- 6/19/2025
In this episode, John Elefteriades operates on the heart of a "dead" patient whose brain is preserved in a cold-temperature blood in a 38-minute time window. Lance Becker states that the death process or the decay process "is slowed down in the cold setting. When the temperature comes down, the cells don't need as much oxygen. They don't metabolize as much."
In 2001, Robert Lanza used frozen cells to resurrect an extinct Southeast Asian ox called a gaur using an American cow as a surrogate mother.
In the United States, it is difficult to obtain funding for research into human cloning.
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#resurrectthedead
In 2001, Robert Lanza used frozen cells to resurrect an extinct Southeast Asian ox called a gaur using an American cow as a surrogate mother.
In the United States, it is difficult to obtain funding for research into human cloning.
Thanks for watching. Follow for more videos.
#cosmosspacescience
#throughthewormhole
#season3
#episode6
#cosmology
#astronomy
#spacetime
#spacescience
#space
#nasa
#spacedocumentary
#morganfreeman
#resurrectthedead
Category
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LearningTranscript
00:01Death will someday come for us all.
00:07But are the dead really gone forever?
00:11Advances in medicine and bold leaps in computer science
00:15may soon allow the dead to walk the earth again.
00:20Or survive in some other strange new form.
00:24Can we resurrect the dead?
00:30Space. Time. Life itself.
00:37The secrets of the cosmos lie through the wormhole.
00:55Death is our ultimate destination.
00:59A place from which no one ever returns.
01:04But what if death was not the end?
01:06We each have a genetic blueprint.
01:09One that science can now read.
01:12Soon it may be possible to reproduce my body after I die.
01:17But what about the lifetime of knowledge and experience contained in here?
01:22Will we ever have the tools to raise body and soul from the dead?
01:28All of us must eventually come face to face with death.
01:38No matter how hard we wish to hold on to someone we love,
01:42sometimes we just have to let go.
01:45I had a dog I loved to go exploring with.
01:49But worms had eaten away at his heart.
01:54The pain of saying goodbye forever cuts deep.
02:11But it is unavoidable.
02:13Or is it?
02:18Or is it?
02:20This patient is dead.
02:34He has no heartbeat, no respiration, no blood flowing through his heart.
02:40But today, he will be brought back to life by this man.
02:47Heart surgeon John Elefteriades of Yale New Haven Hospital.
02:53John regularly kills his patients, then resurrects them.
02:58Once I got to medical school and residency,
03:03heart surgery was the only thing I ever wanted to do.
03:06At that time, it was kind of like being a fighter pilot within medicine,
03:11if you know what I mean.
03:12It was exploring the frontiers.
03:14It was high risk.
03:17John still flies at the edge of the surgical horizon.
03:22Today, he's trying to repair a severely damaged heart.
03:26A heart that can't be fixed while blood flows through it.
03:35The heart must be shut down.
03:37But doing so will cut off the blood supply to the patient's brain,
03:41starving it of oxygen.
03:46John needs 45 minutes to operate.
03:50At normal temperatures, the brain will begin to die after just five minutes.
03:57John's radical solution is to freeze the patient into a state of suspended animation.
04:03The brain doesn't tolerate more than a momentary interruption of blood flow.
04:11If the interruption of blood flow goes beyond several minutes,
04:14then the brain cells start to die.
04:17And that's where the protection of low temperature gives us the opportunity to protect the very vulnerable brain.
04:26The patient's warm blood has been drained from his body,
04:30run through a bypass machine filled with ice,
04:33then pumped back through his veins and arteries.
04:36This has gradually cooled him down to 18 degrees centigrade, 55 Fahrenheit.
04:46The activity of his cells and neurons cannot be measured.
04:50If you had a general practitioner or a cardiologist or somebody come in and use the regular criteria for life or death,
05:03all the criteria for death would be fulfilled.
05:06At this point, the heart-lung machine and the respirator, the devices that keep him alive, are shut off.
05:15No breathing.
05:16No blood pumping.
05:18A condition virtually identical to death.
05:25John has 45 minutes to operate in safety.
05:29After an hour, brain damage will set in.
05:33Now, his decades of experience come into play.
05:37We're still in suspended animation.
