- 19/06/2025
Documentary, Ice Age Giants S01E03 Last of the Giants
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00:00Two and a half million years ago, life on planet Earth faced the dawn of a new era.
00:21The Ice Age.
00:23Now we can go back in time, because out of the permafrost, from deep inside caves, and from
00:41hostile deserts, the astonishing remains of giant animals are emerging.
00:48How amazing to be one of the first people to see this ancient creature.
00:57The Ice Age was the last time such creatures would walk the Earth.
01:05A lost Eden with mammoths taller than any elephant, cats with seven inch teeth, and some of the strangest beasts that have ever existed.
01:19I'm fascinated by what the remains of ancient animals can tell us about them and the world that they lived in.
01:28Using new scientific advances, we can reveal how they lived and why they died out.
01:35Come with me, back to the Ice Age.
01:50A world ruled by giants.
01:52For tens of thousands of years, ice had covered half of North America and much of Europe.
02:09Huge swathes of the Northern Hemisphere had been locked in deep freeze.
02:10Then, around 18,000 years ago, the ice had covered half of North America and much of Europe.
02:26a great thaw began.
02:27At last, the Ice Age was releasing its grip.
02:29From Siberia to Scotland, from Alaska to the Hudson Bay, the ice sheets went in to retreat.
02:30Water, warmth and life returned to the landscape.
02:31The ice had been destroyed.
02:32The ice had been destroyed.
02:33The ice had been destroyed.
02:34The ice had been destroyed.
02:35The ice had been destroyed.
02:36The ice had been destroyed.
02:37The ice had been destroyed.
02:38Then, around 18,000 years ago, a great thaw began.
02:42At last, the Ice Age was releasing its grip.
02:48from siberia to scotland from alaska to the hudson bay the ice sheets went into retreat
02:56water warmth and life returned to the landscape
03:07even after thousands of years of brutal cold the world was still home to millions of spectacular
03:15giants mighty columbian mammoths migrated across the coastal plains of california
03:27saber-toothed cats were on the prowl from los angeles to miami
03:45woolly mammoths and woolly rhinos roamed the steppes of siberia
04:04giant armored glyptodonts basked in the arizona swamps
04:16the future for the megafauna seemed bright
04:23so why do none of these spectacular giants roam our world today
04:29in the northern hemisphere the continent which saw most extinctions was this one north america for
04:51hundreds of thousands of years huge animals had roamed across this land they've long since
04:57disappeared the causes of those extinctions have sparked fierce debate it's a difficult mystery to
05:04unravel but the remains of the megafauna themselves hold clues to their demise
05:10these ancient remains have a story to tell if you know where to look
05:28one of the most poignant cases is that of a mother
05:32this is the university of michigan museum of natural history home to some remarkable animals
05:42and the stories of their lives and deaths encapsulate this mystery these are mastodons extinct relatives of
05:52elephants and mammoths and this one is a female her name is a wasso
06:02a wasso was one of the last surviving mastodons
06:06and she is so special because hidden deep inside her tusks she kept a secret recording of her tumultuous life
06:22dan fisher is the world's expert tusk decoder
06:30so what can you tell about the life of one of these animals by looking at his tusks
06:35one of the most basic things you can tell is its age you can count the years in the tusk
06:40this is the tip of the tusk of a male mastodon i've cut it here and even on the rough cut surface you
06:48can see very clearly these years each dark light couplet represents one year of life that's fantastic
06:54just to be able to see that with a naked eye isn't it you can also tell things like the condition of the
07:00animal uh how it was responding to its environment to the food that was available to it because good
07:06years good times when there's plenty of food are represented by thicker rings hard times are
07:12represented by thinner layers
07:17by analyzing her tusks dan can tell when a mother was pregnant and even when she was suckling her baby
07:25a wasto is 13. she's just had her first calf
07:41he will rely on her milk for at least two years
07:48and what can you tell about your water's life what's those reproductive life began with a
07:59successful calving interval she had that first calf no problem but after that she lost calf after calf
08:07a sequence of three that died apparently as soon as they were born
08:19a wasto is feeding quietly she's just lost her third calf
08:27is she a bad mother or a victim of her times
08:37she's just lost her third calf
08:41to find out i need to discover what was happening as the ice disappeared
08:49and how it affected the ice age giants
08:52grisly discoveries made in hope avenue in tennessee may hold a clue
