- 7/4/2025
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00:00Down this road, on a summer day in 1944, the soldiers came.
00:22Nobody lives here now.
00:30They stayed only a few hours.
00:34When they had gone, a community which had lived for a thousand years was dead.
00:43This is Avedour-sur-Glane in France.
00:48The day the soldiers came, the people were gathered together.
00:54The men were taken to garages and barns.
00:57The women and children were led down this road, and they were driven into this church.
01:08Here they heard the firing as their men were shot.
01:14Then they were killed too.
01:16A few weeks later, many of those who had done the killing were themselves dead in battle.
01:25They never rebuilt Avedour.
01:32Its ruins are a memorial.
01:36Its martyrdom stands for thousand upon thousand of other martyrdoms in Poland,
01:43in Russia, in Burma, in China,
01:47in a world at war.
01:49The
01:59A Jungle
02:01A Jungle
02:45Germany, 1933.
02:56A huge, blind excitement fills the streets.
03:02The National Socialists have come to power in a land tortured by unemployment,
03:07embittered by loss of territory, demoralized by political weakness.
03:11Perhaps this will be the new beginning.
03:15Most people think the Nazis are a little absurd here, too obsessive there.
03:25But perhaps the time for thinking is over.
03:33Adolf Hitler did not seize power.
03:36He was offered it just as his voting strength was declining.
03:40The politicians who made Hitler chancellor argued, we are hiring him.
03:46Their figurehead was the ancient president von Hindenburg.
03:49The communists and socialists tried to take Hitler coolly.
03:56This wouldn't last, they said.
03:59Conservative anti-Nazis took comfort from the fact that their old war leader, Hindenburg,
04:04still head of state, was known to despise the vulgar little corporal.
04:08Number 982, the Russian president von Hindenburg.
04:12With mock solemnity, Hitler and his lieutenants walked to the ceremonial opening of parliament.
04:42The party's strength had been built up by revolutionary violence.
04:47They had never imagined that they could take office legally.
04:51When the old Reichstag building was mysteriously gutted by fire, Hitler seized his chance to suspend all civil liberty.
04:59His followers could hardly believe their luck.
05:07The old Hindenburg, the symbol of apparent continuity, presided as they turned office into power by acts of sham legality.
05:16In March, when the Reichstag voted to allow Hitler to govern without parliament, Hindenburg made no comment.
05:25The legal chancellor marched irresistibly into the role of the legal dictator.
05:32Hitler proclaimed the new Germany and meant it to last a thousand years.
05:51Hitler claimed the new Germany and meant it to last a thousand years.
06:00The new Germany began to round up its enemies.
06:03Communists, socialists, impertinent journalists, even Reichstag deputies.
06:10At Oranienburg concentration camp, just north of Berlin, conditions were at first crude rather than brutal.
06:23At this time, the camps were run by the Sturmabteilungen, the S.A.
06:30They bullied more than they murdered.
06:46From the first moment, Hitler unleashed his promised campaign against the Jews.
06:51The S.A. organized boycotts of Jewish-owned shops.
06:56The real point was to encourage the German people to think and act anti-Semitic as a matter of course.
07:04The outside world was horrified.
07:07But there were those, including many German Jews, who thought the anti-Jewish campaign the work of Nazi extremists,
07:13something Herr Hitler would put a stop to when he felt more secure.
07:18There was to be a cultural revolution too.
07:23German culture would be purged of the Jewish Bolshevist taint.
07:40The books flew into the fire.
07:43Many of those who flung them were students and teachers.
07:47And as the sparks rose, the intellectuals fled, writers and scientists,
07:53to give their talents to Western Europe and America.
07:56A hundred years before, the German-Jewish poet Heiner, whose books now went into the fire, had warned,
08:06where one burns books, there one eventually burns people.
08:15Some of Hitler's most earnest followers found new ways to show loyalty.
08:21They married or got married all over again under a Nazi ritual.
08:38The Nazis had mass support among the unemployed, but less among the organized workers.
08:45The left wing of the party wanted to start a workers' movement inside the factories.
08:50But Hitler took a simpler course.
08:52He granted the unions the May Day holiday they had always demanded.
08:57The next day he abolished the unions.
09:01Nazi supporters were basically middle class.
09:04Shopkeepers ruined by the depression.
09:07Clerks who had lost their savings.