05:40So we've got 15 minutes to go for take, Steve.
05:47Finally, John and his team manage to complete the repairs with seven minutes to spare.
05:55The patient has been virtually dead for 38 minutes.
06:00They slowly bring back life support, returning him to the land of the living with no damage
06:05to the brain.
06:08Each and every day, I'm amazed that this can be done.
06:15The definition of death has changed, really, and death is death when it's permanent.
06:20But those criteria in this very, very special high-technology scenario of suspended animation
06:28or deep hypothalamic arrest, those criteria for death don't really apply.
06:34But can we bring life back to those who die in less controlled situations?
06:45Lance Becker is the director of the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Resuscitation Science.
06:51He believes the key to resurrection is buried deep within our cells.
06:57Well, what we've known for just literally thousands of years is that if you keep meat cold, it keeps longer.
07:06The decay process, which is actually that death process, all of those things are slowed down in the cold setting.
07:17When the temperature comes down, the cells don't need as much oxygen.
07:22They don't metabolize as much.
07:24And they essentially sort of go into slow-mo hibernation style.
07:30Your body is made of tens of trillions of living cells.
07:36Regulatory genes tell these cells how to behave.
07:40Think of them as the cell's operating system.
07:44At the end of a cell's life, the genes produce destructive enzymes that tear the cell apart.
07:51Every day, roughly 50 billion of your cells die.
08:01When something goes very wrong, say you suffer a cardiac arrest, the injured cells sound an alarm,
08:10telling their healthy neighbors it's time to die.
08:15This sets off a wave of cellular suicide that spreads rapidly across the body.
08:20We don't die by accident.
08:25There's biological programming that actually controls the way we die.
08:35And in that programming is the opportunity for modifying that program so that we can alter the outcome.
08:44Bring someone back to life.
08:48To find out what triggers the death program, Lance took healthy cells and starved them of oxygen.
08:56He expected most of the cells to die and the survivors to flourish when oxygen was restored.
09:05So what I found was the opposite of what we thought we would find,
09:09which is the cells without oxygen just sort of laid there.
09:15They didn't do anything, but they didn't die.
09:18But what happened was when we re-oxygenated those cells, that's when cell death occurred.
09:25So it is a little bit ironic that oxygen, the molecule that we love and that we live with,
09:32becomes the molecule that drives death.
09:36Somehow, reintroducing oxygen into cells triggers the death signal that causes them to commit mass suicide.
09:48Freezing seems to interrupt this process.
09:52Lance pressed on, knowing that if he found the death signal's source,
09:57he might be able to stop it from transmitting without the need for freezing.
10:02As we began to ask ourselves, what could explain this sort of bizarre behavior,
10:08we started seeing cellular pathways.
10:12All of the paths led us to the organelle inside our cells that we call the mitochondria.
10:19Mitochondria lie deep within every single cell of your body.
10:26They take the food you eat and the oxygen you breathe and convert them into chemical energy.
10:32In some ways, it's a little bit like a nuclear power plant.
10:38And you know how in a nuclear power plant, there are rods that come together and they produce the heat.
10:45And if you don't control that process, you end up with Chernobyl.
10:49What happens is, after one mitochondria goes nuclear,
10:54it starts to trigger a chain reaction that amplifies the death signal.
11:00That death signal can be spread throughout the body.
11:06Lance and his team suspect we might be able to stop this chain reaction
11:11by poisoning our mitochondria with sulfide, cyanide, and carbon monoxide.
11:19A finely calibrated dose of these toxins might disarm the death signal.
11:24It will be quicker than freezing, and it could reverse a cellular meltdown.
11:32So ideally, what we'd like to do is we'd like to get a few of those molecules on board
11:38as we're beginning to bring oxygen back to the patient.
11:41We think we can restart that mitochondria, have it convert back to producing energy instead of producing death.
11:53These treatments are still highly experimental.
11:57But if doctors can silence the death signal,
12:00it may soon be commonplace to revive the dying and the recently dead.
12:07Medical science has already proven that the dead can live again under a very controlled set of circumstances.
12:14But can it take us further?
12:18What if we could grow the dead back to life?
