From military blunders to political miscalculations, these choices changed the course of history forever. Join us as we examine the most catastrophic decisions ever made by leaders, generals, and nations. Our countdown includes devastating military campaigns, political missteps, and choices that sparked global conflicts.
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00:00The Treaty of Versailles is one of the most controversial agreements in history.
00:05Its cracks left open the possibility of a second global conflict.
00:09Welcome to WatchMojo, and today we're counting down our picks for the 50 worst choices ever made by human beings.
00:16From instant regret to severe long-term consequences,
00:19these military and geopolitical decisions caused waves that would ripple far into the future.
00:24With one move, Adolf Hitler has turned his most powerful ally against him.
00:33Number 50. Spartacus Splits His Army
00:35Spartacus led one of the most famous slave uprisings in history, but a key decision likely doomed the rebellion.
00:42Whatever twist of fate brought Spartacus to slavery, it's clear he will not accept it idly.
00:48And Crixus will share his destiny.
00:50At one point, he agreed to split his forces.
00:53His co-commander Crixus took a large portion of the army's self.
00:58There's a reason why divide and conquer is a popular military strategy.
01:02Spartacus' move weakened the overall strength of his army.
01:05Worse, it allowed Roman generals to defeat each force separately.
01:09Crixus and his followers were crushed, costing Spartacus thousands of seasoned fighters.
01:14Gellius made a sudden surprise attack on Crixus' forces,
01:18who, because of their arrogance, had separated from Spartacus.
01:23The historian Apian, Crixus was in command of 30,000 men.
01:29Two-thirds perished, including Crixus himself.
01:32Although Spartacus continued to fight bravely, the rebellion slowly unraveled.
01:37His dream of reaching safety and freedom collapsed under the weight of Rome's growing counterattack.
01:43Number 49. The Winter War
01:45The Soviet Union thought it would crush Finland in weeks.
01:48Instead, it waded into a frozen nightmare in 1939.
01:52The plan of the Soviet invasion was for an overwhelming onslaught everywhere at once.
01:58Soviet forces were severely hampered by brutal winter conditions,
02:01disastrous leadership, and fierce Finnish resistance.
02:05Commanders underestimated the terrain,
02:07deployed poorly trained troops,
02:09and failed to equip their soldiers for Arctic warfare.
02:11Outgunned and outnumbered,
02:13the Finns used guerrilla tactics and the deep snow to shred Soviet formations.
02:18Troops on skis outmaneuvered tanks,
02:20supply lines collapsed,
02:22and entire divisions froze or starved.
02:24Although Finland was eventually forced to cede territory,
02:27the Red Army's staggering losses shocked the world.
02:30What was supposed to be a quick victory
02:32ended up exposing massive weaknesses in Soviet military planning and command.
02:36The Winter War was a formidable experience that still resonates with valuable lessons.
02:43Don't rely too much on technology.
02:44Technology is important, material strength is important,
02:49but skill, how you use your equipment is even more important,
02:53and ultimately will.
02:55If you don't have the will to fight, nothing else matters.
02:58Number 48. Trusting Rasputin
03:00Desperate to heal their son, who was a hemophiliac in the early 1900s,
03:04Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra made a deal with the devil.
03:08They placed their trust in a wandering mystic by the name of Grigory Rasputin.
03:12For Nicholas and Alexandra,
03:15Rasputin symbolized the simple soul of the Staritz,
03:19the holy man of Russian folk tradition.
03:22They believed that God had at last answered their prayers.
03:26What began as a private act of faith quickly became an international liability.
03:30Rasputin gained extraordinary influence at court.
03:33He advised on everything from politics to military appointments.
03:37As World War I dragged on,
03:39rumors of his manipulation, corruption, and debauchery spread like wildfire.
03:44Alexandra defended him fiercely,
03:45even as his presence shattered public confidence in the Romanovs.
03:49No matter how grotesque the evidence,
03:52the Tsar could not take from his wife her one hope for Alexei's survival.
03:57Alexandra was becoming increasingly hysterical
03:59and paid little attention to public opinion.
04:01Their refusal to distance themselves from his rising power fed widespread outrage.
04:07Many historians see his unchecked influence
04:09as one of the key decisions that helped pave the way for revolution.
04:13Number 47.
04:14The Sykes-Picot Agreement
04:16In secret rooms thousands of miles away,
04:19European powers drew lines across a land they didn't understand.
04:22Conceived in Paris and London during the dark days of World War I,
04:27and drawn initially with a crude chinagraph pencil,
04:31the secret plan to redesign the Middle East was termed as the Asia Minor Agreement,
04:37with vast areas under British and French influence.
04:40In 1916, the Sykes-Picot Agreement had Britain and France carving up the Arab world for themselves.
04:45By doing so, both countries broke promises made to local leaders who had fought alongside them.
04:51When the deal was exposed, it shattered trust and sparked outrage across the Middle East.
04:56The betrayal didn't just redraw borders.
04:59It planted seeds of bitterness that would outlast colonial rule itself.
05:03It didn't account for the emergence of Turkey,
05:06nor did it allow for the future growth of Arab nationalism.
05:10But it was the beginning of what we know now as the modern Middle East, for good or for bad.
05:16Many historians argue that the chaos and resentment fueled by Sykes-Picot
05:20laid the foundation for a century of conflict, insurgency, and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.
05:26Number 46.
05:27Officials ignore warnings about Fukushima
05:29This wasn't a natural disaster.
05:32It was a preventable one.
05:33It was a preventable one.
05:34It was a preventable one.
05:40It was a preventable one.
05:45For years, experts warned that the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant couldn't withstand a major tsunami.
05:51In 2008, TEPCO engineers even ran simulations predicting a wave over 15 meters high,
05:57exactly like the one that struck in 2011.
06:00Their own experts said the plant's defenses were inadequate.
06:04But leadership dismissed the data, calling the risk, quote, unrealistic.
06:08When the earthquake hit, followed by a towering wave, three reactors melted down.
06:13The tsunami flooded the nuclear power plant.
06:16Result?
06:17Massive overheating and reactors one, two, and three suffered meltdowns.
06:21The result was the worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl, one that could have been avoided with basic precautions.
06:27Number 45.
