- 2025/6/27
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00:00China in the 1910s was in the midst of stormy times.
00:14At this crossroads of historical transition, a group of pioneers raised the banner of democracy
00:20and science and tried to awaken the sleeping nation with the power of culture.
00:25The new culture movement they initiated was in full swing, and although it was short-lived,
00:30it left behind a far-reaching aftermath of ideas.
00:33In this episode, we go into the heart of this cultural enlightenment and explore its spiritual legacy.
00:45At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century,
00:49China was in the midst of a profound social crisis.
00:53With internal and external troubles and the presence of foreign powers,
00:56the traditional feudal rights and the imperial system could no longer support the awakening national self-consciousness.
01:04It was at this crossroads of history that a group of insightful people gathered and proposed the two keys of
01:09democracy and science in an attempt to open the door to China's modernization.
01:15Chen Duxiu, as a pioneer of the new culture movement,
01:18was resolutely opposed to feudal autocracy and the blind cult of tradition.
01:22Writing in New Youth, he called for democracy not only the struggle for political rights,
01:28but also the liberation of freedom of thought.
01:31He emphasized that only when individuals could be truly free could society be renewed.
01:36As a representative of the cultural reformist school,
01:40who she regarded, science, as the fundamental driving force for social change.
01:45He drew on Dewey's philosophy of pragmatism,
01:48advocating, bold assumptions and careful proof,
01:51and opposing superstition and blind obedience.
01:54For him, science was not only the laws of nature,
01:58but also a truth-seeking and pragmatic way of thinking.
02:00The core of science is the spirit of rational inquiry.
02:06The new culture movement was not only a political revolution,
02:09but also a profound movement of cultural self-awareness.
02:12They hoped to deconstruct the old cultural constraints through the spirit of science
02:16and to promote the renewal of modern education and social systems.
02:21The ideal of democracy, likewise, goes beyond the political system.
02:25It implies that everyone has the right to express himself or herself
02:28and to criticize the confines of tradition.
02:32Participants in the new culture movement firmly believe that only through the liberation of thought
02:36and the awakening of the individual could the nation truly move toward rejuvenation.
02:41This movement, under the banners of democracy and science,
02:45illuminated the sleeping Chinese national thought
02:48and laid the groundwork for subsequent political changes.
02:51It was a practice of cultural self-consciousness and a call for ideals.
03:02The dissemination of ideas of the new culture movement cannot be separated
03:06from the diverse paths of cultural practitioners.
03:09As the front line of the movement,
03:11the magazine New Youth has been the main battlefield of ideological agitation
03:15since its inception in 1915.
03:17While Chen Dushio criticized feudalism with a sharp brush,
03:22Li Da Zhao sought a breakthrough between Marxism and national liberation.
03:26The magazine not only published a large number of new ideas,
03:30but also triggered an awakening and heated debate among the young generation.
03:34At the same time,
03:36Huxi advocated that the vernacular language movement,
03:39which promoted the use of plain and easy-to-understand language to express ideas,
03:43break the shackles of ancient texts,
03:46and promote cultural participation among the masses.
03:49His academic views,
03:51which emphasized bold assumptions and careful proof,
03:54drew on Dewey's pragmatism in an attempt to inject rationality and vitality
03:58into Chinese culture with scientific methodology.
04:02Educator Kai Yuanpei stood on another path.
04:06He advocated inclusiveness and promoted the concepts of
04:09freedom of thought and all-round development of morality,
04:13intelligence and physical fitness at Peking University.
04:17Kai Yuanpei's reform of Peking University not only set up a platform for the emancipation of ideas,
04:23but also provided space for the exchange of different schools of thought and cultural ideas.
04:28It was under his support that Peking University became an important position for the new culture movement.
04:33During this period,
04:35there was an interweaving and collision of many voices in the intellectual world.
04:40Radical calls for democracy and revolution,
04:43moderate cultural reformists,
04:45and builders focusing on educational practice each participated in this cultural change in different ways.
04:51Whether it was fierce political appeals or calm academic explorations,
04:55together they formed a colorful picture of the new culture movement.
04:58The new culture movement was not only the self-consciousness of elite intellectuals,
05:04but also the practice of the vast number of young people in pursuit of spiritual liberation and social progress.