09:14behind its finely clipped hedges and manicured lawns
09:18this immaculate neighborhood hides a terrible secret
09:26excavations for a new golf course beyond the garden's edge
09:31uncovered the dismembered remains of three mastodons
09:43and now a major archaeological dig is underway
09:48and alongside the bones john brewster and mike waters unearthed telltale signs
09:58of a new breed of predator
10:02down into the hennessy river
10:09they had come to north america from asia around 15 000 years ago
10:14the first americans
10:28there was around six or eight tools found with the mastodons one of the main ones is called a blade
10:34and it's a long cutting tool made out of flint and was probably used to cut and strip meat with
10:41another tool called gravers and they have these very sharp tips
10:46these points were created so that they could score bone with it so they could split bone and turn
10:52the bones actually into tools that was a very important aspect of butchery was to get the bones as well as the mead
10:59so it seems that early americans could skillfully cut up a mastodon carcass but were they actually killing them
11:11the team kept looking for clues
11:12when we were removing the ribs of the mastodon underneath the ribs was the tip of a bone projectile point
11:22probably spear point uh used to kill the mastodon so then we knew for sure that it had been killed
11:28versus actually scavenged or something like this hope avenue isn't alone another famous mastodon find
11:38from the same period at the manis site preserved the murder weapon still embedded in its victim
11:51the mastodon rib was scanned
11:56the image reveals a spearhead penetrating about two and a half centimeters into the bone
12:03a 3d reconstruction reveals that the tip broke off during impact
12:18the bone projectile point that was found at the manis site would have looked something like this
12:36now what we did is we took a sample of the tip end of the bone point uh ran dna analysis on it and
12:42the dna analysis showed that it was made of mastodon bone
12:46so this indicated that at least one other mastodon had been hunted by these people
12:50and that they'd taken the bone you know from the mastodon and fashioned a bone projectile point from
12:58other sites in north america tell a similar story of early humans hunting and butchering mastodons and
13:07other ice age giants evidence that seems to implicate humans in the extinction of the megafauna
13:15it's tempting to think of those first americans as rampaging across the continent going on a massive
13:24killing spree but there were only small numbers of hunter gatherers in this vast landscape and we now
13:32know that the megafauna survived for thousands of years after humans first arrived here so that leaves us
13:40looking for another threat to the survival of the megafauna
13:58around the same time as the animals went extinct
14:01there were cataclysmic changes to the environment
14:09some of the greatest ice sheets the world has ever known were melting
14:15and as the world warmed up the thaw posed a great danger to the survivors of the ice age
14:35the evidence isn't hard to find it's scoured into the landscapes of northwest america
14:51and this has to be the best way to appreciate it
14:54climbing this rock i can almost feel the colossal forces that surged through here oh 14 000 years ago
15:14this is certainly tougher than it licked from the bottom but i'm hoping
15:17it's all going to be worth it when i get to the top and i can look out at this view
15:27before the breakup of the ice there was no canyon here
15:37just endlessly rolling hills full of life
15:40but something demolished that idyllic landscape
16:11oh that's incredible just look at that
16:17this is frenchman coolie part of the channeled scab lands of washington state and i've just climbed up
16:23one of the gigantic basalt columns which forms the side of this huge gouge in the landscape which itself
16:31was created by phenomenally destructive natural forces
16:36the frenchman coolie puzzled geologists for decades
16:44with its distinctive square profile sheer cliffs and flat bottom
16:53with no sign of there ever having been a river here
16:58what could have carved out a canyon like this
17:02this 50 miles north there are vast bowls at the feet of huge cliffs
17:12signs of an enormous ancient waterfall over three times the size of niagara
17:19this is evidence of an earth-shattering mega flood
17:32so where did all the water come from
17:4115 000 years ago to the east there stood an incredible natural structure more than a mile tall
17:50an ice dam
17:55a glacier holding back a vast lake of meltwater with a volume of 500 cubic miles
18:06this was glacial lake missoula
18:09during the depths of the ice age the dam held fast
18:20but as it got warmer you can guess what happened
18:23the resulting flood was more than 10 times the combined flow of all the rivers in the world today
18:44the raging waters were a hundred meters deep racing along at 65 miles per hour