06:29The Battle of Isandluana
06:30In 1879, the British Empire marched into Zululand with arrogance and outdated assumptions.
06:36On January the 11th, 1879, British troops invaded the independent kingdom of Zululand in Southern Africa.
06:44Eager for a foothold in South Africa, the Redcoats were looking to intimidate the locals.
06:49Confident that a, quote, primitive army could never stand against rifles and artillery,
06:53they underestimated their enemy at every turn.
06:56Worse, they made a series of catastrophic tactical errors.
07:00They split their forces across hostile territory, left key supply lines exposed,
07:05and ignored advice to fortify their camps.
07:08After being lured into a trap with a few tiny winds, the trap snapped shut at Isandluana.
07:14The Zulu victory at Isandluana had been extraordinarily comprehensive.
07:17In many ways, the headquarters detachment of the entire column had been wiped out.
07:21The 1,800 British soldiers were swiftly humbled as some 20,000 Zulu warriors crested the bridge.
07:28The British were slaughtered.
07:30It remains one of the most humiliating defeats in British military history.
07:35Number 44.
07:36Charles II Fails to Pay His Men
07:38The Second Anglo-Dutch War was supposed to secure England's dominance at sea.
07:43Charles' younger brother James had suggested they seize lucrative colonial possessions from the Dutch,
07:49disrupt their trading dominance.
07:50Charles agreed he was keen for a popular war to boost his standing.
07:55The war was not a success.
07:58Instead, it turned into a costly stalemate that drained the treasury dry.
08:02Facing mounting debts, King Charles II made a disastrous decision.
08:06He stopped paying much of the Royal Navy.
08:08Sailors abandoned their posts, ships rotted in harbor, and key defenses were left wide open.
08:14The Dutch seized their moment.
08:15In 1667, they launched a daring raid up the River Medway, burning and capturing dozens of English ships.
08:23They attacked the English fleet at anchor in the mouth of the Thames.
08:27Many ships were destroyed, and it remains one of the greatest disasters in the history of the Royal Navy.
08:32The humiliation forced Charles to sue for peace on Dutch terms.
08:36One bad money-saving move devastated England's Navy and shattered England's naval reputation for a generation.
08:43Number 43.
08:44The Charge of the Light Brigade
08:46Few battlefield blunders are as famous, or as costly, as the 1854 Charge of the Light Brigade.
08:52Tennyson's famous poem put romanticized lipstick on a historical pig.
08:56But it is the men of the Light Brigade, and their valiant Doom Charge,
09:01immortalized in Tennyson's memorable poem, who are now part of British military folklore.
09:07During the Battle of Balaclava, British cavalry received a confusing order to, quote,
09:12advance rapidly and prevent the enemy from removing captured guns.
09:16But the commander on the ground, Lord Lucan, misunderstood the vague message.
09:19Instead of attacking a retreating force, he sent some 600 cavalry straight into a valley lined with Russian artillery.
09:27The mistake was obvious, but no one stopped it.
09:30The Light Brigade rode into a storm of cannon fire and was cut down in minutes.
09:34The shattered remains of the Light Brigade returned in battered and bleeding groups down the North Valley.
09:41The charge became a national symbol of reckless bravery.
09:45It was actually the story of massacre by miscommunication and pride.
09:49Number 42. Radcliffe Partitions India
09:52When Britain agreed to grant India independence, they needed new borders drawn fast.
09:57One of the largest, most ethnically diverse nations in the world has been divided.
10:03One country will now become two.
10:06India and Pakistan.
10:07As a British barrister draws a line on a map, a once peaceful land implodes.
10:15They turn to a man named Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
10:18There's only one glaring problem.
10:20He had never once set foot in India and had just five weeks to divide 175,000 square miles of territory.
10:27Working with outdated maps, incomplete census data, and immense political pressure,
10:33in 1947, Radcliffe drew the borders that created India and Pakistan.
10:37The results were catastrophic.
10:39His hurried lines split villages, families, and communities overnight,
10:44deepening sectarian divides between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.
10:47The partition triggered one of the largest and bloodiest mass migrations in history,
10:52displacing over 10 million people and killing up to 2 million.
10:55A rushed decision to divide a subcontinent left wounds that still haven't fully healed.
11:01Number 41. The Battle of Agincourt
11:03The French knights thought victory was inevitable.
11:06They had the numbers, the armor, and the prestige.
11:09In the end, they were defeated as much by mud and arrogance as by the English.
11:13Agincourt, or Agincourt, was Henry V's great victory.
11:19It cemented the young king's reign and turned the tide of English fortunes in the Hundred Years' War against France.
11:27In 1415, Henry V's exhausted army was cornered by a massive French force.
11:32Instead of blocking the English retreat, the French charged headlong into a narrow, muddy field.
11:38Torrential rain had turned the ground into a swamp.
11:40Their heavy armor sank into the muck, leaving them easy targets for English longbowmen.
11:46Thousands of French knights were slaughtered before they even reached the enemy.
11:49The English, vastly outnumbered, barely broke a sweat.
11:53The mass of French infantry made a perfect title.
11:58Hundreds, thousands of English archers bent their backs and loosed their bows,
12:06unleashing an arrow storm.
12:08Agincourt became a legendary victory and a brutal reminder that pride can drown an army faster than any sword.
12:16Number 40. Filling the Hindenburg with Hydrogen
12:18The Hindenburg was supposed to be the future of luxury air travel.
12:22Hindenburg provided something that no other type of aircraft could provide.
12:27Three-day passage from Europe to the United States in great luxury.
12:31It was meant to usher in the era of international Zeppelin travel.
12:35Instead, it became a flaming symbol of human error.
12:39It was originally designed to use helium, a much safer non-flammable gas.
12:44Thanks to U.S. export restrictions, its German engineers used hydrogen instead.
12:49Engineers knew the risks but pressed ahead anyway, trusting that careful landing would prevent disaster.
12:54On May 6th, 1937, the giant airship attempted to dock in New Jersey.
13:00Somehow, a spark tragically ignited.
13:03The ship erupted into flames in seconds, killing 36 people.
13:07Miraculously, about two-thirds of the people on actually live through this disaster.
13:12Filling a massive flying machine with hydrogen was a gamble leading to one of the most iconic disasters of the 20th century.
