- 4/25/2025
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01:29At stake were immense oil reserves and a strategic location on the southern border of the Soviet Union.
01:36In the weeks that followed, Roosevelt used $10,000 to rent a mob of musclemen to incite riots against the two-day Communist Party and bully Prime Minister Mossadegh out of office.
01:51After a two-hour battle raged outside his residence, a tearful Mossadegh slipped out the back and fled.
02:01Roosevelt sent a victory telegram to the Shah, who had been hiding in Rome.
02:07Like most great CIA covert operations, they succeed partly because of a plot and partly by accident.
02:17The young Shah was sort of caught by surprise himself.
02:20He was so excited that Kermit Roosevelt had done this for him.
02:23He said something to the effect that I owe my throne to God and my people and to you, looking straight at Kermit Roosevelt.
02:31The coup in Iran caused a sensation around the world and emboldened the CIA, giving its agents an exaggerated sense of confidence.
02:42For the next decade, as the world's two superpowers confronted each other in an atomic standoff, the Central Intelligence Agency destabilized national economies, toppled leftist regimes, and plotted assassinations.
03:00What few people realized was that the responsibility for ordering these covert acts fell squarely on the shoulders of the friendly-looking fellow in the White House.
03:14While he appeared to be casual and amiable, aides close to Eisenhower saw a very different side to the man.
03:21There was a very profound difference between the outer projection and the man himself when he got down to business.
03:35Mostly, this is one tough SOB.
03:40As he went along cultivating this image of a benign, even bumbling grandfather,
03:45Dwight Eisenhower orchestrated some of the most devious covert operations the world has ever known.
03:56For most of the 1950s, the hidden hand of President Eisenhower was pulling the strings and very consciously shaping the balance of global power.
04:05Dwight David Eisenhower was born to Ida and David Eisenhower in 1890 and raised in the frontier town of Abilene, Kansas.
04:23He enjoyed a rough-and-tumble upbringing in which hard work, fishing, and shooting were routine.
04:29He also developed a skill that later in his career he would use to his advantage.
04:39He was a person with a basically shrewd cast of mind who, as a teenager, had learned poker from some backwoods Abilene hobo.
04:50And he was just very good at calculating, figuring the odds, and at bluffing.
04:59When Eisenhower's parents were unable to afford his college tuition,
05:04he entered a statewide competition and won a free education.
05:09His boyhood nickname, Ike, would follow him all the way to West Point.
05:13In 1917, when the United States entered World War I, Ike hoped for an overseas command.
05:24He was one of the first officers in the U.S. Army to recognize the potential of a new weapon, the tank.
05:31In late 1918, within a week of receiving orders to take his unit to France, the armistice was signed.
05:44For the next 20 years, Ike, accompanied by his wife Mamie, had to content himself with staff positions on foreign soil.
05:51In Panama, where he became an aficionado of military history under General Fox Connors.
06:00And in the Philippines, where he struggled to live up to the expectations of the sometimes difficult General Douglas MacArthur.
06:10Grant had kept a diary, and there's this really sad moment.
06:14He gets back to Manila after an extended trip to the United States, and literally his key does not fit the door.
06:18His replacement has been appointed in his absence.
06:22And there is this devastating moment in his diary where he says,
06:29I will not give the General the satisfaction knowing that I'm through on this staff.
06:32I don't know what I could have possibly done wrong.
06:35All I've wanted to do is basically serve this man.
06:41The experience so disheartened Ike that he considered quitting the military.
06:48At the outbreak of World War II, Ike, already 51 years old and still only a Lieutenant Colonel, was assigned staff duty under General George Marshall.
07:01Ike so impressed his boss with his organizational skills that after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Marshall named him Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, leapfrogging him over 366 more senior candidates.
07:19In June of 1942, Ike left for England to assume his new post.
07:30His first exposure to the secret tactics of war occurred during his visit to Chequers, the weekend retreat, Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
07:38As Churchill filled Ike in on the hidden weapons the Allies were using to fight Hitler, including Bletchley Park, where the Brits were already decrypting the German secret military codes,
07:53it was obvious that the American general was completely naive when it came to the uses of intelligence.