09:09Craftsmen squeezed out by mass production.
09:12And the German army of the people who had lost their lives.
09:15The war!
09:16The war!
09:17The war!
09:18The war!
09:19These were Hitler's worshippers.
09:21The war!
09:22The war!
09:23The war!
09:24The war!
09:25The war!
09:26The war!
09:27The war!
09:28The war!
09:29The war!
09:30The war!
09:31To this army of those who had come down in the world belonged the small farmers, the peasants.
09:37Hitler had enlisted them during the depression.
09:40Now he told them that their blood and their soil were Germany's treasure.
09:44He passed laws to give them safe possession of their fields.
09:48And he gave them bread.
09:50The treaty of Versailles in 1919 had bitten deep into Germany's frontiers.
10:15Alsace-Lorraine and the Saarland had been lost.
10:19East Prussia was cut off by the new Polish state.
10:23Silesia cut in two.
10:25Danzig, a League of Nations city.
10:32To every patriot, Germany could not be free while Versailles stood.
10:38Hitler alone seemed the savior foretold by the monuments at the border.
10:43Never, German, forget what blind hate stole from thee.
10:50Wait for the hour that avenges the bleeding Frontier cry.
10:55Wait for the old man's legs.
10:58Go ahead and go ahead from thee.
11:03Abroad, there were some who admired the way this new Germany stood up for herself.
11:09In America, we've had many reports against your new government.
11:12And in most cases, this has caused hasty demonstrations everywhere.
11:16I can now say to you that the American people today realize that these stories are untrue and without foundation.
11:22I find that there's a new, fresh vitality here in Germany under your great leader and chancellor, Adolf Hitler, whom I'm a great admirer.
11:32The new Germany will live, for you have the best centralized government in the world today.
11:38In fact, the new Germany was a bundle of different interests and grievances held together by the strap of the National Socialist Party.
11:45And the buckle of the strap was Hitler.
11:48He is the state geworden.
11:51He is the state geworden.
11:53The costbarste Besitz of this world, however, is that own people.
11:59And for this people and for this people, and for this people, and for this people,
12:06we will ring and we will fight.
12:09And we will never die, and never die, and never die, and never die,
12:15and never die, and never die.
12:20We will live our movement.
12:23We will live our German people.
12:27Well, really, it was the only party that promised to get us out of the hole.
12:32And their idea was principally that that would only be possible if we developed as a nation,
12:44a team spirit, a solidarity, and pulling all on the same rope,
12:51instead of quarreling about pity differences of opinions in foreign politics and social politics and so on and so forth.
13:01What did he promise?
13:07Work and bread for the masses, for the millions of workers who were unemployed and hungry at that time.
13:14Nowadays, in our prosperous society, work and bread doesn't mean anything anymore.
13:21But then, it was an absolutely basic need.
13:25And this promise, which wouldn't make any sense today, then, then it sounded like a promise of paradise.
13:33All this seemed ideal ground for a prophet to say, I will lead you to the promised land.
13:46I will deliver you from evil.
13:48Anyone who said that would be greeted with enthusiasm.
13:52With great joy.
13:55There were people who said that this is a false prophet.
14:00Of course, there were people who said this is a false prophet.
14:03But who was to know whether they were right or not?
14:06At that time, no one did.
14:09Christmas 1933.
14:20One year of Hitler's Reich.
14:24Peace on earth.
14:26Goodwill towards men.
14:29The concentration camps were full.
14:31Parliament a rubber stamp.
14:33Political parties and trade unions abolished.
14:36The Jews out of the civil service.
14:39The free press strangled.
14:41Personal liberties destroyed.
14:48Germany lived under a permanent state of emergency.
15:00Adolf Hitler's state was all-powerful, even almighty.
15:06But he still felt threatened.
15:15He feared his old conservative rivals.
15:18He feared the army.
15:20And he feared those sections of his own party which were still revolutionary, like the leadership of the stormtroopers.
15:27The army, too, hated the SR.
15:31Hitler saw how he could conciliate the generals and clear his own path.
15:40The head of the SR was one of his oldest comrades, Ernst Röhm.
15:46On June the 30th, 1934, Röhm was arrested and shot.
15:54His SR commanders and more than a hundred others dragged from their beds were shot, too.
15:59The murder exploded across Germany.
16:04The killers were the new force in Germany.