13:18Number 39. Russia Selling Alaska to the U.S.
13:23In 1867, Russia sold Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million.
13:28That's about two cents an acre.
13:31It was quite a bargain, even at the time.
13:35That didn't stop critics who had never seen Alaska from dubbing it Seward's Folly.
13:40At the time, the Russian Empire saw the territory as a frozen wasteland, impossible to defend and barely profitable.
13:46They believed it was much better to offload it before losing it in a future war.
13:51What they didn't realize was how much wealth lay hidden under the ice.
13:55Alaska would later yield massive oil, gold, and natural gas reserves.
14:00It became a key part of America's future booming economic success.
14:04Russia's short-term thinking handed away a resource-rich land for a bargain price.
14:08Alaska became our 49th state in January of 1959 and is today recognized for its vast resources, including 25% of America's oil and 50% of its seafood.
14:20Soviet-era Russians were likely kicking themselves for having lost out on a valuable foothold in the Western Hemisphere.
14:25You don't always need an enemy to lose a battle.
14:33Sometimes, all you need are poor leaders and a whole lot of schnapps.
14:37In 1788, Austrian scouts were on the prowl for Ottoman forces.
14:41They stumbled across friendly locals offering alcohol instead.
14:45Soon, drunken brawls broke out between cavalry and infantry.
14:49Shots were fired.
14:50Someone shouted Turks and panic tore through the army.
14:52Austrian officers shouted halt in German.
14:56Non-German-speaking troops mistook it for Turkish and assumed the Ottomans had infiltrated the camp.
15:01Chaos exploded.
15:02In the darkness, the Austrian army began firing on itself.
15:06Commanders even ordered artillery strikes against their own men.
15:10By morning, hundreds were dead, all without the Ottomans ever firing a shot.
15:15Number 37.
15:16The Fall of Singapore
15:17British commanders called Singapore a, quote, impregnable fortress.
15:22They were wrong.
15:23When Japan attacked in 1942, they bypassed Singapore's massive sea defenses entirely.
15:28It was on the 15th of February 1942 that British High Command began to receive the first scarcely credible reports from the Pacific.
15:39The reports confirmed that Singapore, Britain's Gibraltar of the East, had fallen into the hands of the Japanese.
15:46Instead, they invaded through the jungle.
15:49British leadership had assumed the thick Malayan jungles were impassable and left their land defenses dangerously weak.
15:56Japanese forces moved quickly, outflanking and overwhelming Allied troops.
16:00Poor communication, outdated equipment, and a total underestimation of Japanese capabilities sealed Singapore's fate.
16:07After just a week of fighting, the British side surrendered more than 80,000 troops.
16:11As usual, a somber Winston Churchill reflected the mood of the country when he described the loss of Singapore as the greatest disaster and capitulation in British history.
16:23It remains the largest surrender in British history.
16:26Singapore's fall shattered the myth of Western invincibility in Asia and changed the course of the Pacific War.
16:33Number 36, the Battle of Hattin.
16:35The Crusaders didn't just lose a battle at Hattin.
16:38They lost the whole of the Holy Land.
16:40In 1187, King Guy of Lusignan made a disastrous call.
16:45He marched his thirsty army into the desert to face Saladin.
16:48The Battle of Hattin had a shield on the Republic of Saladin, because the meaning of this, they cut a road of about 20 kilos.
16:58There was also a light in July, and they didn't have the water of their water, and they didn't have the water of their water.
17:07Instead of holding their ground near water, the Crusaders staggered across open, dry plains.
17:12Saladin's forces cut them off from the wells, harassed them with attacks, and set the fields on fire.
17:17Surrounded and half-dead from thirst, the Crusader army collapsed.
17:22King Guy was captured, and most of his knights were slaughtered.
17:25By the end of the Battle of Hattin, the vast majority of Crusader forces had been either captured or killed.
17:38The list of prisoners included King Guy of Jerusalem, and the cream of Christian nobility.
17:45The defeat shattered Christian power in the region, and cleared the path for Saladin to reclaim Jerusalem.
17:56Number 35. General Meade doesn't follow through.
18:00The Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 should have been the end.
18:03It could have been the end.
18:05Robert E. Lee's army was battered, retreating, and trapped against a swollen Potomac River with no clear escape.
18:10The Union army was too powerful for the Confederates.
18:14On July 4th, Independence Day, Lee and his rebels retreated back into Virginia.
18:20The tide of the war had been turned in the Union's favor for good.
18:23Union General George Meade had fresh reserves, higher ground, and the chance to crush the Confederacy once and for all.
18:30But the attack order never came.
18:32Meade chose caution over decisiveness.
18:34He allowed Lee to slip back into Virginia, bloodied but ready to rally.
18:38The feared counterattack by General Meade failed to materialize.
18:42And instead, on the afternoon of the 4th of July, Lee began his retreat.
18:47President Lincoln was furious, calling it a missed opportunity to end the war early.
18:51Instead, the Civil War dragged on for nearly two more years, costing thousands more lives.
18:57Meade had victory in his grasp and chose to let it walk away.
19:02Number 34. Brexit.
19:04It was supposed to settle a debate.
19:06Instead, it fractured a nation.
19:08In 2016, then-Prime Minister David Cameron called a referendum on the UK's membership in the European Union, confident Remain would win.
19:16On Monday, I will commence the process set out under our Referendum Act.
19:21And I will go to Parliament and propose that the British people decide our future in Europe.
19:27It didn't.
19:28The Leave campaign won by a narrow margin, fueled by anti-immigration sentiment, economic frustration, and vague promises of national sovereignty.
19:37The political and economic fallout was immediate.
19:40Cameron resigned.
19:41The pound crashed.
19:42And years of bitter negotiations followed.
19:45Brexit destabilized British politics, isolated the UK economically, and sparked renewed tension in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
19:51Cameron's gamble to quiet his right flank ended up reshaping Britain's global future, and not for the better.
19:58Even the most committed Brexiteer would find it quite difficult to say that it is worth as promising.
20:05Number 33.
20:06The Battle of Teutoburg Forest.
20:08Rome thought Germania was pacified.
20:11It wasn't.
20:11In 9 CE, Roman General Publius Quintilius Verus marched three legions into unfamiliar forests, trusting a local ally named Arminius.