08:03In this regard, he was not unlike many Americans of his generation, who had been taught to believe that gentlemen did not read each other's mail.
08:11When Ike was placed at the head of Operation Torch, the secret invasion of North Africa, he was so taken with British code-breaking abilities that he based his strategy for the battle at Kasserine Pass on decrypted messages from the German general staff.
08:31Unfortunately, what he had no way of knowing was that General Erwin Rommel, the desert fox, would disobey the orders of his superiors.
08:47Despite the failure at Kasserine Pass, the codebreakers at Bletchley Park proved to be Ike's most effective spies because they allowed him to penetrate German military intelligence planning.
08:58This was essential as Ike began to develop the most critical campaign of the war, Overlord, the secret cross-channel invasion of occupied France.
09:14Ike knew that he had to trick the Germans into thinking that the landing would take place at a location other than Normandy, where it was planned.
09:22In order to do this, double agents leaked information detailing a false invasion operation and backed it up with Project Fortitude, which created a fictitious U.S. Army group commanded by General George Patton.
09:39Ike was proving himself to be a quick study in the art of deception.
09:52On June 6th, 1944, 176,000 fighting men in thousands of ships crossed the English Channel and landed on the coast of France.
10:02This is the largest amphibious invasion ever attempted in the history of warfare, to keep it secret so that the Germans weren't just waiting. All success depended upon that.
10:20The D-Day invasion was a smashing success. The Germans were completely fooled.
10:27At war's end, Ike returned a national hero. His optimism and innate practicality appealed enormously to a nation weighed down by fears of the Red Menace.
10:40As president of Columbia University in 1948, Ike rubbed shoulders with members of the scientific community that had pioneered cutting-edge work that helped win the war, including radar and nuclear fission.
10:57The next year he shared in the public's concern when the Soviets detonated their own atomic bomb and the world entered a new era.
11:14In 1950, after he'd accepted the job as first supreme commander of NATO, Ike watched the United States slide into yet another conflict in Korea.
11:23This time, however, the stakes were potentially higher. He found himself plagued by questions that were new and frightening.
11:33How does the United States engage in combat now that atomic weapons had been developed?
11:42When was it appropriate to use them? What were the dangers, and especially after the Chinese intervention, of a local conflict escalating into a global conflict in which the possible cost to this would be staggering?
12:01Eisenhower was convinced that the cause of the Korean War was a failure of a policy of deterrence.
12:10Initially reluctant to consider running for president, he began to feel that he alone was equipped to deal with the threat of advancing communism in a nuclear minefield.
12:21In 1952, he accepted the Republican nomination for president and won a landslide victory.
12:30As Ike prepared to take over the reins of leadership, the lessons he'd learned about deception and covert behavior were very much with him.
12:42It would not be long before he would put them to use.
12:52After his election, Dwight Eisenhower's first order of business was to bring an end to the Korean War.
13:01In December of 1952, he traveled to Korea to gather additional intelligence, but a solution still eluded him.
13:10During the initial months of his administration, various strategic options were weighed, including the use of atomic weapons.
13:20According to associates, Ike asked the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharl Nehru to carry the threat of an atomic strike on Korea to the Russians.
13:33Whether the message was ever relayed is unclear, but shortly thereafter an armistice was concluded.
13:39As far as Eisenhower was concerned, the United States and the Soviets were engaged in a winner-take-all struggle, and the world hung in the balance.
13:52He was, however, acutely aware of the danger and cost of massing a conventional military force.
13:59He saw the CIA as another, perhaps more efficient, means to tip that balance.
14:06Shortly after taking office, Ike's newly appointed director of the CIA, Alan Dulles, alerted him that a communist takeover was imminent in Guatemala.
14:19Jacobo Arbenz, the democratically elected president, had recently instituted a land reform program,
14:26expropriating foreign-owned property and returning it to the peasants.
14:31This policy enraged the powerful U.S.-owned United Fruit Company, which until then had controlled 40% of all arable land in Guatemala.
14:42The fruit company boasted powerful friends in the U.S. administration, including both Alan Dulles and his brother John Foster Dulles, now Secretary of State.
