- 5/31/2025
Elon Musk talks Starship, Mars and more in a May 2025 SpaceX update at Starbase in Texas.
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00:00Here we are at the newly incorporated Starbase, Texas.
00:10This is the first new city made in America in, I think, quite a few decades.
00:15At least that's what I'm told.
00:18And a very cool name.
00:21And it's named that because it is where we're going to develop the technology
00:26necessary to take humanity and civilization and life as we know it
00:31to another planet for the first time in the 4.5 billion year history of Earth.
00:46So we'll go with this little video here.
00:48This is how it started off with basically nothing.
00:52So Starbase started off as basically a sandbar.
00:58With nothing.
01:02Even those little things we built, obviously.
01:10That's the original sort of Mad Max rocket.
01:21This is where you discover lighting is very important for that Mad Max rocket.
01:35So yeah, not that long ago, there was basically nothing here.
01:54And in the space of about five or six years, thanks to the incredible work of the SpaceX team,
02:00we've built a small city.
02:03And we've built two gigantic launchpads and a gigantic rocket factory for a gigantic rocket.
02:13And the cool thing is for anyone out there who's watching this,
02:18you can actually come and visit because our entire production facility and launch site are on a public highway.
02:25So anyone who comes to South Texas can come and see the rocket pretty close up and see the factory.
02:35And so anyone is interested in seeing the largest flying object on Earth can come here anytime they want
02:42and just drive down the public highway and see it, which is pretty cool.
02:45So then we progress to where we are now, start base 2025.
03:00So we're now at the point where we can produce a ship roughly every two or three weeks.
03:05Now, we don't always produce the ship every two or three weeks because we are making design upgrades.
03:14But ultimately, we're aiming for the ability to produce a thousand ships a year, so three ships a day.
03:20So that's where things are now. I'm standing in that building.
03:28That's our hovercraft.
03:37That's our hovercraft.
03:54We're driving a booster down the road to the launch site.
04:00You can see the mega bays.
04:12And as I said, the cool thing for those out there watching this video is that you can actually just literally come here,
04:19drive down the road and see it, which is the first time in history that that's been possible.
04:23So all this cool stuff, that road on the left there, that highway is public and you can just come here and see it,
04:33which I recommend doing. I think it's very inspiring to see.
04:36So that's our gigabay.
04:42So we're expanding integration to produce a thousand starships per year.
04:46Well, yeah, that hasn't been built yet, but we're building it.
04:53That is a truly enormous structure.
04:57That'll be one of the biggest structures, I think by some measures, the biggest structure in the world.
05:02And it's designed for a thousand starships a year.
05:07We're also building a gigabay in Florida.
05:14So we'll have two facilities, one in Texas and one in Florida.
05:21It's actually difficult to gauge the size of these buildings because you need a kind of human for scale.
05:27When you see how tiny a human is next to that building, you realize just how enormous it is.
05:31So when we look at our bulk comparison vehicles per year, and so you look at Boeing and Airbus making airplanes,
05:45Starship will be making at some point probably as many starships for Mars as Boeing and Airbus make commercial airplanes.
05:55So this is really at a scale, an enormous scale.
06:00And each Starship will have a capability.
06:04Each Starship is bigger than a 747 or an A380.
06:10Like it's truly enormous.
06:14And then in terms of Starship, Starlink satellites, the version three satellites making on the order of 5,000 a year,
06:23maybe at some point closer to 10,000 a year.
06:27And those Starship V3 satellites are each the size of roughly a 737.
06:33They're pretty big.
06:37That compares to the B-24 bomber in World War II.
06:43Now it's still small compared to Tesla.
06:45And Tesla will probably be doing double or triple that volume in the future.
06:55So it just puts things into perspective that it is actually possible to build a vast number of interplanetary Starships.
07:03And even when you can compare things on the tonnage standpoint, Tesla and other car companies are still building far more complex manufactured tonnage than SpaceX,
07:15which is really a way of saying that it's very achievable.
07:19Like these numbers, while they are insanely high by traditional space standards, are achievable by humans because they have been achieved in other industries.
07:30Progress is measured by the timeline to establishing a self-sustaining civilization on Mars.
07:36That's how we're gauging our progress here at Starbase.
07:40So with each launch, especially in the early days of Starship, each launch is about learning more and more about what's needed to make life multi-planetary.