20:21Arminius was undoubtedly the liberator of Germania.
20:26He fought the Romans when their power was at its height and decisively defeated them.
20:32But Arminius wasn't loyal, at least not to Rome.
20:36Using his Roman military training, he lured Verus deep into the Teutoburg Forest.
20:40There, Germanic guerrilla attacks shattered the Roman columns.
20:44Trapped in dense woods, unable to form battle lines, the legions were systematically slaughtered over three brutal days.
20:51Verus fell on his own sword rather than face capture.
20:54So did many of his officers.
20:56Rome lost between 15,000 and 20,000 men, three legionary eagles, and its dream of conquering Germania.
21:03The empire's frontier would never again push farther to the north.
21:06Arminius' war of liberation was devastating to the empire.
21:11It constituted the first time in which the Romans withdrew from conquered territory.
21:17The end of Roman imperial expansion can be traced back with real validity to Arminius' victory.
21:24Number 32.
21:25Listening to Thomas Midgley Jr.
21:27Thomas Midgley Jr. wasn't just a bad scientist.
21:31He may be responsible for more accidental environmental harm than any other individual in history.
21:37But Thomas Midgley continued with his research and, within a few months, made a new discovery.
21:43We are still living with the deadly effects today.
21:46In the early 20th century, he introduced two innovations that changed the world.
21:50First, he added tetraethyl lead to gasoline, unleashing a neurotoxin that poisoned generations of children.
21:57Later, he helped invent CFCs like Freon, which would go on to shred Earth's ozone layer.
22:03Sometimes they would say safe as milk, that it was perfect in every way, and that it was a miracle chemical,
22:09and it was proof that chemistry could solve any problem that people would have.
22:14At the time, both were hailed as breakthroughs.
22:17But the long-term consequences were catastrophic.
22:20Elevated cancer rates, global air pollution, and a hole in the atmosphere itself.
22:26Number 31.
22:27The Dred Scott Decision
22:28Few Supreme Court rulings have aged as badly or caused as much damage as the Dred Scott Decision.
22:35In 1857, the court ruled that Black Americans could not be citizens and had no right to sue in federal court.
22:41That 11-year odyssey took them all the way up to the Supreme Court.
22:44The one that ruled against Dred Scott in 1857.
22:48Worse, it declared that Congress had no power to ban slavery in U.S. territories.
22:53The decision enraged abolitionists, widened the sectional divide, and pushed the country closer to civil war.
22:59It was a catastrophic legal failure rooted in racism, short-term political appeasement, and a total misreading of the national mood.
23:06The racist pro-slavery decision inflamed public opinion.
23:10It also angered a rising political star named Abraham Lincoln.
23:14Instead of settling the slavery debate, Dred Scott lit the fuse that would explode just four years later at Fort Sumter.
23:21Number 30.
23:22Diocletian Splits Rome Into East and West
23:25He wants to destroy the Republic and rule Rome as a bloody tyrant!
23:31The Roman Empire became increasingly large in its early years, so much so that Emperor Diocletian decided to divide it into two in the late 3rd century.
23:41This was intended to make it easier to govern, but it instead caused its decline.
23:45While this decision provided short-term stability by streamlining the empire's administration, it also created two separate power centers with different priorities.
23:53The Eastern Empire received Egypt, the wealthiest province, while the West struggled to sustain itself economically.
23:59Over time, this separation weakened the cohesion of the Roman Empire, and made it increasingly difficult to manage.
24:05Eventually, Rome lost most of its Western provinces, culminating in the erosion of control in Italy, when the Empire fell to the Normans in 1071.
24:15Number 29.
24:16King Leopold II's Rush to Africa
24:18The limbs and lives of millions of Congolese were brutally lost for the insatiable demands of King Leopold II, who governed this territory as his personal property.
24:28The scramble for Africa remains one of the most appalling European ventures of the 19th century.
24:33The Industrial Revolution paved the way for Europeans to expand aggressively across the globe, often resorting to exploitation and violence.
24:41Among them was Belgian King Leopold II, who claimed sole ownership over the Congo Free State in 1885.
24:47His regime became infamous for its widespread atrocities and for plundering the nation's resources, while offering little benefit to its people.
24:55In fact, Leopold's government forced the Congolese people to extract rubber from their own land, and punished those who failed to meet quotas with torture and mutilation.
25:03It was a private extraction economy, fueled by human suffering.
25:07Number 28.
25:09Sending Diego de Landa to Convert the Yucatan Peninsula
25:12Diego de Landa was a Spanish Catholic missionary, sent to the Yucatan Peninsula to convert the Maya people to Christianity.
25:27Once there, he sought to completely erase the indigenous beliefs, which he deemed heretical.
25:31In 1562, he ordered the burning of thousands of Maya books, claiming they were, quote,
25:37This became known as the tragedy at ManΓ, and it erased tons of information about American history.
25:45In addition to this, Landa oversaw the torture of Maya people who refused conversion.
25:49His methods were so despicable that he was eventually recalled to Spain and put on trial for his illegal inquisition.
25:55This is our one and only opportunity to hear into the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans and hear these people speaking to us.
26:04Number 27.
26:05Romanos IV Recruiting a Diverse Army
26:07The Roman Empire spent centuries of the medieval era fighting off Islamic invasions from the east.
26:13The Roman-Seljuk border on the edge of Anatolia became the Roman Wild West, inspiring epic poems called the Acritic Songs.
26:20This all went downhill in 1071, when Romanos IV entered battle with the Seljuk Empire at Manzikert.
26:32His biggest mistake was recruiting a highly diverse army, composed of mercenaries from various backgrounds, with no loyalties to the empire.
26:40This led to a military disaster, or even deserting to the Turkic side, which wasn't surprising given that many were Turkic themselves.
26:47Rome never fully regained control of Anatolia, a region it had called home for over a thousand years.
26:54I am in your debt. Ask me for anything, and I will provide it.
27:00Anything.
27:02Anything.
27:03Number 26.
27:04Jefferson Removing an Anti-Slavery Passage from the Declaration of Independence
27:09When he wrote,
27:10We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
27:14That was the first time anybody had bothered to write that down.
27:16And then you turn the clock back and think of when he was writing it, how young he was.
27:22The founding fathers fought hard to establish equality for all.
