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EngrSajjad
  • 6/18/2025
Transcript
00:00Hello everyone, welcome to this fundamental and exciting lecture series on biomolecules.
00:08This lecture series will cover most of the important topics included in the biomolecules
00:18category. As we know that biomolecules form the chemical basis of life, this course will
00:26cover the detailed structure, classification, and biological roles of the most essential
00:31molecules found in the living systems. The major categories we will explore include carbohydrates,
00:40lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, then we will also move toward the
00:47vitamins and other topics included in the biomolecules. First of all, we will study
00:58about the carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are one of the most abundant molecules in nature and are
01:05primary source of energy for many organisms. We will classify them into monosaccharides,
01:12oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides, like glucose, are the simplest of the sugars.
01:23Then we will study about the oligosaccharides and their biological linkages. Oligosaccharides are
01:30short chains, often involved in the signaling and the cell recognition. Then we will also study
01:38about the polysaccharides and their complex structures. Polysaccharides, such as the starch
01:44and glycogen, act as a storage form of glucose in plants and animals respectively. And we will study
01:52about them in detail. We know that starch serves as a long-term energy storage carbohydrate in the plants,
02:03which is primarily found in the tubulars and the grains. We will also study about the glycogen as the
02:12main energy reserve in the animals. Glycogen is mainly found in the liver and muscles, which function
02:20as the animal equivalent of starch. We will also study about the cell cellulose as a structural component
02:29polysaccharide in the plant cell walls. Cellulose is the major structural polysaccharide in plants
02:36and is indigestible by the humans. So, we will study the detailed structure of cellulose and its functions.
02:46We will also study about the cell wall polysaccharides in providing rigidity and the sports.
02:52Some of the other cell wall polysaccharides work alongside the cellulose to give plants rigidity, elasticity
03:04and the resistance. So, we will also link together both of these concepts and will have a comprehensive study
03:11about the carbohydrates. Then we will dive into the study of lipids.
03:22Lipids are basically hydrophobic molecules that serve multiple purposes in the biology.
03:29We will classify lipids into simple like the triglycerides and the compound lipids like
03:37phospholipids and we will also study about the derived lipids, for example steroids.
03:45We will then move toward the biological importance of lipids in energy storage and insulation.
03:50Lipids are the dense energy storage stores which provide more energy per gram than the carbohydrates.
03:59In addition to storage, they insulate and protect organs in the animals.
04:07Then we will also study about the significance of lipids in forming biological membranes.
04:12Phospholipids by layers form the foundation of cellular membranes which contribute to selective permeability.
04:23And we will study about them in detail also.
04:28Then we will study about the role of lipids in transport mechanism across the membranes.
04:33Lipids also help in transport of molecules across the membranes via passive and active membranes which
04:40will be studied in detail in the coming slides.
04:46Then we will move toward the amino acids which is a major component classification of the biomolecules.
04:52We will classify the amino acids based on their polarity, their structure and their nutritional needs.
05:03Then we will study the physical properties of the amino acids such as the solubility, melting point,
05:11optical activity, for example chirality which depend on the R group or the S group configuration.
05:18We see that chemically, amino acids exist as zoetorines in the aqua solution and can
05:27participate in acid-base reactions. So, we will study the chemical properties including the zoetorine
05:34formation and the reaction with the acid-R bases. We will study about the biological importance of
05:43amino acids in protein synthesis and metabolism. Biologically, amino acids are involved in the
05:50protein synthesis and are precursors for many metabolic compounds such as the neutral transmitters
05:59and the hormones. So, that will be studied in detail in the amino acid section.
06:05The next major type of the biomolecule is the protein. Proteins are basically classified into simple
06:16which have only amino acids. Then there will be conjugated proteins which are combined with the
06:24non-protein parts and there will be derived proteins in which the product of partial hydrolysis will be
06:30obtained. Proteins display various physical and chemical properties including solubility,
06:39molecular weight and susceptibility to denaturing under heat or pH. So, to study that we will study the
06:47physical and chemical properties such as denaturing and the solubility. Their biological function
06:55function includes acting as enzymes, structural units, antibodies, transport molecules and many more.
07:04So, we will study about the biological significance of proteins in the enzymes, hormones and some of the
07:11structural components. Understanding protein structure is very essential. The primary structure is
07:21the amino acid sequence. The secondary structure is the folding which includes alpha helices and beta sheets.
07:30Then there will be the tertiary structure which is the full 3D shape or conformation and there will be
07:37quaternary structure which involves interaction of multiple subunits and the form multi-unit
07:45organization of the proteins. So, that will be studied in the protein section.
07:52Then we will move toward the nucleic acid. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotide units,
07:59each containing a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. So, its chemical composition will
08:06be studied in detail. Then we will study about the structure of DNA and RNA with double and single
08:13trends respectively. We will see that DNA or the deoxyribonucleic acid is typically double
08:22trended and encodes genetic instructions. On the other hand, RNA or the ribonucleic acid is single
08:31trended and plays a crucial role in gene expression and protein synthesis. Their importance lies in the
08:39replication, transcription and translation processes which sustain life. So, we will study the biological
08:46significance of the nucleic acids in storage, transmission and expression of the genetic information.
08:56Enzymes are very important biomolecules which are mainly made up of proteins. Enzymes are highly
09:03specific biological catalysts that bind the substrate via the active sites. So, we will explain the enzyme-substrate
09:13interaction and its specificity. The active site has a unique shape that fits the specific substrate.
09:24So, we will understand the nature and shape of the enzyme's active sites. Enzymes basically lower the
09:31activation energy with speed of the reaction without being consumed. So, we will study about the mechanism
09:37of enzyme action through lowering of the activation energy. We will study that the enzyme kinetics
09:47follow the Michaelis-Menten model which relates reaction rate to the substrate concentration.
09:53We will study about the types and examples of each type. For example, inhibition-competitive and non-competitive
10:05enzymes. Inhibitors can block enzyme activity. Competitive inhibitors resemble the substrate
10:12while the non-competitive binds elsewhere. So, we will study about them in very detail.
10:18Regulatory enzymes act as metabolic control points often influenced by the feedback inhibition. So,
10:28we will study about the role of regulatory enzymes in controlling the metabolic pathways.
10:36Allosteric enzymes have separate regulatory and active sites and can switch between active and
10:42in active forms. So, we will have the detailed overview of allosteric enzymes and their feedback control
10:50mechanism. Apart from these topics, we will also study many more topics in the biomolecules. For example,
11:00vitamins and their coenzymes in the metabolic regulations. Vitamins are essential nutrients
11:07which often act as the coenzyme for the enzymatic reactions.
11:11We will study about the hormones of the signaling molecules. Hormones like insulin, adrenaline and
11:18thyroid hormones are chemical messengers regulating the physiology. So, we will study about them also.
11:27Secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and flavonoids are non-essential but provide ecological
11:34benefits like defense. So, we will also study the secondary metabolites in plants
11:40and in the microbes. Biomolecules often are widely used in the drug design, genetic engineering and
11:49clinical diagnostics making them central to the biomedicine and biotechnology. So, we will study
11:57about the applications of biomolecules in biotechnology as well as in the medicine field.
12:02So, keep watching this series and I hope that you will have the complete understanding of the biomolecules.
12:15Thank you very much.
12:16Thank you very much.