12:23Imagine how much richer humanity might be if we could raise Einstein or Mozart from the grave.
12:31Or how much it would mean to us personally if we could bring back the loved ones we have lost.
12:40It may be possible.
12:43Cloning has opened up a new road to resurrection.
12:48But should we take it?
12:52Bob Lanza was born into a working-class Boston family.
12:56Today, he owns an island in Massachusetts and lives in a sprawling compound that's part house, part natural history museum.
13:05These are the fruits of a career in biotechnology.
13:11Here's a brontosaurus femur.
13:13One of the first things people ask me when they come into the houses is,
13:16Bob, are you going to clone that?
13:17And I tell them, you can't clone from stone.
13:18You need a living cell.
13:20Over the last decade, Bob has successfully cloned mice, cows, cats, dogs, figs, sheep, and horses.
13:32In 2001, he used frozen cells to successfully resurrect an extinct Southeast Asian ox called Agawa, using an American cow as a surrogate mother.
13:46Everyone said, no, that won't work.
13:48You can't clone one species using the egg from another one.
13:51And I said, no, no, no, if we do it and it's close enough, we should get it to work.
13:54So I actually took skin cells from the Gower and I actually put the DNA into an ordinary cow egg.
13:59And then we created these beautiful little Gower embryos and we shipped them off to Iowa, where they were implanted into an ordinary cow.
14:06And it turns out that 10 months later, we had this beautiful little baby Gower that was born, looked like a little baby reindeer, just adorable.
14:14But where Bob sees beauty, others see monstrosity.
14:19Opponents of cloning say he's playing God.
14:23Bob doesn't see it that way.
14:26Cloning really isn't all that unusual.
14:28For thousands of years, people have been cloning plants.
14:31You can actually start by taking a clipping from a plant and get some of the genetic material and then add a little nutrients, get it to root and to basically clone an entire new organism.
14:49Humanity has mastered the cloning of plants and we are now working our way through the animal kingdom.
14:57Could we someday take the DNA of dead people and bring their bodies back to life?
15:02Can we cultivate a garden of resurrected humans?
15:06Imagine a world where a woman could bring back her deceased husband by giving birth to him.
15:16Or a man could bring back his mother and raise her as his daughter.
15:21If we have a living cell of a dead person, certainly we could, in theory, clone that individual.
15:28We published a paper about a year or two ago where we showed we can actually now create human embryos that are genetically identical to a normal embryo.
15:38The only way you would really know whether you could clone a human being is to actually implant that embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother.
15:46Of course, we cannot implant those, that would be considered unethical, so it's unclear whether or not they would give rise to a human being.
15:52Society has vehemently rejected reproductive human cloning.
15:59In this climate, it is extremely difficult for geneticists to obtain funding for their research.
16:07There is also a shortage of material.
16:10So one of the problems with human cloning is the supply of eggs.
16:13So with a mouse or a cow, we can get literally hundreds if not thousands of eggs.
16:17We can go to the slaughterhouse, for instance, and get them for a dollar each and get thousands of these cow eggs.
16:22With the humans, it took us over a year just to get five eggs.
16:26Even if you had the eggs, it could take hundreds of pregnancies to perfect human cloning.
16:33A process that could result in scores of babies with horrific genetic damage.
16:40It would be very much like if you wanted to clone your child, it would be like sending them up in a rocket with a 50-50 chance it would blow up.
16:47In most of the world, cloning humans is not illegal.
16:52One day, a rogue scientist will pull it off.
16:57But cloning a person is not the same as duplicating a person.
17:03A lot of people, you know, who have their pets, they want to often clone them and they want Fluffy back.
17:12And what I tell them is you're not going to get Fluffy back.
17:14As a matter of fact, we actually cloned entire herds of cows from a single cell from the same animal.
17:19And they develop a whole hierarchy just like we do in humans.
17:22So you have timid cows and aggressive cows and they're all clones.
17:26So they develop their own behavioral patterns.
17:28So the environment has a very profound impact on your development.
17:33Let's say we decide to take DNA from Einstein's hair and grow some new Einsteins.
17:41Those clones would not be the man who wrote E equals MC squared.
17:47Each would have a unique personality shaped by his environment.