05:11Countless students took to the streets, organized lectures, set up reading clubs,
05:15and passed on the fire of democracy and science through their actions.
05:21The diverse paths taken by these practitioners demonstrate the complexity and wide-ranging impact of the new culture movement,
05:26and also show us that, cultural change is not a one-line process,
05:31but multiple explorations in which ideals and realities are intertwined.
05:41The influence of the new culture movement went far beyond the political system and science and technology,
05:47it penetrated deeply into the spiritual world and national character of the Chinese people.
05:52Lu Sun, the literary giant of his time,
05:56became the vanguard of this ideological revolution with his works that struck straight to the heart.
06:01His Diary of a Madman uses the ritualistic metaphor of
06:05cannibalism, to profoundly expose the spiritual oppression and destruction of man by the feudal society.
06:11Through the perspective of a
06:13madman, Lu Sun calls for society's awakening and reflection on archaic customs.
06:18Immediately after that, the true story of AQ uses a humorous and pungent tone to depict the
06:24psychological state of ordinary people in that era, self-deception, numbness, blind obedience,
06:30and self-congratulation in the face of humiliation.
06:34These images profoundly reflect the inner dilemmas and cultural ailments of society at large,
06:39reminding people of the need to reflect fundamentally on the weaknesses and flaws in the national character.
06:44Kai Yuan Pei, on the other hand, as another central figure of the new culture movement,
06:50turned his attention to education itself.
06:53He proposed that the revival of the nation depended not only on institutional change,
06:58but more importantly on the cultivation of modern citizens with personality independence and spiritual freedom.
07:05Kai Yuan Pei firmly believed that only the awakening of the individual's mind and
07:09emancipation of his personality could truly promote the progress of the entire nation.
07:14This means that the transformation of the individual's mind and spiritual self-awareness is the root of social progress.
07:22The new culture movement advocated not only the spirit of science and the system of democracy,
07:27but also an all-round cultural renewal, slavery, ignorance, and self-paralysis of the profound reflection and resistance.
07:34From book clubs in the streets, to lectures in universities, to the dissemination of newspapers and magazines,
07:41the new culture movement set off an unprecedented storm of ideas.
07:46It inspired generations of Chinese people to examine their own cultural roots
07:50and to awaken their long-suppressed national self-esteem and self-awareness.
07:55This spiritual awakening, like a seed in spring, was buried deeply in the soil of the nation,
08:00waiting for its future blossoming. It laid a solid foundation for subsequent social
08:06reforms and ideological emancipation, and became an indispensable spiritual wealth in the process of
08:11China's modernization.
08:19Although the new culture movement took place a hundred years ago, its spiritual legacy,
08:24like a long lighting torch, has illuminated the long path of thought for generations to come.
08:29Today, in the lecture halls of colleges and universities, teachers and students are still
08:35enthusiastically discussing the significance of democracy and science, and exploring the path of China's modernization.
08:42The ideals of this movement have not yet been fully realized,
08:45but the seeds of thought it planted have continued to take root in the storms of the times.
08:50It has inspired generations of young people to dare to question tradition, pursue truth, and aspire to change.
08:58Whether it is the continuation of the May 4th movement, the ideological enlightenment after the founding of New China,
09:04or the cultural reflection after the reform and opening up,
09:07the spirit of the new culture movement has always been awakened at critical moments and become an important force for social progress.
09:15However, as history evolves, reflections on the limitations of the new culture movement have also emerged,
09:21as the tendency to over-Westernize overlooked the unique value of Chinese culture.
09:26How can the concepts of science and democracy achieve integration with traditional Chinese culture?
09:33These questions still provoke heated discussions among scholars and the public.
09:38As Kai Yuanpei said, freedom of thought and independence of spirit are the true soul of the nation.
09:44In today's world of globalization and informatization, these words still have far-reaching practical significance.
09:51We not only need to inherit the enlightened spirit of the new culture movement,
09:55but also need to combine it with the pulse of the times to promote the innovative and diversified development of culture.
10:02This is an ongoing cultural trial and the responsibility and mission of every generation of Chinese.
10:07Only through continuous reflection and advancement can the flames of democracy and science forever burn unceasingly on the Chinese soil.
10:24Thank you, guys.
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