16:08The SS, Hitler's bodyguard, which now became his personal instrument of terror.
16:14Goering gave a press conference at the propaganda ministry.
16:21Goebbels was the minister of propaganda, but Goebbels had wisely stayed with Hitler at that time because Goehring hated his guts.
16:29He might have taken the opportunity to bump him off if he'd been in Berlin.
16:33Goehring had that press conference for the foreign press.
16:38Before that, the telephones had been cut off to all foreign countries.
16:43Goehring came striding in and said,
16:46Well, I know you boys always like to have a story.
16:51He used the English word.
16:53I've got a story for you all, right?
16:58And described how that previous night and that morning, he and Hitler had acted against dissident forces, both of the right and of the left.
17:13That Röhm had been shot, that a second revolution had been quashed.
17:19And he also made a rather obscure reference to General von Schleicher, who had preceded Hitler as German Chancellor.
17:30Then he left the Rome, came back again in a few seconds and said,
17:35It's been suggested to me that I didn't make myself quite clear about General von Schleicher.
17:40General von Schleicher was shot dead this morning while resisting arrest.
17:44The 30s of June 1934 was a very, very important day.
17:51Because it became obvious that this government, as a government, started to become a murderer.
17:59You remember that they shot a great number of people without any bringing them to court.
18:07They just killed them.
18:09And not only direct enemies of Hitler in that moment, not only Röhm, the head of the SR, but also other people who they felt were unpleasant.
18:26And they just did it at the same time.
18:38That summer, another rival disappeared.
18:41President Hindenburg died in his bed on August the 2nd.
18:48While the old man was still breathing, Hitler had abolished the office of President, proclaiming himself Fuhrer and Chancellor, Head of State and Governor.
19:01And before his corpse was laid to rest, Hitler usurped his command over the army.
19:13The armed forces paraded to swear a new oath.
19:17Where once they had sworn loyalty to the Constitution, now they pledged themselves to Hitler, personally, by name.
19:25I pray to God, I pray to God, this holy oath, this holy oath, that I the leader of the German Reich and the Volkes, Adolf Hitler.
19:51For German officers, an oath was almost physically real.
19:59Hitler had trapped them.
20:01Now they could not disobey him without disobeying the fatherland.
20:06I pray to God, I pray to God, I pray to Adolf Hitler.
20:16Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler.
20:24Hitler kept up the pace.
20:31That same month, the Germans had to go again to the polls
20:33to approve his assumption of state and government powers.
20:38By now, the machinery of ballot management by threat, propaganda, forgery and fraud
20:42was functioning excellently.
20:51Hitler had a 90% ja.
20:55Four million still voted nine.
20:59Hitler proclaimed, for the next thousand years,
21:03there will be no other revolution in Germany.
21:11The Nazis preached the doctrine of folk community,
21:15of learning to be Germans one of another.
21:19Winter help, the main street collection for charity, was one symbol.
21:24And the leaders of the party, for the benefit of the cameras, showed themselves as folk comrades, too.
21:30Goering displayed himself, war hero, man who laughed and enjoyed life, a moderating force in the party, was believed.
21:42Joseph Goebbels, the little propaganda minister, whom the backstreet called poison dwarf.
21:49His sharpness was feared, but respected.
21:52The deputy leader, Rudolf Hess, a puzzling figure to the crowds.
22:04The Nazi way of rule, the Nazi way of ruling, was to be remote, but to seem not to be.
22:09All classes were encouraged to relish the same meal, the soldier, the boss, the worker, the banker.
22:17The party believed in community, but the industrialists stayed rich.
22:24They had financed the Nazis when they seemed likely to win, and now they're submitted to Nazi direction without too much distaste.
22:33Business was picking up fast.
22:35The economy was reviving when the Nazis came to power, but they reaped the credit, speeding recovery with an enormous public works program for the unemployed.
22:49Other nations, where mass unemployment persisted, watched Germany with envy.
22:54And now another minute, my ladies and gentlemen, a little bit to your general education.
23:01It was on working and employees, end January 1933, 11,55 million.
23:10End January 1936, 15,70 million.
23:15And that's how the leader did all of this.
23:18More need not to know today.
23:24The workless built the autobahns, the first motorways in the world, binding a still provincial Germany together.
23:34The autobahns were not leased for private pleasure in the fascist notion of strength through joy.
