall of all Tylenol products by its manufacturer Johnson & Johnson.
15:42The company also worked with the FDA to introduce sealed bottles, which has now become the industry standard.
15:49When you opened a bottle of Tylenol in the early 1980s, or any product for that matter, you didn't see this protective seal.
15:55Now, it's the law.
15:57In 1983, it became a federal crime to tamper with consumer goods after U.S. Congress passed the federal anti-tampering bill.
16:05Amanda Todd
16:06According to reports, this was largely as a result of being harassed and blackmailed by a man online.
16:36Todd's senseless death sparked national discussions on cyber-stalking and mental health.
16:41This led Canadian politicians to pass Bill C-13, which makes it a crime to distribute private images of another person without their consent.
16:49Our purpose is to prevent harm, and we believe that all of these provisions are necessary.
16:55It also includes provisions that could help law enforcement investigate and prosecute such cases.
17:00George Floyd
17:02The 2020 murder of George Floyd by police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota sparked protests across the United States and around the world.
17:11Polls suggest that between 15 and 26 million people in the U.S. alone attended at least one protest or rally in June of 2020,
17:19which is estimated to be one of the largest protest movements in U.S. history.
17:24In addition to demanding justice for Floyd, many demonstrators also called for broad police reform and an end to police brutality.
17:32Although the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act passed the House of Representatives, it faced opposition in the Senate and negotiations collapsed.
17:39However, in response to the incident, Presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden both signed executive orders that address police training and accountability.
17:48In addition, more than 20 states in the U.S. and the District of Columbia enacted laws around police reform aimed at preventing such tragic violence from happening again.
17:58Son of Sam
17:59There have been various Son of Sam-type laws introduced over the years, but the general goal is always the same.
18:06To prevent criminals from profiting from their crimes after conviction.
18:09The detectives of the Brooklyn Omega Squad, part of that 300 cop 44 killer manhunt, captured the man they say is Son of Sam.
18:17This goes back to the fear that David Berkowitz, the notorious Son of Sam, would seek a book or movie deal while in prison to tell his story.
18:25I believe that I was a demon possessed.
18:27Different states have drafted their own version of this law, only for some of them to be struck down as unconstitutional.
18:33In New York State, victims and their families will receive notification if the criminal earns more than $10,000 from telling their story.
18:41It's a delicate balance between freedom of speech and profiting from tragedy.
18:46Sylvia Likens
18:47If you see a child being maltreated, you generally have only a moral obligation to inform the authorities.
18:53I was told today by Sylvia's sister that people heard that girl screaming from four houses away and did nothing.
19:00However, in the state of Indiana, turning a blind eye could result in you being charged with a crime.
19:05Referred to as the mandated reporter law, this was enacted largely due to the murder of Sylvia Likens.
19:11Likens and her sister had been left in the care of Gertrude Banaszewski while their parents traveled with a carnival.
19:17Instead of caring for her, Banaszewski, along with some of her children and neighbors, made Likens' life a living hell and caused her eventual death on October 26, 1965.
19:28Her parents left her in the care of Gertrude Banaszewski.
19:31Just a month later, she was dead.
19:34Although some neighbors reported hearing Likens' scream for help, not enough was done to save the girl's life.
19:42The two individuals in our next entry may not have known each other, but their place in history was vital towards the expanding of hate crime definition in the United States.
19:52The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act was introduced and passed in the fall of 2009, after both men lost their lives as a result of prejudice and bigotry.
20:02This afternoon, I signed into law the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.
20:10The law not only made it easier for federal authorities to investigate cases of this nature, but the act also expanded wording to include crimes perpetrated due to one's gender or sexual identity.
20:21It's one of the mysteries that keeps you going.
20:23I can't ever really know what he might have been able to accomplish, but I have a pretty good idea of what we can accomplish in his name.
20:30Although it cannot make up for the senseless loss of these two lives, it has arguably helped many people seek justice in the wake of such crimes.
20:38The Port Arthur Massacre.
20:40The town of Port Arthur in Tasmania, Australia, was the site of one of the most horrendous crimes in the country's history.
20:46We went to war for a day.
20:49You never forget it, and you really never get completely over it, but you learn to live with it.