18:55the flood carried boulders trees and the carcasses of any animals caught in its path
19:01on its way to the pacific it gouged out a gaping wound in the landscape through idaho oregon and washington
19:14and it wasn't just one flood
19:25over 2000 years as the ice age relinquished its grip the ice repeatedly retreated and advanced
19:33with every melt there was another flood
19:43wreaking destruction and creating chaos
19:46geologists believe there were over a hundred mega floods
20:00the devastation unleashed by the flood from glacial lake missoula was immense the landscape still looks
20:18ruined today it was a catastrophic event on a massive scale that spelled the end for any animals in its path
20:29enormous meltwater floods like these occurred right around the northern hemisphere
20:39but away from these scenes of destruction animals would have been safe
20:48as catastrophic as these events were it seems unlikely that it was mega floods that killed off the ice age giants
21:01whatever caused their extinction must have been something on an even larger scale
21:10there's one possibility
21:11the wider impact of that huge shift in climate
21:21the ice age had created very different landscapes to what we see today
21:25on the dry grass plains of siberia woolly mammoths and woolly rhinos are grazing
21:45both are supremely adapted to the unique cold yet sunny ice age environment
21:51the double layered woolly coats keep them warm
21:59both depend on a diet mainly consisting of grass
22:03and both require a vast amount of food every day
22:10something that the sunny open steps are perfectly able to provide
22:19the aÃ
22:22woolly mammoths and rhinoceros did they just live in a different age
22:26they evolved to thrive in a habitat
22:29which just doesn't exist anywhere today
22:32they were the kings of the mammoth step
22:34a unique ice age environment a vast dry grassland
22:40which once stretched almost around the world
22:42from northern Europe across Siberia all the way to Alaska the dry cold conditions of the ice age
22:56created this unique habitat a paradise for the mega herbivores
23:12even in the depths of winter there was very little snow to cover the grass
23:33but as the ice age drew to a close the world didn't simply get warmer
23:42the meltdown also brought with it wet weather gone with a clear blue skies that had fostered
23:52the spread of the great mammoth step and the gathering rain clouds and snow clouds posed a
23:58great threat to the ice age mega herbivores it seems like a paradox but there's evidence that
24:10as the ice retreated it snowed more heavily than it had done for thousands of years
24:17the changing conditions allowed trees to return to the north
24:25the vast grasslands of the ice age gave way to forest and boggy tundra
24:36and in winter everything disappeared under a lethal white blanket
24:49without snowshoes trudging through this deep snow is really difficult
25:05for a large animal it would be a struggle moving around in this landscape
25:11a struggle finding feed and you'd never know where the next attack was going to come from
25:17you just imagine how exhausting and nerve-wracking that could be
25:21the deep snow is a particular problem for the woolly rhinoceros
25:38this young female is desperately searching for food she's exhausted her short legs can't carry her any
25:51further
25:52the last evidence we have of woolly rhinoceros dates to about 14,000 years ago in Siberia
26:05it seems they just couldn't cope with that dramatic climate change the habitat shrank and finally
26:12disappeared and when the steppe went so did they
26:16climate change now hit habitats right across the northern hemisphere but in quite different ways
26:25on my journey through ice age America I encountered the strangest mammal I had ever seen
26:35today its remains are found scattered in the Arizona desert
26:42how amazing to be one of the first people to see ancient creature
26:50but the glyptodont wasn't a desert loving animal it was a creature of the swamp
26:57during the ice age the vast American ice sheet diverted the rain south
27:10turning desert into wetland and creating the ideal home for these mammals
27:16but during the thaw the rains move north turning the southern swamps into the deserts we see today
27:31the end for these mighty beasts
27:38could climate change also explain the disappearance of other great mammals of the ice age
28:00such as mastodons
28:07evidence is now emerging across the eastern United States
28:15in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia
28:23paleontologists are unearthing bones the remains of mastodons that died during this period of most intense climate change
28:30what we have here is fossils from the end of the ice age here at Saltville we have mammoths we have mastodons right here behind me is a mastodon
28:38tusk that they are excavating
28:45we have a gravel layer that represents an old river bed and right above that are these clay deposits from an old lake bed as well
