What Albert Einstein's Life Teaches Us About GENIUS? Full Biography & Legacy of Albert Einstein.

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What Albert Einstein's Life Teaches Us About GENIUS? Full Biography & Legacy of Albert Einstein. Discover the incredible journey of Albert Einstein — the man who reshaped our understanding of the universe. In this full documentary-style video, we take you through the life of one of history’s greatest scientific minds. From his early childhood in Germany to his groundbreaking theories of relativity, and his impact on world history, this video explores: His early struggles in school The birth of the Theory of Relativity The Nobeon war, religion, and humanity Einstein's life in America and legacy after death Whether you're a student, science enthusiast, or simply curious about the life of a true genius, this is the most comprehensive Einstein biography on YouTube. 🔔 Don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe for more historical and science documentaries!l Prize and scientific breakthroughs. Albert Einstein biography, life of Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein full story, Albert Einstein documentary, theory of relativity, who was Albert Einstein, famous scientists, Einstein explained, science documentary, Albert Einstein facts, genius biography, scientific revolution, Nobel Prize winners, 20th century scientists,Albert Einstein untold story, life of a genius, Einstein documentary full, who was Albert Einstein, biography of Albert Einstein, science icons, genius minds in history, Albert Einstein explained, history of physics, Einstein's real life, secrets of Einstein, E=mc2 explained, Albert Einstein full biography #EinsteinExplained #BiographySeries #UntoldHistory #EinsteinQuotes #MindOfAGenius#AlbertEinstein #Biography #ScienceDocumentary #EinsteinExplained #TheoryOfRelativity #FamousScientists #GeniusMind #EinsteinLife #PhysicsLegend #InspirationalFigures #AlbertEinstein #GeniusUncovered #EinsteinDocumentary #ScienceLegends #PhysicsGenius

Transcript

00:00Have you ever wondered about the mind that shook the very foundations of physics?

00:04Albert Einstein, born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany, was that mind.

00:11He revolutionized how we perceive the universe. Einstein is famous for his theories of relativity,

00:18which transformed our understanding of space, time, and gravity. His most celebrated equation,

00:24E equals mix squared, established the relationship between mass and energy, cementing his place in

00:31history. In 1905, sometimes called his, Miracle Year, Einstein published four revolutionary papers.

00:39These included groundbreaking insights into the photoelectric effect and Brownian motion.

00:45Each paper reshaped scientific thought and laid the groundwork for modern physics.

00:50By 1915, Einstein introduced the general theory of relativity.

00:56This theory explained how mass curves spacetime, revolutionizing our comprehension of gravity.

01:02It offered new insights into the cosmos, especially during the 1919 solar eclipse when

01:08his predictions were confirmed. Einstein's journey was not just intellectual.

01:13He faced immense challenges, including fleeing Nazi Germany for the US in 1933 due to his Jewish

01:20heritage. Settling in Princeton, he continued his research at the Institute for Advanced Study.

01:27Throughout his life, Einstein's commitment to peace was unwavering.

01:32Despite advocating for nuclear weapons research during World War II, he later expressed regret,

01:38emphasizing that war should be avoided at all costs. Einstein's personal life was as complex as his

01:45scientific pursuits. He married twice, had three children, and frequently wrote heartfelt letters

01:51to family and friends, showcasing his emotional depth. His legacy transcends science.

01:58Einstein advocated for civil rights in America, condemning racism and supporting African-American

02:04equality. He was a prominent voice in humanitarian efforts and an inspiration globally. In his later

02:11years, Einstein's thoughts remained deeply philosophical. He considered himself an agnostic,

02:18believing in a pantheistic god while emphasizing humanity's need for ethical culture over religious dogma.

02:25Albert Einstein passed away on April 18, 1955, leaving a profound legacy. His work not only explained the

02:33laws of the universe but also inspired generations of scientists to dream big and question reality.

02:40If you want to dive deeper into Einstein's life and theories, subscribe to our channel for more

02:45enlightening content. The Childhood and Education of Albert Einstein

02:49Einstein's parents were secular, middle-class Jews. His father, Hermann Einstein, was originally a

02:57featherbed salesman and later ran an electrochemical factory with moderate success.