27:26It just so happened that equality prioritized white property-owning males over others.
27:30The original draft of the Declaration of Independence was more progressive than the final document,
27:35with Jefferson including a passage condemning slavery.
27:38Every single word was precisely chosen.
27:43I assure you of that, Dr. Franklin.
27:45Yes, but yours will not be the only hand in this document.
27:50It cannot be.
27:51It referred to the practice as a, quote,
27:53cruel war against human nature, which was ironic, considering Jefferson himself owned hundreds of slaves,
27:59but at least it was a step in the right direction.
28:01However, the omission of this passage allowed the cruel act to continue for decades,
28:06and sowed the seeds of conflict that would later blossom into the Civil War.
28:10As a result, the eventual abolition of slavery was far more violent than it could have been.
28:15I think he was a great founding father, but I also know that he enslaved many of my ancestors.
28:23Number 25. Titanic Untested
28:26The RMS Titanic was tested multiple times before its maiden voyage, and was deemed unsinkable.
28:38The vessel was an extraordinary feat of engineering, and the initial trials went remarkably well,
28:43with the ship successfully sailing down the River Lagan in 1911.
28:47Subsequent sea tests in 1912 successfully confirmed her speed and structure.
28:51And of course, what had happened, we'd slipped over the iceberg,
28:55and although she was supposed to be unsinkable, with a double bottom,
29:00the iceberg had cut her from forward on the starboard side to the engine room.
29:06Unfortunately, these all overlooked the real-world extreme conditions.
29:10For example, the watertight compartments only reached the D-deck,
29:13meaning if water overflowed into upper compartments, it was doomed.
29:17Some argue that the disaster resulted from speeding at night,
29:20or turning into the iceberg rather than hitting it head-on,
29:23which only prolonged the collision.
29:25Ultimately, if it had only been tested more thoroughly,
29:28the tragedy might have been prevented.
29:30The bow section planes away,
29:33landing about a half a mile away,
29:35going 20, 30 knots when it hits the ocean floor.
29:37Number 24. King Charles I dissolving parliament.
29:43And he stepped through a window to a huge crowd,
29:49all of whom must have been very used to the idea of public execution,
29:54but nothing like this.
29:56The divine right of kings proved to be a myth when King Charles I was executed in 1649.
30:02This incident was spearheaded by Oliver Cromwell,
30:05whose revolutionary actions stemmed from the king's repeated dissolutions of parliament.
30:09Charles did this in part after trying to secure funds for his wars abroad,
30:13and parliament refused to comply.
30:15He then began imposing forced loans,
30:17putting people who refused to pay in prison.
30:20On one side of the war were the royalists who supported Charles' position as supreme ruler.
30:28On the other were members of parliament who believed that their king was too powerful.
30:34Eventually, they passed the petition of right,
30:36seeking to limit his power,
30:38but Charles simply dissolved them and ruled without parliament for 11 years,
30:42a period known as the 11 Years' Tyranny.
30:45His defiance culminated in the English Civil War in 1642,
30:48which was ignited by his relentless disregard for democracy.
30:52Mr. Speaker,
30:54you will inform the members of this house
30:56that their presence is no longer required by the nation.
31:00This parliament is, by my authority,
31:04terminated,
31:05dissolved.
31:08Number 23. Operation Cyclone.
31:11The CIA has more advanced weaponry available,
31:14but is wary of tipping their hand to Moscow.
31:16If the Soviets learn of America's secret involvement in Afghanistan,
31:21it could escalate into nuclear war.
31:24The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan began in 1979,
31:27lasting an entire decade.
31:29America was vehemently opposed to communism,
31:32and sought to prevent Soviet success.
31:34This is where Operation Cyclone comes in.
31:37It was a covert CIA operation that provided financial and military aid
31:40to the Afghan Mujahideen fighters.
31:42While the Mujahideen ultimately prevailed,
31:45this operation unintentionally fostered the rise of Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
31:49They understand that whoever comes in there ultimately wishes they hadn't,
31:54because nobody has ever stayed, ever.
31:57After the war,
31:58the absence of a stable government caused a civil war,
32:01paving the way for a violent Taliban regime,
32:04notorious for human rights violations and collusion with terrorist groups.
32:08The region is still unstable today,
32:10and there have been numerous attacks on America since,
32:13orchestrated by the very groups it funded.
32:15There was wild jubilation inside the country of Afghanistan,
32:19as last weekend it became the first country in history
32:23to defeat the mighty Soviet Union.
32:26Number 22, Lenin installing himself as a dictator.
32:30Lenin didn't want to get involved with a movement
32:33that wasn't close to his ideas and under his control from the beginning.
32:37His idea of revolution was that it should be something
32:39which would be organized and disciplined and led by a revolutionary vanguard.
32:46Vladimir Lenin was a passionate revolutionary
32:48who helped overthrow the Tsar in the February Revolution of 1917.
32:52The Constituent Assembly was democratically elected,
32:55intended to be Russia's new form of government.
32:57This was monumental since it was the first ever election in Russian history.
33:01This is how we knew him.
33:04This is how we remember him.
33:07And this is the way he will live down the ages.
33:11The assembly didn't last long, however,
33:13as it was dissolved by Lenin shortly after its first session commenced,
33:16when the Bolsheviks failed to secure a majority.
33:19His seizure of power set the stage for the Soviet Union's totalitarian regime,
33:23with Lenin establishing the secret police
33:25and laying the foundations for Stalin's subsequent reign of terror.
33:31Number 21. Louis XVI's Financial Aid to America
33:37When I return from Saint-Cloud, you can be sure
33:40that I will resume my regime.
33:44And hopefully everything will go swimmingly.
33:47During the American Revolution,
33:49Louis XVI decided to provide substantial financial and military aid to the 13 colonies.
33:54While the support played a crucial role in securing the Americans' victory,
33:58it severely crippled France's economy.
34:00The effort cost the country 1.8 billion levers,
34:04which was more than double their annual income.
34:06America bankrupts France, in effect,
34:09because the debt which the French monarchy incurs
34:13in order to fight the American war of independence
34:16turns out to be absolutely crucial in the financial situation of the French monarchy.
34:21This caused a further strain on an economy that was already burdened
34:24by massive debt from the Seven Years' War.