28:53so we get these two different time frames represented from the very end of the ice age
29:08the most valuable clues are these giant pieces of jaw complete with teeth
29:23mastodons teeth were a key part of what made them such successful animals
29:30inside their mouths are mountainous molars
29:37superb munching tools designed to mangle trees and grind up shrubs
29:47mastodons were particularly fond of the spruce woodlands that once dominated this part of America
29:57mastodon teeth like these hold clues as to how they responded when their food supply dwindled
30:18trace elements within the teeth reveal where an animal foraged during its lifetime
30:26as climate change kicked in some mastodons were migrating large distances to find their favorite food
30:56we're getting a glimpse of how mastodon's lives were disrupted as their worlds changed
31:07but is there any evidence that they were under threat of extinction
31:14one thing that might help is these
31:26surprising new research on bison in kansas is revealing the scale of the north american extinctions
31:36remarkably these bison have helped scientists to find clues in the landscape
31:49which revealed just how many giant mammals once roamed these lands
31:54and precisely when they disappeared
32:09bison are america's largest surviving species of ice age mammal
32:13and here they're protected in their favorite environment
32:20Kendra McLaughlin studies a microscopic fungus called sporomyella
32:28which leaves its spores in the dung of large herbivores like bison
32:34even though the dung rots away the spores are extremely tough and persist in the soil
32:45we can trap some of those spores passively in our traps
32:50and the idea is that we can measure how many spores are in the traps
32:56and get an idea of how many grazers are on the landscape
32:59the number of spores is a good indicator of the size of animal populations
33:11the same fungus grew in the dung of ice age giants
33:16and its spores are still found in soil dating from that time
33:24the spores reveal what happened to whole populations of giant mammals
33:29at the end of the ice age
33:36ice age soil samples from California to New York were analyzed
33:42they revealed that 18,000 years ago the soil was full of spores
33:50the giants were thriving
33:57but around 14,000 years ago the spores almost disappeared
34:03the sign of a massive population crash
34:08the big question is
34:13was this crash caused by changes in climate and environment?
34:24as well as containing spores
34:26the soil samples preserved a record of the vegetation
34:32the vegetation did indeed change
34:45but after the crash of giant mammals
34:49so if climate change wasn't responsible for the crash
34:54there's one more piece to this puzzle
35:09the last mastodons hold a dark secret
35:13amongst their remains
35:17Dan Fisher has identified a number of bones
35:20which tell a harrowing story
35:23and this is another female mastodon
35:26so this is a female
35:28it's one we call Eldridge
35:30and she has this very pronounced area of trauma
35:34to the front of her skull
35:36the skull has been broken
35:39but the bony regrowth shows that she recovered from this assault
35:49and there's more evidence of violence
35:53these are parts of the skeleton that was recovered from a female known as Powers
35:59so this is all the same individual?
36:02all the same individual
36:03there's much more of her
36:04but these are a few of her skeletal parts that display unusual sorts of injuries
36:11her injuries are horrific
36:16her neck vertebrae have been shattered
36:22but on this animal
36:24the perpetrator has left its calling card
36:28in her shoulder blade
36:32there's a deep puncture
36:34the shape of the hole
36:36tells Dan exactly what the weapon was
36:40a tusk
36:42I think this is evidence for a mastodon attacking another mastodon
36:47as unusual as that sounds
36:49that's what the nature of the damage suggests
36:53what could possibly lead mastodons into attacking each other?
37:14mastodon surviving cousins modern elephants may provide an answer
37:18this herd is made up of adult females and their young
37:28as the cows come into season
37:30a mature dominant bull joins them for mating
37:34his presence suppresses the sexual behaviour of younger males
37:40today though magnificent bull elephants are frequently targeted by hunters and poachers
37:52for their huge tusks
37:54and this has a devastating impact
37:58if dominant males are absent
38:02the younger testosterone pumped males
38:06go on the rampage
38:08often with tragic consequences for the breeding females
38:12the butchered skull of a mastodon male
38:24Dan believes that as with elephants today
38:28the large bulls were targeted
38:30so we've got some very disparate specimens here Dan
38:36some showing evidence of injury
38:38mastodon or mastodon
38:40one here showing evidence of human interaction
38:42in the form of butchery
38:44is there something which you think links all of this together?