17:54Clones are like identical twins born years apart.
17:58They may be similar, but they will not be the same.
18:05Perhaps the key to life after death is not to grow an entirely new body,
18:09but to resurrect the one you have.
18:16At the moment, our society does not permit human cloning.
18:21But that could change.
18:23In the meantime, biotechnologists have another trick up their sleeves.
18:29Resurrecting people piece by piece.
18:33It's an approach that could transform medical science
18:36and blur the line between life and death.
18:43The revolution begins here in a laboratory at the University of Minnesota.
18:49This is where Dr. Doris Taylor breathes life back into the dead.
18:55I just want to change the world.
18:57I want to change the world for people with disease.
18:59I also have a brother who's chronically ill,
19:02and that's probably influenced everything I've done in my life.
19:08Doris is changing the world by growing new body parts from the shells of old ones.
19:13She takes organs from cadavers and reanimates them,
19:17using a method drawn from an unlikely source.
19:19architecture.
19:20The bricks in a building are just like the cells in an organ, different kinds, different shapes.
19:35And they make rooms, and the rooms are like the chambers of a heart.
19:39They're connected by doorways, like the valves.
19:43They have hallways, like the arteries and veins.
19:46Essentially, you can think of an organ just like you think of a building.
19:52Just as buildings can be rebuilt brick by brick,
19:56Doris believes bodies can be rebuilt cell by cell.
20:01In building construction, they use a scaffold, like you see here,
20:06to essentially provide access to otherwise inaccessible areas
20:12and to create a framework for what they're going to build.
20:15We essentially do the same thing in the laboratory with an organ.
20:19We create a framework on which we can put cells.
20:24Doris reanimates major organs, including livers, lungs, and hearts.
20:31This is a ghost heart.
20:36This is essentially the framework or scaffold on which the cells sit.
20:41And by washing out all the cells, what we have left is a scaffold
20:47that we can repopulate with cells to now build a new organ.
20:52So essentially, this scaffold is what tells cells
20:57how to join together and become a heart.
20:59What happens when you put fresh cells into a decellularized heart?
21:08This.
21:10A modern miracle.
21:12Right now, if you need a body part, you face the grim prospect of organ rejection.
21:17But Doris' replacement organs, hearts, kidneys, and livers will be tailor-made for your body.
21:28We'll take an organ from a pig, strip all the cells, take your stem cells, put them in that organ, and build something that matches you.
21:38So, if Doris and her team can bring hearts and livers back from the dead, could they also reanimate a human brain?
21:47Now, could we build a cluster of neurons and glial cells and everything that looks like part of a brain or a brain?
21:58I have no doubt that one day we'll be able to do that.
22:01Can we resurrect you and who you are, your personality?
22:08I don't think we know how to do that yet.
22:10It's more likely this technology will be used to replace damaged sections of the brain, perhaps even extending its life beyond the rest of the body.
22:22But can we go even further?
22:25As we die, could we have our brains transplanted into healthy donor bodies?
22:32I suspect the biggest challenge to a brain transplant is keeping it alive during the time of removing it from an individual and all the connections that would have to be recapitulated in a transplanted individual.
22:56Because unlike the heart, it's not just about hooking up the blood supply, it'd also be about hooking up the spinal cord, hooking up all the nerves.
23:06I can't imagine how we could make all those connections in a timely way that maintain function.
23:16But do we even need to have physical brains?
23:19The key to resurrection is to restore what fundamentally makes us unique, the contents of our minds.
23:31As technology advances, the prospect of copying our brains becomes more and more likely.
23:38Bringing the dead back to life may just be a matter of combining the right zeros and ones.
23:49Our lives are continually monitored by technology.
23:54Almost everything we do leaves a digital trail.
23:59This immense library of information may still exist long after we die.
24:05If we gathered up a lifetime of these digital footprints, could we use them to bring someone back from the dead?
24:13These students could be the first humans to rise from the dead.
24:25They call themselves extreme life loggers.
24:30And they are digitally archiving their existence.
24:33Everything they see and hear, wherever they go, whomever they are with, how fast their hearts beat, even how much they sweat, it's all recorded onto hard drives at Dublin City University.