34:26By 1789, Louis XVI had hiked taxes massively,
34:31igniting the French Revolution.
34:32Of course, there were a myriad of factors that contributed to the uprising,
34:36like deep social inequalities and harvest failures.
34:38But funding the American Revolution was a disastrous miscalculation.
34:42Are you admiring your Lime Avenue?
34:49I'm saying goodbye.
34:51Number 20,
34:52The Bay of Pigs Invasion
34:53As the sun rises,
34:54there is a surprise attack from Castro's air force.
34:58The B-26s are shot down.
35:00In April 1961,
35:02the United States of America aided anti-Castro Cuban exiles
35:05in an invasion of their former country.
35:07It was a complete disaster.
35:09The Cubans knew they were coming,
35:11thanks to some loose lips by the exiles.
35:13And the CIA knew they knew,
35:15yet failed to inform President John F. Kennedy.
35:17Kennedy could see all sorts of complications.
35:20There was no reason to believe
35:21that we could take Cuba over in a week.
35:24Furthermore,
35:25the original invasion plan,
35:27which had been drafted under President Dwight D. Eisenhower,
35:29called for U.S. air and naval support,
35:32which Kennedy withheld after a certain point.
35:34The debacle only served to solidify Fidel Castro's rule,
35:37while also showing communist leaders worldwide
35:40that the U.S. could be defeated.
35:42The enemy was confused.
35:43He had thought that our defense would crumble
35:45under the very first attack.
35:47He did not expect all the Cuban people to rise against him.
35:51Oh, and it made possible
35:52the whole Cuban missile crisis thing.
35:54Number 19,
35:55The Donner Party's Shortcut
35:57Early autumn snowstorms trapped the wagons,
36:00and they were forced to construct makeshift camps for the winter.
36:04The result was extreme suffering and starvation.
36:08One of the most infamous pioneering groups in American history,
36:11the Donner Party consisted of 87 settlers
36:13who set out for California in the 1840s.
36:16By the time they reached their destination,
36:18only 48 remained,
36:20thanks to a multitude of costly errors.
36:22They set out too late in the season,
36:24leading to unfavorable weather throughout the journey.
36:26They were undersupplied
36:28and accepted more members as they went,
36:30leading to further shortages.
36:32They didn't have a guide
36:33and took a route that was untested.
36:35There was infighting and even murder within the party,
36:38and when the group was stranded by a blizzard
36:40in the Sierra Nevada mountains,
36:41some were forced to resort to cannibalizing
36:43their deceased members to survive.
36:45The Donner Party did everything wrong.
36:48Some people came through it heroically,
36:51and some of the people in that party were far from heroes,
36:55and they got worse as the conditions got worse.
36:58Number 18.
36:59Churchill decides to invade Gallipoli.
37:01Has it been a success or hasn't it?
37:03Well, it's hard to say, sir.
37:05During the First World War,
37:06fighting had stalemated in Europe,
37:08and Russia was engaged with the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus.
37:12Seeking to divert Central Powers' forces from Europe
37:14and cut off the Ottomans,
37:16the Allies, with Winston Churchill spearheading it,
37:18decided to attack present-day Turkey.
37:21To reinforce naval forces,
37:23the Gallipoli Peninsula was invaded.
37:25The campaign was a colossal failure.
37:27The Allies drastically underestimated the Ottoman forces
37:30and used inexperienced troops and commanders,
37:33resulting in a 10-month-long engagement
37:35with over half a million men killed or wounded.
37:38The Allies were forced to retreat,
37:40with Britain's reputation suffering heavily over the debacle,
37:43and Churchill losing his job.
37:45At least Turkey and the Allied New Zealand and Australia
37:48gained some national pride over their roles.
37:50Excuse me, sir.
37:51British are assured civil.
37:52Are they meeting heavy opposition?
37:54None, sir.
37:55Apparently they've called a halt
37:56and the officers are sitting on the beach drinking cups of tea.
37:59Number 17.
38:00Battle of the Little Bighorn.
38:01The village was always on the move.
38:04They knew the army was out after them.
38:05And to the United States Army,
38:07to capture a fleeing village was an impossible task.
38:10Also known as Custer's last stand,
38:13The Battle of the Little Bighorn
38:14is one that has been romanticized
38:16in the folklore of the United States.
38:18However, General George Armstrong Custer's
38:21numerous mistakes have left its legacy far more muddled.
38:24In 1876, Custer met his end
38:27when attacking a force of Allied Plains Native Americans
38:29near the Little Bighorn River in Montana.
38:32Custer was outnumbered
38:33and had split his forces into several smaller groups.
38:36And the Native Americans had superior rifles.
38:39He realizes he doesn't have enough troops to do the job.
38:44He sends a rider south with a note calling for more men
38:47and more ammo.
38:49Custer had rejected not only reinforcements,
38:52but also several Gatling guns,
38:54which may have turned the tide of battle.
38:55His decision to attack before the rest of the army arrived
38:59resulted in Custer's death
39:00and the deaths of around half of his men.
39:02Lieutenant Colonel George Custer
39:05and over 200 of his men
39:06annihilated in a defeat
39:09that devastated America in 1876.
39:12Number 16, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia.
39:16The little corporal's grand army of 680,000 soldiers
39:19strolled into Russia
39:20hoping for a quick and easy defeat,
39:23only to find the Russian forces
39:24to be constantly retreating.
39:25Using what's known as a scorched earth tactic,
39:27the Russians would burn down villages
39:29so that the pursuing French army
39:31would have no supplies to feed their vast numbers.
39:34Eventually, winter came
39:35and the French forces were subject to starvation,
39:38hypothermia, and eventually defeat.
39:40It was a harsh lesson,
39:41but one that every military leader
39:43has since taken to heart.
39:45Never underestimate the environmental factors
39:47when fighting on enemy soil.
39:49Number 15, the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan.
39:53Now it's time for the Russians,
39:55or in this case, the Soviets, to take a beating.
39:57As the 1979 invasion of this Middle Eastern country
40:00was decidedly not a win for them.
40:02Wanting to protect communist interests in the country,
40:05the Soviets sent over 100,000 soldiers
40:07after the assassination of the president
40:09of the Afghanistan Communist Party.