03:02His mother, the former Pauline Koch, ran the family household. He had one sister, Maria, who went by the

03:10name Maha, born two years after Albert. Einstein would write that two wonders deeply affected his early

03:17years. The first was his encounter with a compass at age five. He was mystified that invisible forces could

03:25deflect the needle. This would lead to a lifelong fascination with invisible forces.

03:32The second wonder came at age 12 when he discovered a book of geometry, which he devoured, calling it his

03:38sacred little geometry book. Einstein became deeply religious at age 12, even composing several songs in

03:45praise of God and chanting religious songs on the way to school. This began to change, however, after he read

03:52science books that contradicted his religious beliefs. This challenge to established authority left a deep

03:59and lasting impression. At the Louisville Gymnasium, Einstein often felt out of place and victimized by a

04:06Prussian-style educational system that seemed to stifle originality and creativity. One teacher even told

04:13him that he would never amount to anything. Yet another important influence on Einstein was a young medical student,

04:19Max Talmud, later Max Talmy, who often had dinner at the Einstein home. Talmud became an informal tutor,

04:28introducing Einstein to higher mathematics and philosophy. A pivotal turning point occurred when

04:34Einstein was 16 years old. Talmud had earlier introduced him to a children's science series by Aaron Bernstein,

04:41Nature Wissenschaftliche Volksbücher, 1867-68, popular books on physical science, in which the author

04:50imagined writing alongside electricity that was traveling inside a telegraph wire. Einstein then

04:56asked himself the question that would dominate his thinking for the next 10 years, what would a light

05:02beam look like if you could run alongside it? If light were a wave, then the light beam should appear

05:07stationary, like a frozen wave. Even as a child, though, he knew that stationary light waves had never been

05:14seen, so there was a paradox. Einstein also wrote his first scientific paper, at that time, the

05:22investigation of the state of ether in magnetic fields. Einstein's education was disrupted by his

05:28father's repeated failures at business. In 1894, after his company failed to get an important contract to

05:35electrify the city of Munich, Hermann Einstein moved to Milan to work with a relative. Einstein was left at

05:42a boarding house in Munich and expected to finish his education. Alone, miserable, and repelled by the

05:49looming prospect of military duty when he turned 16, Einstein ran away six months later and landed on the

05:56doorstep of his surprised parents. His parents realized the enormous problems that he faced as a school

06:02dropout and draft dodger with no employable skills. His prospects did not look promising.

06:09Fortunately, Einstein could apply to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich without a high

06:15school diploma, as long as he passed its difficult entrance exams. The school later became known as the

06:21Swiss Federal Institute of Technology after gaining university status. His marks showed that he excelled in

06:28mathematics and physics, but he failed at French, chemistry, and biology. Because of his exceptional

06:35math scores, he was allowed into the Polytechnic on the condition that he first finish his formal

06:40schooling. He went to a special high school run by Joost Wintler in Aarau, Switzerland, and graduated in

06:471896. He also renounced his German citizenship at that time. He was stateless until 1901, when he was granted

06:56Swiss citizenship. He became lifelong friends with the Wintler family, with whom he had been boarding.

07:04Wintler's daughter, Marie, was Einstein's first love. Einstein's sister, Maha, would eventually marry Wintler's

07:11son Paul, and his close friend Michelle Besso would marry their eldest daughter, Anna. Einstein would

07:18recall that his years in Zurich were some of the happiest years of his life. He met many students

07:23who would become loyal friends, such as Marcel Grossman, a mathematician, and Besso, with whom he

07:29enjoyed lengthy conversations about space and time. He also met his future wife, Maleva Maric, a fellow

07:37physics student from Serbia, from graduation to the miracle year of the scientific theories of Albert

07:43Einstein. After graduation in 1900, Einstein faced one of the greatest crises in his life. Because he

07:51studied advanced subjects on his own, he often cut classes. This earned him the animosity of some

07:57professors, especially Heinrich Weber. Unfortunately, Einstein asked Weber for a letter of recommendation.

