- 5/1/2025
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00:00France, officially the French Republic, is a hexagon-shaped transcontinental country spanning
00:15an aggregate area of 643,801 square kilometers across Western Europe and overseas regions and
00:23territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. In the modern day,
00:30France remains a great power in terms of economy, culture, military, and politics.
00:40Since the Paleolithic era, the Celtic tribes known as the Gauls have settled in Gaul,
00:45a region of Western Europe, compassing present-day metropolitan France. During the 2nd and 1st
00:52centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule. Following the Gaelic Wars led by Julius Caesar,
00:58Gaul was divided into five parts, Gaulia Celtica, Gaulia Belgica, Gaulia Silsulpina,
01:07Gaulia Narbonne Sessis, and Gaulia Aquentania. Afterwards, Gaul was integrated into the Roman
01:14Empire leading to the emergence of Gallo-Roman culture that laid the foundation of the French
01:19language. In 260 AD, a short-lived Gaelic Empire was established by Roman commander Postumus,
01:27but was then retaken by Roman Emperor Aurelian in 274. In the 5th century, Gaul suffered barbarian
01:35raids and migration by the Germanic Franks, leading to the formation of the Frankish Empire, which then
01:41became the heartland of the Carolingian Empire. In 843, the Treaty of Verdun divided the empire into
01:48three kingdoms, West Francia, Middle Francia, and East Francia. West Francia then became the Kingdom of
01:55France in 987, which was ruled by the House of Coppet. Philip II Augustus became the first French monarch to
02:02bill himself King of France. By the end of his reign, France emerged as the most powerful state in Europe.
02:09In 1328, the House of Velos succeeded to the French throne. Nearly a decade later, England and France
02:16entered the Hundred Years' War, growing from disputed claims to the French throne between the English
02:21Royal House of Plantagenet and the French Royal House of Velios. The war ended in 1453 with the Velios
02:29victory, strengthening French nationalism and increasing the power and reach of the French monarchy.
02:40The French Renaissance in the 16th century witnessed the first standardization of the French language
02:46and the outbreak of the Italian wars between France and the House of Habsburg. The war ended with Henry
02:52II of France signing the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrus separately with Elizabeth I of England, and then with
02:58Philip II of Spain. In the mid-16th century, France established colonies in eastern North America,
03:05the Caribbean, and India, expanding the first French colonial empire.
03:10In 1562, the French wars of religion broke out between French Catholics and Protestants,
03:16or Huguenots, and ended with Henry IV's Addict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots some freedom of
03:23religion. Following the Thirty Years' War, France reached its peak under the rule of Louis XIV who
03:29expanded French overseas territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. However, after the Seven Years' War,
03:36France lost New France to Great Britain and Spain in the Treaty of Paris and left the kingdom in a
03:41precarious economic situation by the end of the 18th century.
03:51In 1789, financial troubles led to the convocation of the Estates General signaling the outbreak of
03:57the French Revolution that overthrew the ancient regime and produced the Declaration of Rights of
04:02Man and of the citizen. In 1792, the First French Republic, or Revolutionary France, was founded. A coup d'etat
04:11seven years later changed the form of government from the Directory to the Consulate, bringing General
04:16Napoleon Bonaparte to power at First Consul of France. Under the rule of Napoleon, France won several
04:22military conflicts during the French Revolutionary Wars against Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and
04:28several other monarchies. In 1804, the First French Empire was declared. Napoleon crowned himself
04:36Emperor and began his massive expansion of France and Europe via what became known as Napoleonic Wars,
04:41a series of major global conflicts against European states formed into various coalitions,
04:46extending French influence to much of Western Europe. Austria, Russia, Denmark, Norway, and Prussia had
04:53been browbeaten into becoming allies. Only the United Kingdom remained fully beyond his reach.
04:59However, Napoleon's defeat in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 marked the end of the First
05:04French Empire and the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration. After the death of Napoleon,
05:09the country was politically unstable but economically strong. In 1848, following the February Revolution,
05:16the Second Republic was established with Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte as the President,
05:20who initiated the Second French Empire and proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III from 1852.
05:26In 1870, after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War against the North German Confederation,
05:32the Second French Empire collapsed, paving the way for the French Third Republic. During the late 19th
05:38century, the Third Republic established many French colonial possessions, including French Indochina,
05:44French Madagascar, French Polynesia, and large territories in West Africa. By the 20th century,
05:50the French colonial empire became the world's second largest colonial empire.
06:01As World War I broke out in 1914, France joined the side of the Triple Entity with Russia and Britain
06:07against the Triple Alliance, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Two sides later formed
06:13the Allied Powers and the Central Powers, respectively. After four years, World War I ended with the
06:19victory of France and its allies but led to the deaths of 3.4 million French. In 1919, the Paris
06:26Peace Conference gathered leaders of Britain, Italy, France, and the United States to set peace terms
06:32for the defeated Central Powers. The main result was the Treaty of Versailles, giving France the territories
06:37they had lost during the France of Prussian War, and heavily punishing Germany with expensive war reparations.
06:44In 1939, Germany's invasion of Poland caused France and Britain to declare war against Germany,
06:50triggering the Second World War, during which France joined as an allied power against the Axis.
06:56In 1940, France was invaded by Nazi Germany, and Paris soon fell to the Germans. France was then
07:02divided into a German occupation zone in the south, an Italian occupation zone in the southeast,
07:07and an unoccupied territory. In June 1940, under the lead of French General Charles de Gaulle,
07:14Free France was set up as a government in exile in London, coordinating the French resistance during the war.
07:21In July 1940, a German puppet state known as Vichy France was established to govern the unoccupied
07:26part of France and its colonies. Two years later, all of Vichy France was occupied by German forces.
07:32In 1943, Corsica was the first French metropolitan territory to gain independence from the Axis.
07:39In June 1944, the Allied invaded Normandy and, in August, invaded province, paving the way for the
07:46liberation of Paris and continental France later that month. The Provisional Government of the French
07:51Republic, GPRF, was established by de Gaulle to continue to wage war against Germany until its complete
07:57defeat one year later.
08:03On October 13, 1946, the GPRF was replaced by the Fourth Republic, opening an era of great economic
08:10growth in France. In an attempt to regain control over French Indochina, France was defeated by the
08:16Viet Minh in the Battle of the Daim Binh Phu. In the wake of the Algerian war between France and the
08:21Algerian National Liberation Front, the Fourth Republic was dissolved and replaced by the French
08:26Fifth Republic, with Charles de Gaulle as the first president. In the following years,
08:31Algeria and most French colonies gained independence from France, while some smaller parts were
08:36integrated into France as overseas departments and collectives. In 2017, Emmanuel Macron, founder of a
08:43new party, Le Republican and Marquis, was elected president of the French Republic and was re-elected
08:48in the 2022 presidential election. Today, France is a developed country with the world's seventh
08:55largest economy by nominal GDP and also a great power in global affairs, being one of the five
09:00permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and a recognized nuclear weapons state.
09:07France is the founding member of the European Union and the Eurozone and a key member of the Group of
09:12Seven, NATO, OECD and La Francifonie.
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