07:49And to improve Starship to the point where it can be taking ultimately hundreds of thousands, if not millions of people to Mars.
07:59Ideally, we can take anyone who wants to go to Mars, we can take to Mars and bring all of the equipment necessary to make Mars self-sustaining.
08:10So Mars can grow by itself in a worst case scenario, getting to the point where the fundamental fork in the road for human destiny is where Mars can continue to grow even if the supply shifts from Earth stop coming for any reason.
08:28At that point, we've achieved civilizational resilience where Mars can potentially come to the rescue of Earth if something goes wrong or maybe Earth could come to the rescue of Mars.
08:43But having two planets that are both self-sustaining and strong, I think is going to be incredibly important for the long-term survival of civilization.
08:58So, like, just I think any given civilization is likely to last maybe, I don't know, ten times longer, maybe much longer if it is a multi-planet civilization than if it is a single planet civilization.
09:14Because there's always some chance that, you know, us humans could do something crazy like World War III, hopefully not, but it's possible.
09:23Or that there could be some natural event like meteors or super volcanoes or something that we don't expect.
09:32And then if we only have one planet, then that could be curtains.
09:37But if we have two planets, we keep going and then we go beyond Mars ultimately to maybe the asteroid belt, the moons of Jupiter and beyond, and ultimately to other star systems.
09:52And we can be out there among the stars making science fiction no longer fiction.
09:57So in order to achieve this goal, we have to be, we have to make rapidly reusable rockets so that the cost per flight, the cost per ton to Mars is as low as possible.
10:09And that's essential. So for that, for that, rapidly reusable rockets, I said, it's actually four R's, R's like a pirate, RRR.
10:18It's like, rapidly reusable, reliable rockets is the key. RRR.
10:24Now we've, uh, congrats to the SpaceX team on making incredible progress on catching a giant rocket.
10:36So it's really mind blowing that the SpaceX team has been able to catch the largest flying object ever made multiple times, using a very novel method of catching it out of the air with giant chopsticks.
11:01I mean, have you ever seen that before?
11:30Have you ever seen that before?
12:00Yeah, congrats again. That was an incredible achievement.
12:05Yeah, congrats again, that was an incredible achievement.
12:18So the reason we are catching it in this way, which has never been done before, is in order
12:26to achieve the rapidly reusable portion, in order to make the rocket rapidly reusable.
12:33So if the super heavy booster, which is gigantic, it's like 30 feet in diameter, if it were
12:44to land with landing legs on a landing pad, we would then have to pick it up, stow the
12:50legs, and put it back in the launch pad.
12:55And it's quite difficult to transport such a large thing.
13:00But if we catch it with the same tower that it's used to put it in the launch mount to
13:07begin with, that is the best case outcome for rapid reuse.
13:12So it literally gets caught by the same arms that placed it in the launch ring.
13:18And then it is placed back in the launch ring immediately.
13:22So in principle, the super heavy booster can be re-flown within an hour of landing.
13:30So it comes back in about five or six minutes, one way or another.
13:35And then it gets caught by the tower arms, placed back in the launch mount.
13:42And then you can refill the propellant in about 30 to 40 minutes and place the ship on top
13:48of it.
13:49And in principle, re-fly the entire booster every hour.
13:54Maybe every two hours to give it a little bit of extra time.
13:58But let's just say it's in the limit of rapid reuse.
14:09And then the next thing we need to do is catch the ship too.
14:12So we haven't done this yet, but we will.
14:19So that's what we hope to demonstrate later this year.
14:34Maybe as soon as two or three months from now.
14:40And then the ship would be placed on top of the booster.
14:44And then again refilled with propellant and flown again.
14:50With the ship, it takes a bit longer because it's got to orbit Earth a few times until the
14:54ground track comes back over the launch pad.
14:57But the ship is also intended to be re-flown multiple times per day.
15:06This is the new Raptor 3, which is an awesome engine.
15:09Big hand to the Raptor team for this.
15:10This is very exciting.
15:14So Raptor 3 is designed to require no basic heat shield, saving a lot of mass on the bottom
15:25and actually improving reliability so that if there is, for example, a small fuel leak from
15:32the Raptor engine, it will simply leak into the existing flaming plasma and not really matter.
15:41Whereas a fuel leak when the engines are contained in a box is a very scary thing indeed.