20:55On April 28, 1996, Martin Bryant claimed the lives of 35 people and injured 23 others using a semi-automatic rifle.
21:03The massacre shocked the entire nation and led to a nationwide debate on gun control laws in Australia.
21:10In the wake of the tragedy, the Australian government moved swiftly to introduce the National Firearms Agreement, or NFA.
21:17You know, we had the National Firearms Agreement, as was mentioned in the package, come into force 25 years ago, and, you know, it's worked.
21:26We haven't seen an event like that again.
21:29This agreement significantly restricted access to automatic and semi-automatic weapons, and also included a buyback program for the newly banned firearms.
21:38Since then, Australia has seen a considerable decrease in gun-related deaths.
21:43Emmett Till.
21:44In 1955, Emmett Till, an African-American teenager, was visiting relatives in Mississippi when he was lynched for allegedly flirting with a white woman.
21:54Despite overwhelming evidence of their guilt, Till's killers were acquitted by an all-white jury.
21:59The trial and subsequent outrage over the verdict helped galvanize the civil rights movement and led to the passage of multiple landmark laws.
22:07Rosa Parks said it was Till's face she saw when refusing to give up her seat on an Alabama bus.
22:13In 2008, the Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act was enacted, allowing for the investigation and prosecution of racially motivated crimes that occurred before 1970.
22:29This was followed by the Emmett Till Anti-Lynching Act in 2022, which recognizes lynching as a federal hate crime.
22:36President Biden signed the first law that makes lynching a federal hate crime, passed unanimously in the Senate this month.
22:43These laws serve as a commitment to seek justice for victims of racial violence.
22:48Polly Klass.
22:49Polly Klass was taken from her home during a slumber party on October 1, 1993.
22:54And the tragedy had far-reaching effects on California legislature.
22:58For starters, support for three strikes laws earned a lot of traction.
23:03Her kidnapper, Richard Allen Davis, had a lengthy criminal record.
23:07Though there were no open warrants when police initially stopped him after being notified of a suspicious car.
23:12The idea that felony criminals should serve automatic life sentences when they commit multiple serious crimes was made easy by Davis' repugnant and unrepentant behavior during the trial.
23:22Furthermore, California Highway Patrol expanded access to their all-points bulletins to local authorities in the aftermath of Polly's death.
23:31Rebecca Schaefer.
23:32Living life in the public eye isn't easy, especially when stalkers and obsessed fans come into play.
23:38This was unfortunately what caused the loss of a young and promising star in the form of My Sister Sam actress Rebecca Schaefer.
23:45Thanks for coming, Brandon.
23:46Sam said that you're welcome here anytime you want.
23:48Robert John Bardo stalked the actress for years, attempting to crash the set of My Sister Sam, and even hiring a private investigator to find out where Schaefer lived via the California Department of Motor Vehicles.
23:59Bardo eventually shot Schaefer at her home, and her death prompted lawmakers to draft stricter anti-stalking legislation in its wake.
24:07I couldn't live with myself and say she was a wonderful girl and we loved her and we miss her, and not try to affect it.
24:14The Driver's Privacy Protection Act was also made into law after this incident, making it more difficult for others to find personal information via the DMV.
24:23Johnny Gosch.
24:24We're waiting for you to come home. We're doing everything in our power to get you back.
24:28This cold case was the subject of a 2014 documentary titled, Who Took Johnny?
24:34But it also changed how police respond to reports of missing children.
24:38Johnny Gosch was taken during his paper route in the early morning hours of September 5, 1982, and he has not been seen since.
24:46At the time of his disappearance, policy in Des Moines, Iowa stated that someone couldn't be labeled as a missing person until 72 hours had gone by.
24:54The Gosch case resulted in legislation that changed all of this, making it easier for police to begin an investigation.
25:01The Johnny Gosch bill requires authorities to immediately treat all missing persons reports of a child as credible, and to respond accordingly.
25:10Megan Kanka.
25:11How well do you really know your neighbor?
25:14This was the inspiration behind Megan's Law, a subsection of laws that require the public to be able to access information of convicted sex offenders in their area.
25:22A neighbor who lived diagonally from my house was outside, and he lured her into his home to see a puppy dog.
25:30The specific case was that of seven-year-old Megan Kanka, whose neighbor, Jessie Tumendiquas, lured and assaulted her before taking her life.