08:04Einstein was subsequently turned down for every academic position that he applied for. He later

08:12wrote, I would have found a job long ago if Weber had not played a dishonest game with me. Meanwhile,

08:18Einstein's relationship with Maric deepened, but his parents vehemently opposed the relationship.

08:24His mother especially objected to her Serbian background, Maric's family was Eastern Orthodox Christian.

08:30Einstein defied his parents, however, and in January 1902, he and Maric even had a child,

08:38Lieserl, whose fate is unknown. It is commonly thought that she died of scarlet fever or was given

08:44up for adoption. In 1902, Einstein reached perhaps the lowest point in his life. He could not marry Maric

08:52and support a family without a job, and his father's business went bankrupt. Desperate and unemployed,

08:59Einstein took lowly jobs tutoring children, but he was fired from even these jobs.

09:05The turning point came later that year, when the father of his lifelong friend Marcel Grossman was

09:10able to recommend him for a position as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern. About then,

09:17Einstein's father became seriously ill and, just before he died, gave his blessing for his son to marry Maric.

09:23For years, Einstein would experience enormous sadness remembering that his father had died,

09:30thinking him a failure. With a small but steady income for the first time, Einstein felt confident

09:36enough to marry Maric, which he did on January 6, 1903. Their children, Hans Albert and Eduard,

09:44were born in Bern in 1904 and 1910, respectively. In hindsight, Einstein's job at the patent office

09:52was a blessing. He would quickly finish analyzing patent applications, leaving him time to daydream

09:58about the vision that had obsessed him since he was 16. What would happen if you raced alongside a

10:04light beam? While at the Polytechnic School, he had studied Maxwell's equations, which described the

10:10nature of light, and discovered a fact unknown to James Clerk Maxwell himself, namely, that the speed

10:17of light remains the same no matter how fast one moves. This violates Newton's laws of motion, however,

10:24because there is no absolute velocity in Isaac Newton's theory. This insight led Einstein to formulate

10:30the principle of relativity. The speed of light is a constant in any inertial frame, constantly moving

10:37frame. During 1905, often called Einstein's, miracle year, he published four papers in the

10:43Analon der Physik, each of which would alter the course of modern physics. 1. Über einen

10:49der Zeugung und Verwandlung der Lichts betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt, on a heuristic viewpoint

10:56concerning the production and transformation of light, in which Einstein applied the quantum theory

11:01to light in order to explain the photoelectric effect. If light occurs in tiny packets, later

11:08called photons, then it should knock out electrons in a metal in a precise way.

11:122. Über die von der Molekulärkinetischen Theorie der Warme geforderte bewaging von in Ruhenden

11:19Flüssigkeit und Suspendiärten Teilchen, on the movement of small particles suspended in stationary

11:25liquids required by the molecular kinetic theory of heat, in which Einstein offered the first

11:31experimental proof of the existence of atoms. By analyzing the motion of tiny particles

11:37suspended in still water, called Brownian motion, he could calculate the size of the jostling

11:42atoms and Avogadro's number, see Avogadro's Law. 3. Zer-Electrodynamic Bewerder Korper,

11:49on the electrodynamics of moving bodies, in which Einstein laid out the mathematical theory

11:55of special relativity. 4. First die Trigheit eines Korpers von Sinem Energieinhalt

12:01abongig, does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy content, submitted almost as an

12:07afterthought, which showed that relativity theory led to the equation E equals m². This provided the

12:13first mechanism to explain the sun's energy source and other stars. Einstein also submitted a paper in

12:201905 for his doctorate. Other scientists, especially Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz,

12:27had pieces of the theory of special relativity, but Einstein was the first to assemble the whole theory

12:33and to realize that it was a universal law of nature, not a curious figment of motion in the ether,

12:39as Poincaré and Lorentz had thought. In one private letter to Mileva, Einstein referred to,

12:45our theory, which has led some to speculate that she was a co-founder of relativity theory.