15:47So this is a Raptor 3.
15:52It'll take probably a few kicks at the can, but it is a massive increase in payload capability,
15:58in engine efficiency, and in reliability.
16:01So this is really a revolutionary engine.
16:04Now, Raptor 3 is really, I'd say, kind of alien technology rocket engine.
16:15I mean, even industry experts, when we showed a picture of the Raptor 3, said that engine
16:20is not complete.
16:22So then we said, well, here's the engine not complete firing at a level of efficiency that
16:28has never been achieved before.
16:31I mean, that is one clean engine.
16:46So in order to make the engine like that, we had to simplify so many parts of the design,
16:51incorporate secondary fluid circuits and electronics in the structure of the engine itself.
16:57So everything is contained and protected.
17:00It is a marvel of engineering, frankly.
17:09Then one of the other technologies that's key for Mars is doing orbital propellant transfer.
17:18So you can think of this, like, similar to aerial refueling for airplanes, but in this case
17:24it's orbital refilling of rockets, which has never been done before.
17:29But it is, you know, technically feasible.
17:33I always feel like these things are a little NSFW.
17:39Sort of.
17:44Listen, you've got to transfer fluid somehow.
17:48There's no, this has got to be done.
17:53So the two starships would get together and one starship would transfer fuel and oxygen.
18:05And actually most of the mass is oxygen.
18:07It's almost 80% oxygen that gets transferred, a little over 20% fuel.
18:15So you'd send a starship to orbit that's full of payload, and then you'd send a bunch of
18:20other starships up and you would refill the propellant on that starship.
18:25And once the propellant tanks are mostly full, then you can depart for Mars or the Moon or...yeah.
18:32So this is an important technology which we should hopefully demonstrate next year.
18:46So then with the...one of the toughest problems to solve is the reusable heat shield.
18:55So no one has ever developed a truly reusable orbital heat shield.
19:00So it's extremely difficult to do so.
19:04Even the shuttle's heat shield required several months of refurbishment, basically fixing broken
19:10tiles, testing each tile.
19:14And because it's an extremely hard problem to be able to withstand the extreme heat and pressure
19:20of re-entry.
19:24And the only things that can really withstand this level of heat are advanced sort of ceramics,
19:32kind of, you know, basically glass, alumina, some types of carbon-carbon, but very little
19:44actually can survive with reusability, without eroding or falling off or cracking, can survive
19:54the stresses of re-entry.
19:57So this will be the first time that it's done, that a reusable orbital heat shield is developed.
20:04And it needs to be, obviously, extremely reliable.
20:08So this will be something that we'll be working on for a few years, I think, to keep honing the
20:14heat shield.
20:18It is an achievable thing, so we're not trying to do something that isn't achievable.
20:21It is within the realm of physics to get this done.
20:23It's an extraordinarily difficult thing to get done.
20:27And Mars, the Mars atmosphere is carbon dioxide, which at first may seem better, but actually
20:35it ends up being worse, because when the CO2 turns into a plasma, and you've got, you actually
20:43end up with more free oxygen entering on a Mars atmosphere than on Earth's atmosphere.
20:49So Earth's atmosphere is only around 20% oxygen.
20:55And Mars ends up being basically more than double that, maybe triple that, when you consider,
21:01when the CO2 becomes a plasma and you get carbon and O2.
21:07So that wants to oxidize the heat shield, basically burn the heat shield.
21:12So that's why we tested very rigorously in the CO2 atmosphere, because it's got to work
21:17not just for Earth, but also for Mars.
21:23And we want to use the same heat shield for Earth that we use for Mars, because there are
21:31many other factors with the heat shield, such as making sure the tiles don't crack or fall
21:36off or anything like that.
21:39So we want to have the same heat shield structure, same material on Earth as on Mars, so we can
21:44test it hundreds of times on Earth before going to Mars, and be confident that when it goes
21:50to Mars, it will work.
22:09So we're developing some next generation starships, which are, have a number of improvements versus
22:17our current gen.
22:19So it's Troller, for example, and has a better, kind of a, the interstage between the ship
22:29and the booster.
22:30You can see that sort of, the sort of struts there.
22:35That makes it easier for the flame, ah, like right there.
22:40When doing hot staging, which is when we light the ship's engines while the booster's engines
22:44are still firing, the flame from the ship engines can more easily exit through the open
22:53struts of the new interstage.