23:40And they were presented less as a transport system than as a triumph of national will, linked with other prestige projects, like the design for the Fuhrer's new Berlin.
23:54The autobahns were not leased for private pleasure in the world.
24:24These were members of Faith and Beauty, which was elder sister to the League of German Maidens, which was the girls' equivalent of the Hitler Youth, and so on.
24:36All young people learned party songs, drilled and danced, and belonged.
24:41Each year, the farmers and their wives gathered at the Buchebell to meet their Fuhrer at harvest time.
24:59In 1936, those who stood and waited for the leader numbered one million.
25:10The leader was late.
25:12He always arrived late.
25:13Built up tension.
25:14He arrived late.
25:17Come on!
25:24Come on!
25:31Come on!
25:33Come on!
25:38Come on!
25:38Come on!
25:39then he came letting the excitement spill over as he marched through to the rostrum the masses
26:04were allowed to see him close and even to touch him deliberately women were placed in the front
26:10rows when he went up the mountain i couldn't understand how it was possible that people
26:19could shout so much yet when he came towards our group i too came under his spell and shouted
26:28heil just like everyone else but then when he was really close greeting people to his left and right
26:38shaking their hand and exchanging a few words and he also shook my hand i suddenly noticed that
26:46everybody in his immediate presence was completely silent
26:52for the first 10 minutes he wasn't a good speaker he just began warming up and finding the words
27:03but then he turned out to be a terribly good speaker you know he he just i don't know the words in
27:13english emma seared his public he and the the whole atmosphere grew more and more hysterical
27:27he was interrupted nearly after every phrase by big applause and women began screaming
27:41it was like like a mass religious uh uh ceremony and uh well i listened to his speech and i feel
27:57that more and more excited atmosphere in the hall and for some uh seconds again and again i had a feeling
28:09what a pity that i can't share that belief of all those thousands of people that i am alone that i am
28:19contrary to all that it was very funny i i thought well he is talking all the nonsense i know
28:27the nonsense he always talked but still
28:31uh i feel it must be wonderful just to jump into that bubbling uh pot and and be a member of all those who
28:45who are believers
28:47one lady in our village she went to berlin to a birthday reception for adolf hitler and she came back and told us the
29:11the viewer shook hands with me and from this time on she was like a scent in our village
29:19hittler's home life took place on a ledge in bavaria and berchtesgaden these pictures are from the home movies of ever brown the discreet young woman who is the
29:49woman who stayed with him till his death to the berghof for tea and tactics came the elect
29:55some a little ill at ease some genuinely intimate
29:59adolf hitler's
30:05adolf hitler's
30:07adolf hitler's
30:09adolf hitler's
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32:57of the steppes.
33:09If Germany was to be strong again, Germany must re-arm. The people frightened by war
33:16had to become once more familiar with arms, to touch them, to play at soldiers.
33:27Germany had to train pilots. Versailles forbade Germany an air force, so the League for Air
33:52Sports used gliders to train men still officially civilians for the future Luftwaffe.
33:57And the army began to swell beyond the limits set by Versailles from the moment Hitler became
34:07Chancellor. In secret, it trebled its strength in two years.
34:13Any foreign military attaché could see what was happening. But the world did nothing decisive,
34:23and in March 1935, Germany announced conscription, a peacetime army of half a million men.
34:35The new tanks came out into the open.
34:47The first Luftwaffe squadrons flew past.
34:59The new German navy was underway.
35:11Hitler kept Europe bewildered.
35:24Proclaiming Versailles extinct, he proposed a limit on armaments.
35:30Britain, the first democracy to make a pact with the Nazis, signed a naval agreement.
35:35Hitler was reassured. Hitler was reassured. It might be safe to start tampering with the hated Frenchers.
35:43One part of Versailles had already been undone. In January 1935, the territory of the Tsar,
35:49the little coal mining region, which had been German before 1918, voted overwhelmingly and under international supervision to return to Germany.
36:08Next door, the Rhineland remained a demilitarized zone. Beyond dispute, this was part of Germany,
36:13but to recover it would directly challenge the Allies, and above all, France.
36:20The troops rode over the Rhine bridges at dawn on March 7th, 1936. Secretly, the commanders were ready to bolt
36:28back across the river if France showed any sign of fight, but there was none.