25:38Tumendiquas' criminal history with little to no rehabilitation was not available to Kanka's family.
25:43And, as a local assemblyman by the name of Paul Kramer was quoted as saying,
25:48quote,
25:48Megan Kanka would be alive today, had a public registry been easily accessible by her family.
25:54I don't think about him at all, and I like that, and I thought he took so much from us that I wasn't going to let him take any more.
26:01Ernesto Miranda.
26:02You've heard it a million times on television and in movies, but do you know the actual origins behind your Miranda rights?
26:10You're under arrest!
26:11You know the routine.
26:13Very good, you have the right to remain silent, now what else?
26:16Although Ernesto Miranda was a criminal, and his second trial did have the same results of a conviction,
26:21it's the circumstances of his arrest that changed the law.
26:24This was because Miranda wasn't informed of his right to remain silent, so was not to incriminate himself,
26:30and was also, quote, refused an opportunity to consult with his counsel.
26:34Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.
26:39If you cannot afford to hire a lawyer, one will be appointed to represent you before any questioning if you wish one.
26:45His confession was deemed inadmissible as evidence,
26:48and the state of Arizona had to retry him with said confession omitted from the record.
26:53The Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona now requires that all arresting officers inform you of your right to silence,
27:00and an attorney.
27:01The department was forced to drop the charges because you forgot to read him his Miranda rights.
27:07Amber Hagerman
27:07Most people are familiar with Amber Alerts.
27:11They inform us whenever the case of a child going missing is reported in our area.
27:15Confirming the abduction, Amber Alert.
27:18Holly White, female, 18 months.
27:21However, it's vitally important that we remember the Alerts' namesake, Amber Hagerman.
27:26While riding her bicycle back in 1996, Hagerman was taken and murdered.
27:31Her killer has never been found.
27:33The case increased demand for immediate response to any sort of similar report involving minors.
27:39And today, Amber Alerts go out on radio, television, telephone, internet, and highway communication devices
27:46in order to maximize public awareness and response.
27:49We have an Amber Alert for 16-year-old Samantha Renee Wilcox of Wichita.
27:53There are also related alerts for missing seniors, called silver alerts, and police, known as blue alerts.
28:01Adam Walsh
28:01The abduction and death of Adam Walsh is arguably the most well-known case on this list,
28:07thanks largely to the public presence of Walsh's father, John, as the host of America's Most Wanted.
28:12For 27 years, we've been asking, who could take a six-year-old boy?
28:18Still, it is impossible to overstate how much the Walsh family has worked to help the families of victims over the years,
28:26as Adam's case was responsible, in part, for the establishment of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
28:32Adam's taking from a Florida mall was also the impetus for the Code Adam program that's used in retail environments.
28:38An employee will now page information over the intercom to help find a child that's been reported as having disappeared.
28:45There were cops who said, well, depending on the age of the kid, we're going to wait 24 hours.
28:49If it's over a certain age, we're going to wait 48 hours.
28:53The first four hours are crucial.
28:55Before we continue, be sure to subscribe to our channel and ring the bell to get notified about our latest videos.
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29:11Kitty Genovese
29:12Dialing 911 seems like such an instinctive act that it's easy to forget this wasn't always how emergencies were called into police.
29:25Kitty Genovese was followed, assaulted and stabbed by Winston Mosley,
29:29while she was returning home after a late night shift working at a bar.
29:32The crime had multiple witnesses in the form of Genovese's neighbors,
29:37but some were reportedly too scared to call police, while others had difficulty getting through on a line.
29:42People are looking out their windows. They see Kitty Genovese here. They see her struggle to her feet.
29:48At the time, any emergencies would be called into the operator,
29:52who would then transfer the call to the appropriate authorities only when they had the opportunity to do so.
29:57You didn't see anything? She was lying in that courtyard all night. It was dark.
30:01This delayed response would, in part, influence the establishment of the 911 emergency system we use today.
30:09Do you know of any other true crime cases that influenced the law?
30:12Let us know in the comments.
30:14Do you trust the police?
30:20Do you trust courts?
30:23Do you trust your state government?
30:27Do you trust your federal government?
30:30Do you trust your federal government?
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