40:12However, due to the alien nature
40:14of the communist way of life,
40:15an Afghani and Muslim resistance rose up
40:17with monetary aid
40:18from a certain Western capitalist arch enemy of the Soviets.
40:22The ensuing conflict would result
40:23in the death of almost 15,000 Soviet soldiers,
40:26a Soviet withdrawal,
40:27and a continued civil war in the country.
40:30Number 14, the Spanish Armada's Failed Invasion of England.
40:34The difficult question of how to transport
40:37a Spanish army safely to England
40:40in the face of a very strong and active English navy.
40:46The summer of 1588 saw the formation of a Spanish Armada,
40:49which set sail for England
40:51in an attempt to overthrow Elizabeth I
40:53to restore Catholicism to the nation.
40:55However, the Spanish and Portuguese vessels
40:58were engaged in the English Channel
40:59by an English and Dutch Armada.
41:01Although the Spanish Armada had larger ships
41:03and more men,
41:04the defenders had more ships
41:06that were more maneuverable and better armed.
41:08The Spanish were defeated, forcing a retreat.
41:11Not only did they fail to restore Catholics
41:13to power in England,
41:15but their failure arguably emboldened Protestants
41:17across Europe and led to the decline of Spain
41:20as an international power.
41:22Now Drake had proved that the English designed warship
41:27was superior to anything that the Spanish
41:30or anyone else could put to sea.
41:33Number 13, the Fourth Crusade.
41:35Pope Innocent III called for the retaking
41:37of Jerusalem by Christians.
41:39The Holy City was then Muslim-controlled,
41:41and the plan was to attack the Ayyubid Sultanate in Egypt,
41:45the largest Muslim empire at the time.
41:47However, a series of blunders led to the Crusaders
41:50doing nearly the opposite of their stated goal.
41:52When not enough Crusaders embarked from Venice,
41:55the army that arrived there could not pay for passage.
41:58Furthermore, these same Crusaders sacked Zara,
42:01a Catholic city under Venice's instruction
42:02to recoup their investment.
42:04The Pope excommunicated them.
42:07Then, these Crusaders retook the Orthodox
42:09Christian-controlled Constantinople for Alexios IV,
42:12who promised them support in retaking Jerusalem.
42:15However, they sacked the city when he was deposed.
42:17The Fourth Crusade only served to weaken
42:20Christian-controlled Byzantium.
42:22Number 12, the Chernobyl Meltdown.
42:24Comrade the Adlov, I apologize,
42:27but what you're saying makes no sense.
42:28Raise the power.
42:30No.
42:32I won't do it.
42:33It isn't safe.
42:33The Chernobyl nuclear disaster
42:35is arguably the world's worst nuclear incident
42:38that wasn't intentional.
42:40On April 26th, 1986,
42:42the number four reactor
42:43at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded
42:46during a safety test.
42:48While the disaster was partly the result
42:49of failures in Soviet safety procedures
42:51and the design of the reactor itself,
42:54operator error also played a major factor.
42:57Extreme conditions were created
42:58due to the negligence of those in charge.
43:01Additionally, the test was conducted
43:03by the less experienced night shift at the plant
43:05instead of the day shift.
43:07The end result was an unprecedented catastrophe
43:09that had it not been contained,
43:11could have poisoned most of Eastern Europe.
43:13Number 11, HernΓ‘n CortΓ©s' alliance with the Aztec's enemies.
43:25What rational beings live here, wrote CortΓ©s.
43:29This is the best and richest land that ever there was.
43:33The Aztec Empire once ruled a vast and culturally diverse region
43:37of Mesoamerica,
43:38home to roughly 6 million people at its greatest extent.
43:41HernΓ‘n CortΓ©s, a Spanish explorer,
43:43arrived in Mexico in 1519 on a mapping expedition.
43:46He quickly realized how politically fragmented the region was
43:49and allied with some of the Aztec's enemies,
43:52of which there were many.
43:53He was a poor boy from the small town of MedellΓn,
43:57trained not in war, but in law.
44:00Although CortΓ©s brought just over 2,000 Spaniards,
44:03these alliances swelled his forces to well over 100,000 soldiers.
44:07Their superior technology and immune systems
44:09decimated the Aztecs in 1521
44:11and resulted in a full-blown cultural genocide
44:14of the indigenous peoples.
44:16Number 10, Mao's Great Leap Forward.
44:19Murdering millions of your own people is always a bad idea,
44:23but that's just what happened in China
44:24during the early to mid-20th century.
44:27In an attempt to rapidly industrialize the nation,
44:30the communist leaders tried to institute a demand for crops
44:33that the people could not meet.
44:34The resulting famine caused deaths around the country.
44:37However, famine was not the only cause of death
44:40during the Great Leap.
44:41Many reports of torture, beatings,
44:43and people taking their own lives
44:45have surfaced throughout the years.
44:46An exact death toll is nigh impossible to nail down,
44:49but it's been estimated at anywhere between
44:5123 and 55 million people.
44:55And no amount of progress is worth such a steep cost.
44:58Number 9, the toppling of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran.
45:02Once again, we travel to the Middle East,
45:05but this time it's some devotees of capitalism
45:07that would make the mistake.
45:08The mission was known as Ajax in the US
45:10and Operation Boot in the UK.
45:13But the principles were the same.
45:14Protect Western oil interests in Iran.
45:17How?
45:18By overthrowing the democratically elected prime minister
45:20and installing a monarch more sympathetic
45:22to the US's and the UK's demands.
45:25That's exactly what they did.
45:27The CIA even hired local mobsters to incite riots.
45:31What followed was the death and subjugation
45:33of many of the Iranian people
45:34and a period of unrest
45:36that would eventually lead
45:37to the Iranian Revolution of 1979.
45:40Number 8, Escalating the Vietnam War.
45:43General, will this entail any offensive operations?
45:47No, no, I don't believe it.
45:49In the 1960s, communism was spreading to Southeast Asia
45:53and the prospect of a country willingly embracing it
45:56was intolerable to the West.
45:58In 1956, an election to unify Vietnam was scheduled,
46:01but the United States, supposed champions of the free world,
46:05opposed it for fear of communism
46:06being democratically and peacefully adopted.
46:09Eventually, in 1964, the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred
46:13involving alleged attacks on US Navy ships
46:15by North Vietnamese patrol boats.