24:50This is the brainchild of search engine specialist, Cathal Gurren.
24:57Hey, how did it go?
24:58Very well.
24:59It was fun.
25:00How about the weather?
25:01A bit cold?
25:02A bit cold.
25:03You got the devices?
25:04We can have a look?
25:05Yes, my...
25:06Accelerometer.
25:07Yes, accelerometer.
25:08Yes, my accelerometer.
25:09Oh, thank you.
25:10And the camera?
25:11That's my camera.
25:12Great.
25:13Thanks.
25:14Let's have a look.
25:15Cathal has recorded his own life for five and a half years.
25:18So far, he has gathered over eight and a half million images and sensor readings.
25:25So here's, for example, a typical day in my life on the 10th of November.
25:29Here you can see what I did on that day.
25:31I got up in the morning, I made breakfast, I went to my office, I worked pretty much all of the day with a coffee break,
25:38and then driving home at night, going via a restaurant on the way.
25:42The software we have has managed to take about 3,000 pictures on that day,
25:47and summarize them down into this collection of about 30 pictures.
25:52Cathal is creating an auxiliary memory.
25:57Something that can be searched when his biological memory fails him.
26:02Preserved in a medium far more accurate than the human brain.
26:07When you're faced with this kind of data about your life, your life in the past,
26:12then you start to identify times you make mistakes in your memory.
26:15It becomes very apparent when you remember an event in the past,
26:18and you go back to look at it, the differences in the reality versus what you actually see itself.
26:23And that's where a life log can really help you to identify the truth about what's happened in the past,
26:27not just your memory's version of it, which we know from research that will have inaccuracies,
26:32will have flaws in that memory.
26:34Anyone who's spent time on social networking sites knows that a basic form of life logging is already practiced by millions of people,
26:45anxious to share their every passing thought, no matter how trivial.
26:50It's estimated that humanity today generates more data in two days than it produced in all of history up to the year 2003.
27:03And this data stream is expected to increase exponentially in the future.
27:09Extreme life logging will add an enormous amount of new imagery and data to the vast amount that already floods the Internet.
27:17We will typically capture at least a million photographs a year for an individual person.
27:22So that's an incredibly huge data set to be handled by a search engine.
27:26And that's one of the issues about life logging that we are trying to solve in this research.
27:31How to handle a million photographs a year for people, how to handle many hundreds of millions of sensor values,
27:36make sense of this, organise this, and take this enormous quantity of big, big data about people
27:42and make it usable and easy for the people to access their content from within that archive.
27:49Cathal and his students are creating backup drives for their entire life's experience.
27:56Black boxes of the mind.
27:59Someday, we might all have these personal life recorders, initially to enhance our memories.
28:07But after death, our survivors could take our blank boxes and hand them over for uploading.
28:16Essentially, memory defines us.
28:18A person's personality is based on their memories and their experiences over time.
28:22By gathering all this type of data, we were able to hopefully in the future recreate that person's personality in the digital memory.
28:30Be able to recreate how that person reacts to certain stimulus in the environment,
28:33how that person reacts to interactions with other people.
28:36We'd be able to take the digital memory data, and by enhancing our artificial intelligence algorithms and search engines right now,
28:42be able to recreate a fairly good representation of that person's personality from the digital memory.
28:48This would not create a perfect mirror of the mind, but it would reflect the stuff our minds are attracted to.
28:56A computer algorithm would sort through your likes and dislikes and extrapolate a personality based on your experiences.
29:05Cathal's route to resurrection might bring something similar to you back to life.
29:12But is there a way to exactly recreate your inner self?
29:17This man says yes.
29:22We just need the right tools for the job.
29:26Your mind is the product of a hundred trillion neural connections in your brain.
29:38This dense pattern is you.
29:42And when the brain dies, you die.
29:47What if we could separate the contents of our minds from our brains?
29:52If we could pull the essence of who you are out of the fragile biology of your brain,
29:59and put it into another container, you could live again.
30:05By day, Ken Hayworth is a neuroscientist at a prestigious Massachusetts University.
30:15In his off hours, he runs the Brain Preservation Foundation, which looks for ways to resurrect our minds after death.