14:56Both of whom had worked as lawyers for United Fruit.
15:04Flushed with the success of their coup in Iran, the CIA presented Ike with a plan to overthrow the Arbenz government.
15:11It entailed training a small group of mercenaries on a base in Honduras, to be led by the local folk hero Castillo Armas.
15:20Soon, CIA airplanes were buzzing Guatemala, dropping small bombs.
15:27When Arbenz appealed to Moscow for help, Eisenhower ordered a naval blockade.
15:35The CIA delivered the final coup de grace by broadcasting over the radio that an invasion force was on its way to Guatemala.
15:45Fearful that Eisenhower was about to send in the marines, Jacobo Arbenz fled to Switzerland.
15:52It was sort of anti-communism on the cheap, and by doing it secretly, they could use dirty tricks, and hopefully nobody would find out.
16:05On the surface, the United States still operated under the good neighbor policy,
16:09which meant non-intervention in the internal affairs of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
16:15You're not a very good neighbor if you go around overthrowing governments.
16:21For Eisenhower personally, though, even if in fact the United States was caught with its proverbial hands in the cookie jar,
16:34it was important for Eisenhower not to pay the cost if there was a cost to pay.
16:40To ensure secrecy, Eisenhower, in his closest confidants, devised a policy that was designed to completely distance the president from these activities.
16:53The concept came to be known as plausible deniability.
17:00The whole notion was that heads of state needed to be able to do dastardly things without getting caught doing them.
17:07They wanted the capacity to assassinate people or overthrow governments or break foreign laws or do things that would look bad if they were disclosed.
17:16They wanted to be able to do that, but they wanted to do it without being held responsible.
17:21In September of 1954, Viet Minh forces laid siege to the French garrison at Dian Bien Phu in Vietnam,
17:31sparking yet another international crisis that threatened to draw the United States into armed conflict.
17:37Eisenhower was well aware that if the French were to lose Dian Bien Phu, they would lose their last foothold in Indochina and the entire region would fall into communist hands.
17:51To the American public, Eisenhower did little to address the issues at hand.
17:58There is the famous press conference in which his aides warn him not to say anything about a very tense international crisis.
18:13The press secretary, Hagerty, says the State Department asks you not to say anything if that question comes up, to refuse to talk.
18:22And Eisenhower says to Hagerty, don't worry, Jim, if that comes up, I'll just confuse them.
18:28In a role that he would assume time and time again, Ike receded into the background and let his Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles,
18:40take on the job of articulating administration policy.
18:46People might have said at the time, wouldn't it be terrible if Dulles died, Eisenhower would become president,
18:52he wouldn't know how to handle foreign policy.
18:55Dulles, along with Vice President Richard Nixon and two of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, argued for military intervention.
19:05During the final days of Dian Bien Phu, they even supported Vulture, a secret plan to drop atomic bombs on the Viet Minh.
19:14Eisenhower, however, rejected Vulture.
19:17Although he agreed to loan bombers to the French, he held the view that without support from other NATO member nations,
19:24it would be a costly mistake to commit American fighting men to Vietnam.
19:31The one thing he did agree to do was unleash CIA operative Edward Lansdale.
19:36Lansdale engaged in a grab bag of dirty tricks to harass the Viet Minh, which included running an ineffective psychological warfare campaign
19:49and pouring sugar in gas tanks to sabotage Hanoi's public transportation system.
19:55After the French defeat, diplomats at the Geneva Accords partitioned Vietnam.
20:04Holding out the promise of nationwide elections, the French turned control of the North over to the Communist leader and national hero Ho Chi Minh.
20:14They allowed the South to be put into the hands of a fiercely ambitious Catholic politician named Nyo Din Ziem,
20:23who promptly reneged on the promise to hold national elections.
20:27As Saigon turned into a city of spies, intrigue, and Byzantine plots, Lansdale and his CIA agents did their best to prop up the faltering regime of Ziem.
20:42But President Eisenhower had more pressing concerns that lay closer to home.
20:49Worried that the defense establishment was going to drive America into bankruptcy,
20:56he focused on pioneering a new spy technology, one that would change the world of espionage forever.