12:52However, Mileva abandoned physics after failing her graduate exams twice,

12:57and there is no record of her involvement in developing relativity.

13:00In his 1905 paper, Einstein only credits his conversations with Besso in developing relativity.

13:08In the 19th century, there were two pillars of physics, Newton's laws of motion and Maxwell's theory

13:14of light. Einstein was alone in realizing that they were in contradiction and that one of them must

13:20fall, general relativity and the teaching career of Albert Einstein. At first Einstein's 1905 papers

13:27were ignored by the physics community. This began to change after he received the attention of just one

13:34physicist, perhaps the most influential physicist of his generation, Max Planck, the founder of the

13:40quantum theory. Soon, owing to Planck's laudatory comments and to experiments that gradually confirmed

13:47his theories, Einstein was invited to lecture at international meetings, such as the Solvay conferences,

13:53and he rose rapidly in the academic world. He was offered a series of positions at increasingly

13:59prestigious institutions, including the University of Zurich, the University of Prague, the Swiss Federal

14:05Institute of Technology, and finally the University of Berlin, where he served as director of the Kaiser

14:11Wilhelm Institute for Physics from 1913 to 1933. Although the opening of the institute was delayed until

14:191917. Even as his fame spread, Einstein's marriage was falling apart. He was constantly on the road,

14:28speaking at international conferences, and lost in contemplation of relativity. The couple argued

14:34frequently about their children and their meager finances. Convinced that his marriage was doomed,

14:40Einstein began an affair with a cousin, Elsa Lowenthal, whom he later married. Elsa was a first cousin on his

14:48mother's side and a second cousin on his father's side. When he finally divorced Mileva in 1919, he agreed

14:54to give her the money he might receive if he ever won a Nobel Prize. One of the deep thoughts that consumed

15:01Einstein from 1905 to 1915 was a crucial flaw in his own theory, it made no mention of gravitation or

15:08acceleration. His friend Paul Ehrenfest had noticed a curious fact. If a disk is spinning, its rim travels

15:16faster than its center, and hence, by special relativity, meter sticks placed on its circumference

15:22should shrink. This meant that Euclidean plane geometry must fail for the disk. For the next 10

15:29years, Einstein would be absorbed with formulating a theory of gravity in terms of the curvature of

15:35space-time. To Einstein, Newton's gravitational force was actually a by-product of a deeper reality,

15:42the bending of the fabric of space and time. In November 1915, Einstein finally completed the

15:49general theory of relativity, which he considered to be his masterpiece. In the summer of 1915,

15:56Einstein had given six two-hour lectures at the University of Göttingen that thoroughly explained

16:01an incomplete version of general relativity that lacked a few necessary mathematical details.

16:07Much to Einstein's consternation, the mathematician David Hilbert, who had organized the lectures at his

16:13university and had been corresponding with Einstein, then completed these details and submitted a paper in

16:19November on general relativity just five days before Einstein, as if the theory were his own.

16:26Later they patched up their differences and remained friends. Einstein would write to Hilbert,

16:31I struggled against a resulting sense of bitterness, and I did so with complete success.

16:37I once more think of you in unclouded friendship and would ask you to try to do likewise toward me.

16:43Today physicists refer to the action from which the equations are derived as the Einstein-Hilbert action,

16:48but the theory itself is attributed solely to Einstein. Einstein was convinced that general

16:54relativity was correct because of its mathematical beauty and because it accurately predicted the

17:00precession of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit around the Sun. See Mercury. Mercury in tests of

17:06relativity. His theory also predicted a measurable deflection of light around the Sun. As a consequence,

17:13he even offered to help fund an expedition to measure the deflection of starlight during an eclipse of

17:19the Sun. World-renowned and a Nobel Prize winner. Einstein's work was interrupted by World War I and a

17:26lifelong pacifist. He was one of only four intellectuals in Germany to sign a manifesto opposing

17:32Germany's entry into war. Disgusted, he called nationalism, the measles of mankind. He would write,

17:39at such a time as this, one realizes what a sorry species of animal one belongs to.