30:24I want to see the future, and death is preventing that.
30:28But if we can preserve and map our brains, we can get there.
30:33The wiring of your brain is like this train track.
30:44Only the total length of wires in your brain is actually billions of times longer than the length of this toy track.
30:52And the number of switching points in your brain numbers in the hundreds of trillions.
30:58We call this set of wires and switches in a human brain, the connectome.
31:05The connectome is the seat of all of our memory, and it is the generator of our thought and our consciousness.
31:12If we could copy this set of trillions of connections, we could recreate you even after your body has died.
31:25The way to rescue all the information held in the connectome, Ken says, is to treat the brain like a computer.
31:36So this is a dead computer. It's way out of date. It has a burned out motherboard, and there's really essentially nothing I can do to repair this computer.
31:48And I'm really sad about that because this particular computer has all my wedding photographs, my PhD thesis, and I'm going to just toss it in the trash and lose it forever.
31:58But of course that that's not true. Those pieces of information are stored digitally on this hard drive, and I can copy that information onto another hard drive.
32:10Now what I'm saying is that neuroscience has told us that we, in essence, are digital information stored in the synaptic connections within our brain.
32:21If we preserve that brain at our death, then that information that makes us unique, all of those memories, they're not lost.
32:32And they can be potentially brought back just the same way digital information can be brought back by putting it in a new computer.
32:40Software is physically written onto a hard drive. Make an exact copy of a drive, and you have an exact copy of the information it contains.
32:52Ken believes all the information in your brain can also be copied and stored.
32:58All you have to do to preserve the connectome's trillions of neural connections is to copy the brain's hardware, one slice at a time.
33:09Ken's brain scanning assembly line would work like this.
33:14At the moment of death, the brain is extracted and preserved in plastic.
33:20The brain is then chopped by a heated diamond knife into 20 micron cubes, 40,000 times thinner than a human hair.
33:31These tiny slices are sliced again, a thousand times thinner, then scanned by ion beams.
33:39The process is repeated millions of times until the entire brain is digitized.
33:46It is technology that exists today. We map small bits of neural tissue at this ultimate resolution already.
33:56The resolution is so high that we cannot only see the connections between neurons.
34:03We can also determine their strength and type.
34:07Once we have the ability to map a human brain, and once we have the knowledge of how that generates a human mind,
34:16we will be able to simulate that brain in a computer substrate and bring that individual back to life inside of a computer simulation.
34:31Mapping the human mind today would require an enormously expensive Apollo-sized project.
34:39But as technology gets cheaper, that could change.
34:43So, whereas it's tens of billions of dollars today to map a whole human mind,
34:50it will be thousands of dollars a hundred years from now.
34:54Anybody that wants to get to that future technology just a hundred years from now can get their brain preserved.
35:03Imagine the future in which every hospital is equipped to preserve your brain if you dip near death.
35:11Thousands of brains, sliced and scanned, will be ready to form a new population of the formerly dead.
35:20That person's brain, that's sitting there on the shelf for the last hundred years,
35:25can be taken off, sliced, imaged, and downloaded into a computer simulation.
35:32And that person wakes up like they were in a long sleep.
35:39And if we live on as digital copies of ourselves, what then?
35:46What would life be like as a computer program?
35:49How would we relate to each other?
35:51Could we bear to live without physical sensation?
35:55To bring back a brain and just leave it in some computer without legs, without arms, without eyes.
36:05Of course, that would be an experience worse than death.
36:10Resurrecting the mind may not be enough.
36:13To truly live again, we will want to see the world around us and touch the ones we love.
36:18The challenges of restoring a mind to a biological body seem insurmountable.
36:25But there is another option.
36:27Perhaps we could build new bodies to carry our resurrected minds.
36:33Robot bodies.
36:35Like these.
36:37Some day, we may be able to preserve our minds.
36:46But our resurrection will be incomplete if we don't have bodies.
36:50Not these fragile bags of chemicals, but perfect replicas of ourselves that never age.
36:57And can be constantly upgraded.
37:00Robot vessels to carry our digitized minds.
37:04Think of it.
37:06In Japan, robots are a part of daily life.
37:22Most of them work in factories and don't look too different from the machines they build.