21:03For President Eisenhower and others of his generation, the primary fear was a nuclear strike by the Soviet Union hitting the U.S. as suddenly as Pearl Harbor.
21:22This fear was heightened early in 1954 when the Soviets began testing for their own thermonuclear bomb.
21:29Later that spring, intelligence officers on the rooftop of the American Embassy in Moscow photographed a new intercontinental bomber called the Bison.
21:41It was clear that the Soviets possessed a delivery system that could carry a nuclear warhead all the way to America.
21:49An arms race was underway, and while President Eisenhower believed that inside information was the best deterrent, his military advisers thought otherwise.
22:01Claiming that national security was at stake, they pushed hard for more weapons funding.
22:06The best way to counter this momentum was to gather better intelligence, to know what your enemy is doing and therefore respond appropriately.
22:20If you don't know what your enemy is doing, you tend to plan based on worst-case scenarios, and this could be incredibly expensive.
22:33It also, by the way, might frighten your adversary.
22:37Eisenhower wanted an early warning on any mobilization of Soviet planes or troops, but the CIA was unable to penetrate the Iron Curtain to set up spy networks inside Russian territory.
22:53On the basis of his World War II experience, Ike suggested a different approach.
22:58Something which we now take for granted in the world was pioneered by Eisenhower, and this is the notion that you have a capacity to gather intelligence from the air.
23:12The Air Force made several attempts to fly over the Soviet Union using redesigned bombers and unmanned balloons, but the results were disappointing.
23:22From his days as president of Columbia University, Ike knew to turn to the scientific community for help.
23:33He set up the surprise attack panel, which included James Killian, the president of MIT, and Edwin Land, the inventor of the Polaroid camera.
23:44Edwin Land knew that cameras were available that made high-altitude precision photography possible.
23:53Believing that a good picture was worth a thousand spies, the panel began casting about for a way to overfly the Soviet Union.
24:01On the day before Thanksgiving, 1954, Killian Land and Alan Dulles slipped into the White House for a clandestine meeting with President Eisenhower.
24:15The plan they presented was so secretive that no one was permitted to commit it to paper.
24:21They make their spiel, and they're not even fully finished, meaning they haven't gone to their second and third line of argument.
24:32What basically says, how quickly can you do it? I mean, go ahead, do it. Which really, they were shocked.
24:40The plan called for the construction of a single engine spy plane that could soar as high as 70,000 feet, out of the reach of radar detection.
24:53Eisenhower's only restriction was that he did not want uniformed pilots violating Soviet airspace.
25:01That meant the project was to be put in the hands of the CIA.
25:06The plane came to be called the U-2.
25:11Nine months later, at a secret airstrip in Nevada, the U-2 took its first flight.
25:20From 13 miles in the air, the U-2's camera brought into focus objects nearly as small as Ike's golf cart.
25:27In July of 1955, armed with the foreknowledge of the U-2, Eisenhower traveled to Geneva to attend his first conference with the Soviets.
25:41He stunned his audience by making his boldest speech yet on the Cold War.
25:49Called Open Skies, it proposed that both the Soviet Union and the United States agree to violate each other's airspace to see if the other side was preparing to attack.
25:59Ike hoped that the mere presentation of Open Skies would take some of the danger out of Cold War confrontation.
26:09The Russians, however, were not receptive.
26:12When we went for tea after the session broke up, it was Khrushchev who came walking up to Eisenhower.
26:25And he said, nyet, nyet, nyet.
26:29This is unacceptable. You are trying to look into our bedrooms.
26:34Eisenhower had no intention of holding his spy plane back.
26:38In early June of 1956, Ike gave permission for the U-2 to overfly the Soviet Union.
26:47Unbeknownst to the CIA, Russian radar immediately tracked the flight.
26:53Within days, Khrushchev issued a firm diplomatic protest.
26:58But because the U-2 was a civilian plane, Eisenhower was able to honestly respond that the U-S Air Force had not violated Soviet airspace.