17:45In the chaos unleashed after the war, in November 1918, radical students seized control of the

17:51University of Berlin and held the rector of the college and several professors hostage.

17:57Many feared that calling in the police to release the officials would result in a tragic confrontation.

18:03Einstein, because he was respected by both students and faculty,

18:07was the logical candidate to mediate this crisis.

18:11Together with Max Born, Einstein brokered a compromise that resolved it.

18:16After the war, two expeditions were sent to test Einstein's prediction of deflected starlight near the

18:22Sun. One set sail for the island of Principe, off the coast of West Africa, and the other to

18:28Sabral in northern Brazil in order to observe the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919.

18:34On November 6, the results were announced in London at a joint meeting of the Royal Society

18:40and the Royal Astronomical Society.

18:43Nobel laureate J.J. Thompson, president of the Royal Society, stated,

18:48The headline of the Times of London read,

18:50Revolution in Science, New Theory of the Universe, Newton's Ideas Overthrown,

18:56Momentous Pronouncement, Space, Warp.

18:58Almost immediately, Einstein became a world-renowned physicist, the successor to Isaac Newton.

19:06Invitations came pouring in for him to speak around the world.

19:10In 1921, Einstein began the first of several world tours, visiting the United States, England,

19:17Japan, and France. Everywhere he went, the crowds numbered in the thousands.

19:22On route from Japan, he received word that he had received the Nobel Prize for physics,

19:29but for the photoelectric effect rather than for his relativity theories.

19:33During his acceptance speech, Einstein startled the audience by speaking about relativity instead

19:39of the photoelectric effect. Einstein also launched the new science of cosmology.

19:45His equations predicted that the universe is dynamic, expanding, or contracting.

19:50This contradicted the prevailing view that the universe was static, so he reluctantly introduced

19:56a cosmological term to stabilize his model of the universe.

20:01In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble found that the universe was indeed expanding, thereby confirming

20:07Einstein's earlier work.

20:09In 1930, in a visit to the Mount Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles, Einstein met with Hubble and declared

20:17the cosmological constant to be his greatest blunder. Recent satellite data, however, have shown that

20:23the cosmological constant is probably not zero but dominates the matter-energy content of the entire

20:29universe. Einstein's blunder apparently determines the ultimate fate of the universe.

20:36During that same visit to California, Einstein was asked to appear alongside the comic actor Charlie

20:42Chaplin during the Hollywood debut of the film City Lights.

20:46When they were mobbed by thousands, Chaplin remarked,

20:49The people applaud me because everybody understands me, and they applaud you because no one understands

20:55you. Einstein asked Chaplin, What does it all mean?

20:59Chaplin replied, Nothing.

21:01Einstein also began correspondences with other influential thinkers during this period.

21:06He corresponded with Sigmund Freud, both of them had sons with mental problems, on whether war

21:12was intrinsic to humanity. He discussed with the Indian mystic Rabindranath Tagore whether

21:18consciousness can affect existence. One journalist remarked, It was interesting to see them together,

21:25Tagore, the poet with the head of a thinker, and Einstein, the thinker with the head of a poet.

21:31It seemed to an observer as though two planets were engaged in a chat.

21:34Einstein also clarified his religious views, stating that he believed there was an old one,

21:41who was the ultimate lawgiver. He wrote that he did not believe in a personal god that intervened

21:47in human affairs but instead believed in the god of the 17th century Dutch Jewish philosopher

21:52Benedict de Spinoza, the god of harmony and beauty. His task, he believed, was to formulate a

21:59master theory that would allow him to read the mind of God. He would write, I'm not an atheist,

22:04and I don't think I can call myself a pantheist. We are in the position of a little child entering

22:11a huge library filled with books in many different languages. Increased professional

22:15isolation and death. Although Einstein continued to pioneer many key developments in general

22:21relativity, such as wormholes, higher dimensions, the possibility of time travel, the existence of

22:28black holes, and the creation of the universe. He became increasingly isolated from the rest of the

22:33physics community. Due to the enormous advances made by quantum theory in uncovering the secrets

22:39of atoms and molecules, most physicists worked on quantum theory, not relativity. Einstein engaged in

22:47a series of historic private debates with Niels Bohr, creator of the Bohr model of the atom.