22:56And in this case, we'll bring the struts interstage back with us instead of throwing it away.
23:06So a little more height here, 72 meters from around 69.
23:15Repellent capacity, I think we'll probably push that up a little, maybe 3,700 tons.
23:22Long term, my guess is we're maybe around 4,000 tons.
23:26And about, just sort of, just over 8, you know, sort of, 8,000, probably like 8,300, this will
23:34keep getting up.
23:35My guess is ultimately we're 4,000 tons here, close to 10,000 tons of thrust.
23:41But this is kind of the next level, or the next version of the Super Heavy.
23:50So the booster will look a little naked on the bottom because the Raptor 3 engines don't
23:56require a heat shield.
23:57So it looks like, it looks like there's kind of parts missing, but that's just because
24:01the Raptor heat shield does not, the Raptor 3 does not need a heat shield.
24:08So it's just, it's just, they're standing there, they're in a bathed in flaming plasma.
24:21But it's a lot lighter.
24:23Yep.
24:26Integrated.
24:27Hot stage.
24:28I think it looks amazing.
24:31And then the shift's a little, a little more, a little longer, a little more capable, moving
24:41to 1,550 tons of propellant capacity.
24:47My guess is this probably ends up 20% more than this long term.
24:52And yeah, you can see the heat shield is sleeker.
24:59So much smoother boundaries as, as the, the boundary of the, the heat shield going to
25:06the leeward side, uh, is, is very smooth, um, no more jagged tiles.
25:14I think it looks very sleek.
25:21Uh, so, and this version we still have six engines, but a future version we'll have nine.
25:28Uh, but with the Raptor 3 again, we have improved, um, uh, uh, uh, reduced mass, higher, um, specific
25:38impulse.
25:39Um, it's, this is, the, the, the, Starship version 3 is really the, it, the version that is, I think,
25:49achieves all of the, the key elements.
25:51I mean, generally with any new technology, it takes three major, uh, three major iterations
25:56of any major, of any new technology to have it really, really, really work well.
26:01And this, with Raptor 3, with, and Starship, and booster version 3, uh, we, it should be
26:06able to achieve all of the things that I just mentioned, which is a rapidly reusable, reliable
26:11rocket, uh, with orbital refilling.
26:14Basically, all of the ingredients necessary, uh, to make life multi-planetary will be achieved
26:22with version 3 of Starship, which we're aiming to launch for the first time at the end of
26:26this year.
26:27Yeah, so you can see this is, uh, kind of where things are on the left, where things will
26:41be, uh, end of this year in the middle.
26:45And as I was saying, kind of where things will be probably long term, um, yeah, 142 meters.
26:54So, but the, the one in the middle is, is, will be fully capable of, of doing Mars, uh, and,
27:02uh, thereafter we'll, it'll be a lot of, uh, performance improvements, um, and as, as has
27:09been the case with, uh, Falcon 9, we always end up making the rocket longer, um, and increasing
27:15payload.
27:16So, that's, uh, that's, that's the, that's the game plan.
27:21Pretty straightforward.
27:22Um, but, um, it's important to emphasize, even with the rocket that will be launching
27:26just at the end of this year, it will be capable of making life multi-planetary, and thereafter
27:31it's, it's, it's just about continuing to hone the efficiency and capability of the rocket,
27:37and reduce the cost per ton, and reduce the cost per person to Mars, and, and like I said,
27:42ultimately make it so that anyone who wants to move to Mars, and help build a new civilization,
27:47can do so.
27:49So anyone out there, like how cool will that, would that be?
27:53And even if you don't want to do it, maybe that you have, uh, a son or daughter who wants
27:58to do that, or a friend who wants to do it.
28:02And I think it would be the adventure, the best adventure that it, one could possibly
28:07do, is to go and help build a new civilization on a new planet.
28:16So, yeah, ultimately we'll, we'll have 42 engines, which, it was inevitable, um, as, as the prophecy
28:29foretold, uh, by the great prophet, uh, Douglas Adams, in his, uh, you know, book, The Hitchhiker's
28:39Guide to the Galaxy, uh, the answer to the meaning of life is 42, um, and so inevitably the Starship
28:48stack will have 42 engines.