38:48I think there is
38:50when we look early in the almost 3,000 years of human mastodon interaction
38:54that we have recorded in this region
38:56we see for instance
38:58a predominance of
39:00focusing of this hunting activity
39:02on mature adult males
39:04perhaps because they were solitary individuals
39:08and easier to surprise
39:10easier to ambush
39:12that focusing of hunting activity
39:14on mature adult males
39:16would have gradually depleted those from populations
39:20Dan's theory
39:22is that simply killing off the mature bulls
39:24destabilized mastodon herds
39:28helping to drive them to extinction
39:40Awosso has a new calf
39:42a little female
39:44two young bulls approach
39:54they are full of testosterone
39:58they are full of testosterone
40:00and lay herself open to attack
40:02a few weeks later
40:10she is still limping
40:12and her calf
40:14is dying
40:16is dying
40:18a wild animal
40:20is dying
40:22a wild animal
40:24and her calf
40:26She's still limping, and her calf is nowhere to be seen.
40:38Owosso died when she was 29 years old,
40:41middle-aged for a mastodon.
40:48From her tusks, we know that three of her four calves
40:53must have died close to birth.
40:56Only one survived past weaning.
41:00It's a story of tragic loss,
41:03and Owosso was one of the last of her species.
41:09So from your research, do you think we finally have an answer
41:13as to why these animals went extinct?
41:17What I see is a very slow-motion process,
41:22a very long-term pattern of change.
41:25I don't think humans doing this would have necessarily
41:28even been aware of the very long-term consequences of their actions,
41:33because for so long, the world was more or less as it had been.
41:38For so long, there were the same animals,
41:41and I'm sure they felt they depended on these animals,
41:44they could continue this hunting activity that had been so successful for so long.
41:50But what we can see from our perspective is what happened finally,
41:54finally.
41:55And it was these very long-term consequences of the hunting behavior that in the end spelled extinction.
42:03It was just one animal, but her story illustrates the plight of her whole species.
42:14It seems that the early Americans didn't have to slaughter entire herds of mastodon to have an impact.
42:21Instead, over thousands of years, there may have been just enough hunting and scavenging by humans
42:28to be unsustainable, to seal the fate of those giant mammals.
42:33Megafauna were especially vulnerable to such hunting for a very particular reason.
42:50Populations of huge, slow-breeding animals just can't cope with even limited hunting over such a long period of time.
43:00The effect of human predation was to spread like a ripple through the populations of giant mammals.
43:12Around the same time, other giants, such as Colombian mammoths, also went extinct.
43:30The disappearance of giant predators like the sabre-teethed cat, though, seems more puzzling.
43:38Humans didn't hunt them.
43:40But once the large herbivores were in trouble, the future for anything that preyed on them was precarious.
43:48This predator of the ice age is built to bring down large animals.
43:58But she lacks the agility and endurance to hunt smaller, swifter prey.
44:04With her main source of food gone, she'll struggle to feed her cubs.
44:10It's a complicated story and undoubtedly some species were affected by the changing climate more than others.
44:30But now, perhaps more than ever, it seems that humans really were to blame for the extinction of so many North American animals at the end of the last ice age.
44:44Though the true giants didn't make it, many other large animals did.
45:00And their biology may explain why.
45:04Unlike mammoths and mastodons, elk are prolific breeders.
45:23Bison give birth to new calves each year, and can also migrate.
45:32Bison give birth to new calves.
45:34Adaptability combined with rapid reproduction probably helped both species survive.
45:45Another good survival strategy is to run away.
45:54Pronghorn antelope are some of the fastest creatures on Earth.
46:02Back in the ice age, they had to run from giant predators.
46:06Now they're on the lookout for an attack that will never come.
46:16Perhaps their speed and agility kept enough of them safe from the spears of early human hunters as well.
46:23For the animals who preferred the cold, there was one other means of escape.
46:39As ice retreated north, they moved with it.
46:43The Arctic became a refuge for species like musk oxen and reindeer.
46:55And another animal that until recently survived in the north, was the most iconic giant of them all.
47:17The woolly mammoth almost made it to the present day.
47:31And scientists have recently been investigating what could have been their last stronghold.
47:35Mammoth expert Dan Fisher joined an expedition to a remote island off the north coast of Siberia in the Arctic Ocean, Wrangel Island.
47:4780 miles north of the Siberian mainland, this mystical island is rarely visited.
48:07The Russian authorities give it maximum protection.
48:19Scientists are now amongst the very few humans allowed to land here.
48:27Wrangel Island is an important place to come for the study of mammoths,
48:31because it's the place where the last population survived.