36:32The Rhineland city of Cologne and all Germany went wild with relief and delight.
36:41A part of German honor had been recovered. Hitler had taken a chance and won.
36:49Two years later, Austria, Hitler's birthplace, lay ripe for the taking.
36:55Austrian Nazis were rioting for Anschluss, union with Germany.
37:00To prevent a plebiscite on independence, Hitler marched in.
37:12The German troops were greeted by hysterical crowds. Vienna suffered a jubating terror which even Germany had not yet seen.
37:20Austria became a province. Germany's neighbors, appalled, uncertain, unprepared, once again did nothing.
37:29Russia! Russia! Russia! Russia!
37:37Czechoslovakia was no lost German province but an independent nation,
37:42allied to Britain, France and the Soviet Union.
37:46Within its northern border lived the Sudeten Germans.
37:50Hitler incited this minority, which had never been part of Germany,
37:53to demand union with the Reich. Europe prepared for war.
38:00But though Czechoslovakia was ready to fight, Britain and France gave way.
38:06At Munich, in September 1938, Chamberlain for Britain, Italy's Mussolini,
38:14Deladier for France, signed with Hitler the treaty which stripped Czechoslovakia of the Sudeten land and left her broken and abandoned.
38:23The Germans crossed the border, welcomed as liberators by the Sudeten population.
38:44At home, the German generals who opposed Hitler, hoping that a rebuff over Czechoslovakia would fatally injure
38:53his prestige, gave up their plots and despair.
39:04Hitler sat with his troops in the field and planned ahead.
39:21The Sudeten land was easily digested. The next course could be taken fast.
39:32The shrunken Czech lands and Slovakia lay helpless before him. He struck on March 15, 1939.
39:43The German troops reached Prague the same day. There was no resistance.
39:51The last democracy in Central Europe was wiped out.
39:58The Czechs would never trust the West again. The West trusted Hitler no more,
40:04and realised at last that only force would stop him.
40:08Berlin, more cheers, more worship. Yet what was in the minds of those who cheer?
40:26Berlin. Very few wanted wars of conquest or hoped like Hitler for a German Empire from the Urals to the Atlantic.
40:35Most thought they were taking back what had been robbed from them and restoring, not destroying,
40:42the order and unity of Europe.
40:57For these crowds, it seemed that Hitler's statesmanship could never fail.
41:02Others who stayed at home that night feared a war was coming which might destroy Germany itself.
41:10But now they saw no hope for a rising against Hitler.
41:13They were left with the moral question, should one resist a tyranny without hope of success?
41:20Well, I think it's difficult, first of all, to make up your mind that you should do something against a government.
41:33This is very rare, first of all. Secondly, if it is extremely dangerous as it is in a dictatorship,
41:45it's even more complicated because everybody likes his own life.
41:51I think everything that came to us when we were living in Germany came very gradually.
41:59That was part, perhaps, of the way Hitler managed these things.
42:07It came on us rather drip by drip, rather like an anaesthetic, one could almost say.
42:13And it was only when a specific thing that he did hit you personally that you actually realised that
42:26what was going on.
42:27In my particular case, I think I could say that it hit me personally when the Jewish doctor of my children,
42:40whom I'd always had, came.
42:42He was a very busy man, but he seemed to be having always more time to spare.
42:48And I remember one night, he came and spent the night looking after my very sick child.
42:55And in the morning, the child was better. And when he left,
43:01he said, asked me, did I still want him to look after my children?
43:06And I was tired. And I said, well, for goodness sakes, why not?
43:09And he told me that his clinic, his children's clinic, which he had started in Hamburg,
43:17was going to, he was going to be dismissed, and that he'd had threatening letters that if he laid
43:21his hands on Aryan children, he was in trouble.
43:28In November 1938, a Jew shot a German diplomat in Paris.
43:34The Nazi leaders organised a reprisal. Synagogues were burned and Jewish shops looted all over Germany.
43:45On that crystal night, named for the smashed glass sparkling in the gutters,
43:50thousands of Jews were thrown into concentration camps.
43:53Do you want to know how the night was?
44:06If you want to know, I will tell you.
44:09We were all shoved together, beaten and punched and made to stand in ranks and be counted and so on.
44:19Because I'd been a soldier, I didn't find that so very difficult.
44:23But the others, who didn't fall in properly, they were beaten right away.