46:17The disillusionment for me began
46:20when I was going back to fight
46:22at places we'd already fought before.
46:24We had fought, captured, and then left,
46:28and the envy came right back.
46:29One of these attacks apparently didn't even happen,
46:32but that didn't seem to matter.
46:33The US used it as a pretext
46:35to escalate things further
46:36and eventually became embroiled
46:38in one of their bloodiest wars.
46:40The conflict claimed 58,000 American lives
46:43and over a million Vietnamese.
46:45Number 7, George W. Bush invading Iraq in 2003.
47:01Whether you believe it was motivated
47:03by weapons of mass destruction,
47:04the 9-11 attacks, or a need for oil,
47:07we can all agree that this 2003 attack
47:09on the Middle East was divisive
47:10for the American people
47:11and devastating for the Iraqi.
47:14It kicked off a costly 8-plus-year Iraq war,
47:17which, rather than fighting terrorism,
47:19arguably fostered it,
47:20most notably giving rise to ISIS.
47:22On the home front,
47:23it turned America into a nation divided,
47:26with one half of the population
47:27supporting the war
47:28and the other half vehemently against it.
47:31In other words,
47:32some were a little bit country
47:33and some were a little bit rock and roll.
47:35Shout out to South Park fans.
47:38Number 6, Austria-Hungary decides to start a war.
47:41In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand,
47:44the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire,
47:46was assassinated by Bosnian Serb nationalists.
47:49Austria-Hungary couldn't let the killing
47:51of their next ruler go lightly
47:52and decided to attack Serbia in retaliation.
47:55However, with Russia allied with Serbia,
47:58they wanted support from Germany in any conflict.
48:00By delaying their attack,
48:02Austria-Hungary ensured that Russia and its allies,
48:04France, and later the United Kingdom,
48:06entered the conflict as well.
48:07All these events spiraled into the First World War.
48:11Granted, advances in military technology
48:13and the numerous European alliances
48:15ensured a massive conflict was bound to break out.
48:18But Austria-Hungary was the first to declare war.
48:21Number 5, Russia invades Ukraine.
48:24The denazification and demilitarization of Ukraine,
48:29that was his outrageous justification for all this.
48:33The first based on a lie,
48:34the second, a euphemism for invasion.
48:38Russia invaded Ukraine in February of 2022.
48:41Despite Russian claims of Ukrainian Nazism,
48:44it was more likely to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO.
48:47Regardless of the reasons,
48:48the invasion has been costly for both countries
48:51and the world economy.
48:52Tens of thousands have been killed on both sides.
48:55A refugee crisis has developed,
48:57not only in Ukraine, but also in Europe,
48:59as thousands seek to flee the draft.
49:01We are not afraid.
49:03We are ready to defend our country.
49:06Plus, countries worldwide have imposed sanctions on Russia,
49:10destroying its economy.
49:11This is an ongoing conflict,
49:13so the full extent of how bad a decision it is
49:16cannot be stated at this time.
49:18However, even the ramifications thus far are horrendous.
49:21This road, lined with Russian tanks,
49:25destroyed when the Ukrainians were able to take this town back.
49:30Number 4.
49:31Japan brings the United States into World War II.
49:34During World War II,
49:35Japan had invaded China and Korea.
49:38This prompted harsh sanctions from the USA,
49:40Britain, and the Dutch,
49:42who all had territory in the Pacific and or ties to China.
49:45This effectively robbed them of many necessary resources,
49:49including oil.
49:49Rather than lose face by withdrawing,
49:52Japan decided to declare war on the United States,
49:55attacking Pearl Harbor in Hawaii in 1941.
49:58This was a huge mistake.
50:00The USA retaliated with a costly and brutal war in the Pacific,
50:04leading to millions of deaths
50:05and the only instance of nuclear weapons used in warfare.
50:09The long-term effects on Japan were immense
50:12and still ripple through the country today.
50:14Look at them all.
50:17I mean, we, we, we, we, we chewed them up.
50:19They just kept on coming.
50:21Number 3.
50:22Hitler invading Russia.
50:24There's a quote that reads,
50:26those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.
50:29And that's exactly what the Nazis did in 1941.
50:32Despite studying Napoleon's first invasion of Russia as reference,
50:36the Nazis attempted invasion of the Soviet Union
50:38resulted in a catastrophic loss of life.
50:40And in the eyes of many,
50:42it was the downfall of the Third Reich.
50:44Just like Napoleon,
50:45they planned on achieving a swift victory that never came.
50:48Operation Barbarossa, as it would come to be known,
50:51lasted over five months
50:52and resulted in over five million deaths.
50:56Number 2.
50:57Angering Genghis Khan.
50:59Many angered the Great Khan during his reign over the Mongol Empire,
51:02but none so spectacularly as the Allahuddin Muhammad II,
51:07Shah of the Muslim Karazmian Empire.
51:09The result of infuriating the Khan
51:11meant the destruction of Allahuddin's empire.
51:14But keep in mind,
51:14that didn't have to be the case.
51:16Genghis wanted peace with the Shah,
51:18saying,
51:18The Shah refused,
51:28killing some Mongolian envoys.
51:30The result was, as previously stated,
51:33less than favorable for the Shah.
51:34It just goes to show,
51:36never mess with a Mongol.
51:37Before we continue,
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51:53Number 1.
51:54The victorious allies impose harsh terms on Germany after World War I.
51:59The Treaty of Versailles.
52:01The moment that would define the next half of the 20th century.
52:05The moment that would lead to the rise of fascism,
52:07the Nazis,
52:08and eventually the Holocaust.
52:10After a long and brutal World War I,
52:13the victorious allies were tasked with punishing the losers
52:16and punish them they did.
52:17The most important factor of the treaty
52:19was that Germany had to take total and complete blame for the war,
52:23which meant they had to disarm
52:24and pay reparations to all affected countries.
52:28This would virtually bankrupt the European country
52:30and set the stage for a very sinister time in human history.
52:35History buffs,
52:36what's the worst decision we decided to leave out?
52:38Let us know in the comments below.
52:39673 men started out on that doomed journey towards the guns.
52:45The finest brigade of light cavalry Britain could muster
52:48and all desperate to see action.
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