22:53Through a series of sophisticated, thought experiments, Einstein attempted to find logical inconsistencies

22:59in quantum theory, particularly its lack of a deterministic mechanism. Einstein often said that,

23:06God does not play dice with the universe. In 1935, Einstein's most famous attack on quantum theory

23:13led to the EPR, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen, thought experiment. According to quantum theory, under certain

23:21circumstances, two electrons separated by enormous distances would have their properties linked,

23:27as if they were an umbilical cord. Under these circumstances, if the properties of the first

23:33electron were measured, the state of the second would be known instantaneously, at a speed greater

23:38than the speed of light. This conclusion, according to Einstein, clearly violated relativity.

23:45Experiments conducted since then have confirmed that quantum theory, not Einstein, was right about the

23:51EPR experiment. Essentially, what Einstein had shown was that quantum mechanics is non-local,

23:58that is, that random information can travel faster than light. This does not violate relativity,

24:04because information is random and therefore useless. The other reason for Einstein's growing

24:09estrangement from his colleagues was his obsession, beginning in 1925, with discovering a unified field

24:16theory. A comprehensive theory that would unify the forces of the universe, and thus the laws of physics,

24:23within a single framework. In his later years, he stopped opposing quantum theory and tried to

24:29incorporate it, along with light and gravity, into a broader unified field theory. Little by little,

24:36Einstein settled into his old ways. He rarely traveled far, limiting himself to long walks around

24:43Princeton with those close to him, with whom he engaged in deep conversations about politics,

24:48religion, physics, and his unified field theory. In 1950, he published an article on his theory in

24:56Scientific American, but because it ignored the still mysterious strong nuclear force, it was

25:01necessarily incomplete. When he died five years later from an aortic aneurysm, it remained unfinished.

25:08Nazi backlash and coming to America. Inevitably, Einstein's fame and the great success of his

25:15theories created a backlash. The rising Nazi movement found a convenient target in relativity,

25:21branding it, Jewish physics, and sponsoring conferences and book burnings to denounce Einstein and his

25:27theories. The Nazis enlisted other physicists, including Nobel laureates Philip Leonard and Johannes

25:34Stark to denounce Einstein. One Hundred Authors Against Einstein was published in 1931.

25:42When asked to comment on this denunciation of relativity by so many scientists,

25:46Einstein replied that to defeat relativity, one did not need the word of 100 scientists, just one fact.

25:54In December 1932, Einstein decided to leave Germany forever, he would never go back.

26:01It became obvious to Einstein that his life was in danger. A Nazi organization published a magazine

26:08with Einstein's picture and the caption, not yet hanged, on the cover. There was even a price on his

26:14head. So great was the threat that Einstein split with his pacifist friends and said that it was justified

26:20to defend yourself with arms against Nazi aggression. To Einstein, pacifism was not an absolute concept,

26:28but one that had to be re-examined depending on the magnitude of the threat. Einstein settled at

26:33the newly formed Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey, which soon became a mecca for

26:39physicists from around the world. Newspaper articles declared that the Pope of Physics had left Germany

26:46and that Princeton had become the new Vatican, personal sorrow, World War II, and the atomic bomb.

26:53The 1930s were hard years for Einstein. His son Eduard was diagnosed with schizophrenia and suffered a

27:00mental breakdown in 1930. Eduard would be institutionalized for the rest of his life.

27:07Einstein's close friend, physicist Paul Ehrenfest, who helped in the development of general relativity,

27:13committed suicide in 1933. And Einstein's beloved wife, Elsa, died in 1936.

27:21The true story of Oppenheimer and the atomic bomb. Robert Oppenheimer became involved in nuclear

27:30research in 1941. His biopic, Oppenheimer, was released in 2023. To his horror, during the late 1930s,

27:41physicists began seriously to consider whether his equation E equals mc squared might make an atomic

27:46bomb possible. In 1920, Einstein himself had considered but eventually dismissed the possibility.