44:32And the most terrible thing was, when somebody grabbed hold of a big, strong man, he said,
44:37don't grab me. What? I shouldn't grab you? And he hit him.
44:42And this man was immediately overpowered by three people, SS people.
44:53A block was blown. He was tied down to it and the camp commander said,
44:58the Jew Israel, or the Jew Idzik, I can't remember exactly now, is sentenced to 25 lashes.
45:10Then a huge man came, an SS man with a huge horse whip and started to beat him.
45:16The man just groaned a bit at first, but then he shouted, stop, stop.
45:24The commander said, what do you mean, stop? We'll start all over again, from the beginning.
45:30But after three more lashes, the blood was spurting. Then he stopped and salt was rubbed into the wounds,
45:38or pepper, I can't remember. The man was dragged away. We never saw him again.
45:44Of course, in the 38, when the synagogues were burning, everybody knew what was going on.
45:56I remember that my brother-in-law, the husband of my sister, Lene, it was Georg Hobe, when he went in
46:02the morning after the day of the Kristallnacht, Reichskristallnacht, Kristallnacht, or how you say,
46:09he went by train to his office downtown. And between the stations of Savignyplatz and Zoological Garden,
46:17there is the Jewish synagogue. And he saw that it was burning. And he murmured,
46:25Kulturschande, that is an insult for culture, shame to our culture. Well, right away, a gentleman in front
46:34of him turned his river and showed his party badge, and took out his papers that he was a man of the
46:44Gestapo. And he had to show his papers, to give his address, and was ordered to come to the party
46:55office next morning, nine o'clock.
47:07April 1939. The Wehrmacht prepares to celebrate Hitler's 50th birthday.
47:13They hope for the usual Führer weather, a fine day.
47:31The Führer drives through Berlin, under the Brandenburg Gate and down the Sieger's Alley,
47:36the Avenue of Victories.
47:56The army lining his route has increased sevenfold in just four years.
48:06Among the Wehrmacht's 51 divisions, the new Panzer units, the instrument of Blitzkrieg.
48:20In spite of appearances, the High Command is by no means sure that this army is fit for war, yet.
48:43Hitler is ready to overrule them.
48:50The word in every diplomatic conversation that summer was Danzig. The free city, with its mixed German-Polish population, had been separated from Germany and made the responsibility of a League of Nations commissioner.
49:18Danzig and East Prussia were now sundered from the Reich by a strip of Polish territory, the Corridor.
49:31Hitler was demanding the return of Danzig and free access to East Prussia across the Corridor.
49:37Poland refused.
49:38In March 1939, Britain and France guaranteed her frontiers.
49:45In August, Britain promised to fight if Poland was attacked.
49:51Once again, myths about the persecution of a German minority were used to build up a case for armed intervention.
49:59German refugees told piteous tales of Polish brutality.
50:02Nazi propaganda filmed them greedily for the cinema newsreels throughout July and August.
50:18Hitler's plan was to wipe Poland off the map.
50:21But this might mean war with Soviet Russia, and he was not ready for that.
50:27His foreign minister, Ribbentrop, flew to Moscow on August the 23rd to sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
50:35Poland's fate was sealed.
50:36The new alliance stunned the unsuspecting waste.
50:50Germany exploded.
50:51You will have read the report about the agreement reached between Russia and Germany, which has surprised the world.
51:10And the life of all nations depends in the last resort of the mutual respect for one another's rights.
51:17And reasonable confidence, that they can each live their life in their own way.
51:23I would earnestly help.
51:24Very true, Mr. Halifax.
51:27The German people also want to live his life in its own way.
51:31This is Satan, which cannot be retraced.
51:34Reason may yet prevail.
51:37The German newsreels tried to show Britain distracted, still uncertain.
51:43Ministerpräsident Chamberlain verlässt Downing Street.
51:47One young German left England for home.
52:06I had a girlfriend whom I wanted to marry, and I said to myself, well, I'll dare go home.
52:14When I came to Cologne, I read the first German newspapers.
52:23And I knew at once there was great danger of a war.
52:30Now, the tone of the German press was absolutely hysterical.
52:36And I thought, what a fool I was.
52:42I had just gone home in that moment.
52:48All over Europe, the reservists got their telegrams.
52:53In the last hours of peace, the soldiers put on uniform with a tired grin.
52:59The End
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