48:35The last mammoths, before they finally went extinct, lived here.
48:39And we'd like to study them to learn about the sorts of ecological stresses
48:44that they were experiencing in their last millennia, centuries, decades even, if that's possible.
48:52Wrangel is unique.
48:54On the southern side of the island are some sheltered valleys with their own special microclimate.
49:03Here, a lost Ice Age habitat still survives.
49:10The closest thing to the mammoth steppe, where Ice Age animals still roam.
49:24Woolly mammoths lived here so recently, you can drive around and find their bones lying on the ground.
49:36Well, but not so bad.
49:40It's not long before Dan and the team start to uncover mammoth remains.
49:45A magnificent tusk, untouched for thousands of years.
49:58It's very shallow.
50:04And another.
50:06Dan can't help but start to read its record.
50:10Winter time, winter time, winter time.
50:14This is how much it grew in one year.
50:20Within a few days, the team finds the remains of 65 animals.
50:27But it soon becomes apparent that something is different about these mammoths.
50:33Their bones are all small.
50:35The last mammoths on the planet weren't giants.
50:46In this, their final island refuge, they were becoming dwarfs.
50:51It's 2000 BC.
51:05The pyramids are being built in Egypt.
51:08And here on Wrangel Island, a herd of woolly mammoths is migrating into the mountains.
51:12They're retreating from a new predator, one which poses a great danger to them.
51:23Humans have recently arrived on the south coast of the island.
51:28Though they died out thousands of years ago, some believe that these may not be the last mammoths to live on planet Earth.
51:49Permafrost has preserved some incredible new specimens.
52:02Complete with flesh, fur, and even bone marrow.
52:11And right now, scientists are hoping to extract their DNA.
52:26Genetic technology may mean that it's possible to clone a woolly mammoth.
52:47We could be on the brink of being able to resurrect Ice Age species.
52:56Personally, I'd rather imagine them as they were back in the Ice Age,
53:06roaming free on the steppes.
53:13But in a way, and by accident, humans have already saved many Ice Age species from extinction.
53:26This is the Camargue in France, where herds of white horses roam free, living as their ancestors did back in the Ice Age.
53:49Horses evolved in North America millions of years ago.
53:54They were a global success story, spreading out right across the world.
54:15Some even made it to Africa, where they became zebras.
54:19But as the Ice Age ended, horses suffered badly.
54:24They died out completely in their ancestral home.
54:29Horses went extinct in America.
54:33But in Europe and Asia, they survived.
54:37In a very few places, it's still possible to see why.
54:40In a very few places, it's still possible to see why.
54:58Animals like these are some of the most amazing survivors of the Ice Age.
55:12Not just because they survived all those horrendous shifts in climate and the depredations,
55:17but because they finally took an incredible step, which would ensure their survival.
55:28Every autumn, a very special event takes place here.
55:32The brown foals, which until now have roamed free, are about to take a massive step that will change their destiny.
55:47They're rounded up to be separated from their white mothers, ready to be tamed and trained as working horses.
56:01These foals are about to be domesticated.
56:12As our ancestors transformed themselves from hunter-gatherers to farmers at the end of the last Ice Age,
56:18horses made that leap with us.
56:21It's almost as though they made a pact with us.
56:23Suddenly, their value is transformed from not being just prey.
56:27They entered into a partnership where they gave us their labour in exchange for food and care.
56:35Horses are amongst a few species of large animals which survived beyond the Ice Age by teaming up with people.
56:53They're almost no longer the same.
57:05Domesticated Ice Age animals helped us humans create the modern civilisations of today.
57:12we're getting a glimpse into the wild past of this magnificent animal that played such
57:24a huge part in the story of the other great ice age survivor us
57:32but as these magnificent horses thunder past we can imagine for a moment what their lost
57:40ice age world was like in all its majesty
57:45a time when the mighty ice age giants ruled the world
58:10we head behind the sun and the surf of australia's coastal cities next on bbc2 the final episode
58:33sees simon reeve head from the gold coast to melbourne via sydney and don't miss our late
58:38film at 10 30 the harrowing adaptation of cormac mccarthy's award-winning novel the road starring
58:44vigo mortensen
58:45you
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53:40
55:29
55:29
55:29
28:49
55:29
58:19
4:51
4:54