28:52And in terms of payload to orbit, what's remarkable is that it's 200 tons of, you know, Starship
29:04will have 200 tons of payload to orbit with full reusability.
29:09So this is twice the capability of the Saturn V moon rocket.
29:12The Saturn V moon rocket was fully expendable, uh, Starship is fully reusable, but it will
29:19have twice the payload to orbit, um, of the, the next biggest rocket that made it to orbit,
29:24which is the Saturn V. Um, in fact, if, without reusability, Starship would have about 400 tons
29:32of payload to orbit.
29:34So, this is a, this is a very big rocket is what I'm saying.
29:39So, but you need a big rocket, you know, to, you know, make life multi-planetary.
29:46Um, and then along the way we could do very cool things like have a moon base, um, like moon
29:52base alpha.
29:53Like, long ago there was a TV show about moon base alpha.
29:57Um, you can't, couldn't think about the physics of that too much because apparently like the
30:02moon base was like drifting away from Earth.
30:04Um, but, uh, anyway, we should have a moon base alpha, which is the next step after the
30:09Apollo program would be to have a base on the moon.
30:11Um, so you could like, you could have a, like a gigantic, um, you know, science station, uh,
30:19doing research about the nature of the universe on the moon would be very cool.
30:27So, in terms of, like, when can you go to Mars?
30:29So, you can go to Mars every two years or every 26 months.
30:32Um, so the next Mars opportunity is at the end of next year in about 18 months.
30:38So, November, December is the next Mars opportunity.
30:40So, we'll try to make that opportunity if we get lucky.
30:43I think we'll probably have a 50-50 chance right now because we've got to, uh, we've
30:48got to figure out orbital refilling, uh, in order to, um, have enough capability to go
30:53to Mars.
30:54But if we achieve orbital refilling in time, then we will launch the first, uh, uncrewed,
31:00uh, Starship to Mars at the end of next year.
31:03So, this gives you an illustration of, of how does, how does a spaceship go from Earth
31:15to Mars.
31:16So, you've got blue Earth there and red Mars.
31:30And, I mean, the, the actual distance traveled on the arc is close to, like, a thousand times
31:37further than the Moon.
31:39So, you can't just go straight to Mars.
31:43You have to create this elliptical orbit with Earth at one point and Mars at the other
31:48side, at the far end of the ellipse.
31:50And then time the, time the, the, where you are in that, in that ellipse to intersect with
31:56Mars.
31:57And this, so this is, uh, the orbital transfer, how the, how, how you do orbital transfer from
32:03Earth to Mars.
32:04And if you look on your Starlink Wi-Fi router, you'll see this image.
32:08Because the Starlink Wi-Fi is, uh, what is, uh, Starlink Internet is what's being used to
32:14pay for, um, humanity getting to Mars.
32:18So, I'd just like to thank everyone out there who is aboard Starlink, because you're helping,
32:23helping secure the future of civilization, and helping, uh, make life multi-planetary, and
32:28helping make humanity a space-bearing civilization.
32:31So, this is a tentative game plan here, where we're hoping to, that we're hoping to achieve.
32:47Um, where we increase the, the cadence of flights to Mars dramatically with every launch window.
32:55So, every, every roughly two years, um, we are dramatically increasing the number of, of, of
33:03ships that go to Mars.
33:04Um, and ultimately try to get to a thousand or two thousand ships, uh, you know, per Mars, uh, rendezvous.
33:14Um, so, the, the, I mean, as a rough order of magnitude, this is just guesses, obviously,
33:22but we, we need to get about a thousand, about, about a million tons, is my guess, um, to the
33:26surface of Mars to make, um, a civilization on Mars self-sustaining.
33:31Um, and getting to that critical point where, um, if the, if the resupply ships from Earth
33:36stop coming for any reason, Mars still succeeds.
33:39Mars can still grow.
33:40And so, you can't be missing anything.
33:42You can't be missing even, like, the equivalent of vitamin C or anything.
33:45You've got to have everything you need for Mars to grow.
33:47Um, that's, that's essential.
33:50So, my guess is that's about a million tons, but it might be 10 million tons.
33:53Uh, I hope it's not a hundred million tons.
33:56That'd be a lot.
33:57Um, but, uh, we want to try to get to that point.
34:00And secure the future of civilization as quickly as possible.
34:07So, we're looking at, uh, different locations.