27:54However, he left it open if a method could be found to magnify the power of the atom.

28:00Then, in 1938-39, Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Lise Meitner, and Otto Frisch showed that the

28:08splitting of the uranium atom could unleash vast amounts of energy. The news electrified the physics

28:14community. In July 1939, physicist Leo Szilard convinced Einstein that he should send a letter

28:21to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt urging him to develop an atomic bomb. With Einstein's guidance,

28:29Szilard drafted a letter on August 2 that Einstein signed, and the document was delivered to Roosevelt

28:34by one of his economic advisers, Alexander Sachs, on October 11. Roosevelt wrote back on October 19,

28:42informing Einstein that he had organized the uranium committee to study the issue.

28:47Einstein was granted permanent residency in the United States in 1935 and became an American citizen

28:54in 1940, although he chose to retain his Swiss citizenship. During the war, Einstein's colleagues

29:01were asked to journey to the desert town of Los Alamos, New Mexico, to develop the first atomic bomb for

29:07the Manhattan Project. Einstein, the man whose equation had set the whole effort into motion,

29:13was never asked to participate. Voluminous Declassified Federal Bureau of Investigation

29:19files, numbering several thousand, reveal the reason. The U.S. government feared Einstein's

29:26lifelong association with peace and socialist organizations. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover went

29:33so far as to recommend that Einstein be kept out of America by the Alien Exclusion Act, but he was

29:39overruled by the U.S. State Department. Instead, during the war, Einstein was asked to help the U.S. Navy

29:46evaluate designs for future weapons systems. Einstein also helped the war effort by auctioning off

29:53priceless personal manuscripts. In particular, a handwritten copy of his 1905 paper on special

29:59relativity was sold for $6.5 million. It is now located in the Library of Congress. Einstein was

30:07on vacation when he heard the news that an atomic bomb had been dropped on Japan. Almost immediately,

30:14he was part of an international effort to try to bring the atomic bomb under control,

30:19forming the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists. Albert Einstein with children

30:24from the Reception Shelter of United Services for New Americans on his 70th birthday. Albert Einstein

30:36greeting children from the Reception Shelter of United Services for New Americans in New York City

30:41at his home in Princeton, New Jersey. The physics community split on whether to build a hydrogen bomb.

30:49J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the atomic bomb project, was stripped of his security clearance

30:55for having suspected leftist associations. Einstein backed Oppenheimer and opposed the development of

31:01the hydrogen bomb, instead calling for international controls on the spread of nuclear technology.

31:08Einstein was also increasingly drawn to anti-war activities and to advancing the civil rights of

31:13African Americans. In 1952, David Ben-Gurion, Israel's premier, offered Einstein the post of President of

31:22Israel. Einstein, a prominent figure in the Zionist movement, respectfully declined the legacy of Albert

31:29Einstein. In a sense, Einstein, rather than being a relic, may have been too far ahead of his time.

31:35The strong force, a key element of any unified field theory, remained a complete mystery during

31:42Einstein's lifetime. Only in the 1970s and 1980s did physicists begin to unravel the secret of the

31:50strong force with the quark model. However, Einstein's work continues to earn Nobel Prizes for subsequent

31:57physicists. In 1993, a Nobel Prize was awarded to the discoverers of gravitational waves, predicted by

32:04Einstein. In 1995, a Nobel Prize was awarded to the discoverers of Bose-Einstein condensates, a new

32:12form of matter that can exist at extremely low temperatures. Known black holes now number in the

32:19thousands. New generations of space satellites have continued to verify Einstein's cosmology.

32:26And many leading physicists are attempting to complete Einstein's ultimate dream, a theory of

32:32everything. Michio Kaku, Michio Kaku, author of the biography of Albert Einstein, is published in the

32:38Encyclopedia Britannica. Einstein wrote the section on space-time for the 13th edition of the Encyclopedia

32:45Britannica. See the Encyclopedia Britannica classic, space-time. Welcome to our channel. Disclaimer,

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