37:27But Japan also leads the world in building androids that straddle the line between humans
37:34and machines.
37:39If Hiroshi Ishiguro has his way, the world of the future will be filled with replicants so realistic,
37:46you can't tell them apart from flesh and blood people.
37:51My goal is not just to develop the android or robot.
37:54But, you know, honestly speaking, I am quite interested in the human itself.
38:00And, well, so I would say, you know, my goal is to understand what is a human.
38:07Hiroshi's lab tests how much or how little humanity androids need to be accepted by humans.
38:18They have produced a line of robots ranging from neo-human to these almost impressionistic creatures.
38:27I thought I got some ideas.
38:29What is an important factor for human-robot interactions?
38:32And then I have decided to develop the kind of a minimal humans.
38:41The Elfoid robots have a bare minimum of human characteristics.
38:46Yet, people are able to relate to them.
38:49In the future, this might be the low-budget option for your robot body.
38:55It's simple, but it does the job.
39:02For now, the Elfoid is remote controlled, like all of Hiroshi's robots.
39:07Software reads the facial expressions of the operator and transmits them to tiny actuators under the android's synthetic skin.
39:17These mimic human facial muscles.
39:29At the other end of the ladder are the Geminoids, meant to mirror humans as closely as possible.
39:36The Geminoids are replicas of real people.
39:42Imagine a body like this, loaded with the contents of your digitized mind.
39:48Or perhaps your disembodied consciousness would operate the android from a mainframe,
39:53just as these robots are controlled from a distance.
39:57Hiroshi is already working on the technology to connect our minds to the androids.
40:07If possible, we want to connect the operator brain to the android directly.
40:12It's a brain-machine interface, right?
40:14So, and now we are studying about that.
40:19If Hiroshi does perfect the brain-machine interface, he will probably first test it on himself.
40:26Or more precisely, his replicant.
40:31Yeah, yeah, he's restarting, restarting. Okay.
40:34Okay, how's it?
40:35Yeah, welcome, welcome back.
40:37Okay.
40:39No, it's okay? Can you look at me?
40:41Yes.
40:42All right.
40:43Hiroshi often sends his doppelganger to other countries to represent him,
40:47or to teach classes that he's too busy to attend in the flesh.
40:52How do people respond to me?
40:55Well, maybe in the first contact, they're a bit nervous, but, you know,
41:01once, as you know, once you start to talk, they can concentrate on the conversation.
41:09Hiroshi has essentially created a robot version of himself.
41:14And the better his hardware gets, the more his androids pass for real people.
41:20It already happens, you know, it depends on the situation, right?
41:24You know, the people cannot define which is which.
41:27The Geminot F is an android so lifelike it has performed on stage in plays.
41:33But its inventor is never satisfied.
41:36That is not enough.
41:38That we can improve more.
41:39Like, for example, that we can give more human-like facial expressions.
41:44And if we want, you know, we can make it work.
41:47Thank you for answering my questions, Professor.
41:50You're welcome.
41:51You're welcome.
41:52This could be the future face of the living dead.
41:55Not decaying corpses, but smooth silicon flesh.
42:00Robots carrying the minds of our long-lost loved ones.
42:04Someday, we want to replace the whole body with a machine.
42:08Then, we want to see what is the last part of the human.
42:18The day when we never have to say goodbye may soon be at hand.
42:23But what would it be like to see your dead grandmother again living inside a synthetic body?
42:31Would she still be the woman you knew?
42:36We won't know until it happens.
42:39The human race may one day be filled with new and unfamiliar ethnic groups.
42:45The people next door might be the robotic undead.
42:49And the great divide in society would be between those who have lived only once
42:56and those who are on their second or fifth body.
43:00The Albacaffes yn angstores and the insats and them adhesives in society with rly.
43:03To stopperutono.com and fire you can see those who can do their identity in society.
43:05You're going to come back to the body.
43:06Everybody!
43:10Thank you for thanks for joining our special Downского Islander.
43:12Find your love you to find the МарNathes!
43:17All black unexpl imitate.
43:19Everybody!
43:20How about public$199atres.
43:25And make new to power on earth?
43:29We're gonna get new to the world.
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