34:09Um, the lead candidate right now is the, the Arcadia region.
34:13So, um, Mars has a lot of real estate, but when you combine all of the factors
34:20and say, okay, we need, we can't be too close to the poles.
34:23We need to be, um, near ice for, for, to get, to get water.
34:28Um, and, uh, can't be too mountainous for the rockets.
34:33Um, then you, you, it narrows down to a smaller region.
34:37So, Arcadia is, uh, uh, it's one of my, my, my daughter's name is Arcadia, actually.
34:43Um, uh, is one of the options.
34:46So, we got the first starships on Mars, gather critical data.
34:50Well, so the first, the first flights there will send with the Optimus robot.
34:54Um, so we can go out there and explore and kind of prepare the way for humans.
34:59And, um, that'll be a very cool image if we're able to achieve it, um, by launching end of next year.
35:06It would actually technically arrive in 2027.
35:08Uh, but that would be, uh, an epic fixture to see Optimus walking around on the surface of Mars.
35:20And then with the launching two years later, uh, we would be sending humans.
35:26Assuming the first missions are successful and they land successfully,
35:30we would send humans on, on the next mission.
35:32Uh, and we really start building the infrastructure for Mars.
35:37So, anyway, maybe, just to be safe, we might just do two, two landing episodes with the Optimus.
35:46And do the third one with humans, we'll see.
35:50So, that, that classic picture of the workers on the Empire State.
35:56And then for communications on Mars, uh, we'll be using a version of Starlink to provide, uh, internet on Mars.
36:06Yeah, so the, the, the speed of light, even at moving at the speed of light, your best case scenario is, uh, I guess,
36:25I think around three and a half minutes to Mars.
36:28Uh, and then worst case is, uh, 22 minutes or more because Mars is on the other side of the Sun from Earth.
36:37So, anyway, it's, it's, it's, it's, it's quite challenging to do high bandwidth communications with Mars.
36:43But, Starlink will achieve that.
36:45Um, yeah, and then we'll have the first humans lay the groundwork for permanent, uh, presence on the surface.
36:53Um, and yeah, the goal, like I said, will be to make Mars self-sustaining as quickly as possible.
37:00So, it's just a, sort of rough idea of what things will be like for the first city on Mars.
37:12Uh, my guess is we'll probably put the launch pads a little further away.
37:15Um, or the landing pads, just in case.
37:20But, uh, I mean, for Mars, we're going to need, uh, a lot of solar power.
37:25Um, we'll be, you know, since you, you can't really walk around on the surface of Mars,
37:32at least as yet, until Mars is terraformed to be like Earth.
37:35Um, the, you, you need to walk around with a Mars suit, um, and be, you know, initially in kind of like glass domes.
37:43Um, but it would work, um, and eventually we can make Mars into an Earth-like planet.
37:54And we want to get to the point where we're, uh, transferring over a million tons, uh, at every Mars transfer window.
38:02And then we, that's like a serious civilization.
38:06A megaton per transfer window.
38:14So, yeah.
38:16We have a lot of spaceports.
38:17I mean, because of the fact that you, you can't fly there continuously and you have to transfer in these windows,
38:23you'd have a gathering of a thousand ships.
38:26Or two thousand ships, or more than that.
38:28So we're looking, have this kind of like Battlestar Galactica feel, where all these ships are in orbit, waiting to depart.
38:33And, uh, and then that, that all depart, um, I look at, I think an amazing image of all these ships departing at once.
38:43And then you're going to need, obviously, a lot of launch pads, a lot of landing pads on Mars.
38:47Um, or you'll need to move the, the ships off the landing pad pretty fast.
38:54Um, so if you're gonna, if you've got, uh, I don't know, a few thousand ships inbound, probably need at least a few hundred pads, landing pads.
39:03And, um, anyway, we'll solve that problem later.
39:14So, yeah, anyway, this is, this is like an incredible thing to have like this amazing city on Mars.
39:22The first city on another planet.
39:25And, um, a new world.
39:33Um, and it's also an opportunity to, I think, for the Martians to, to rethink how they want civilization to be.
39:43So you can maybe rethink, like, what kind of form of government do you want?
39:47What new rules do you want to have?
39:49Um, there's a lot of freedom and opportunity in Mars to do a recompile on civilization.
39:55Which will be.
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