27:10Every morning, in principle, whenever I could catch him, which was most of the time, I gave him an intelligence update of the overnight intelligence from the CIA, from the State Department, and from the Defense Department.
27:30So, he was clued in on intelligence just about as thoroughly as anybody could be.
27:41Over the next two years, U-2 photos revealed that the Soviets did not have the numbers of Bison bombers that military planners had estimated.
27:50As a result, Eisenhower was able to drastically cut back on defense spending.
27:57While the U-2 helped stabilize the relationship between the two superpowers, the information it provided could never be shared with the American public.
28:07As a result, Eisenhower was oddly paralyzed.
28:12What he knew, ordinary citizens could not know.
28:17It would not be long before the American people would begin to wonder whether the President was turning soft.
28:24In October of 1957, the Russians took the world by surprise by successfully launching a satellite the size of a basketball.
28:40They called it Sputnik, meaning fellow traveler.
28:45For Eisenhower, the political fallout was shattering.
28:48The success of Sputnik seemed to herald a technological watershed.
28:54Our satellite program has never been conducted as a race with other nations.
28:59Pounded by the press to allay fears over national security, he had nothing to offer but his word.
29:06The U-2 photos that proved the Russians did not have military superiority were locked in a CIA vault.
29:14Then, in November of 1957, the President suffered a stroke.
29:23And while his critics clamored for more military spending, a new crisis began to emerge only 90 miles off the Florida coast.
29:35Cuba had long been a playground for rich Americans who wanted to escape the puritanical mores of home.
29:41In Havana, they could buy sexual favors and gamble legally in casinos controlled by the American gangster Meyer Lansky.
29:52For the past two decades, Cuba's dictator, Fulgencia Batista, had run the country more along the lines of a mob organization than a traditional government.
30:04But by late 1957, Batista's brutality had alienated Cubans and offended even old supporters in the United States.
30:15With his regime beginning to fail, officials in the State Department searched for a successor who could meet Cuba's demands for social change.
30:25Before they could react, events spun out of control.
30:32CIA agents watched with alarm as a charismatic rebel leader named Fidel Castro began to train a guerrilla force in the Sierra Maestra Mountains.
30:41In the spring of 1958, Castro's band turned the tide against Batista's troops.
30:54Six months later, Castro entered Havana as a victorious conqueror.
31:00In 1959, Castro paid a visit to New York City. He met with a leery vice president, Richard Nixon, and delivered a four-hour diatribe to diplomats of the United Nations.
31:15When Castro came to power, his head was full of sort of vague ideas of Thomas Jefferson and freedom and liberty, and he was not a communist.
31:25But we overreacted, and by withdrawing our support and seeing him as a communist threat, we actually opened the door for the communists to go in there.
31:34When Castro began expropriating foreign owned land, the multinational oil companies and sugar barons also began putting pressure on the Eisenhower administration to get rid of Castro.
31:52By the end of 1959, the CIA was proposing to assassinate Fidel Castro.
31:57And the State Department also had come to the president and said, we don't think we can live with Castro anymore.
32:06By January of 1960, Ike was persuaded that something had to be done.
32:11He authorized the creation of his CIA task force to come up with a plan to overthrow the Cuban government.
32:21Eisenhower was absolutely clear on this.
32:23More than once, he said during meetings, that it had to be conducted in a way as to keep U.S. fingerprints off of the operation.
32:35On March 17, 1960, Eisenhower authorized $4 million to fund a covert operation to train a cadre of Cuban exiles, supply them with arms, and infiltrate them into the mountains of Cuba.
32:49Secrecy was of the utmost importance.
32:56The plot thickened when Castro seized the mob's casinos and nationalized them, and the CIA realized they had a new ally.
33:03There's no question that in August and September 1960, the CIA attempted to hire the Mafia to kill Castro.
33:14The Mafia agreed to do it, although they were such patriots in the Mafia that they didn't want to be paid.
33:18Mob bosses wanted to use poison, so CIA labs concocted several deadly potions that could be slipped to Castro.
33:32However, finding a delivery mechanism proved to be difficult.
33:36After several hitmen backed out, the plan was aborted.
33:41There is a theory here that the mob was just bluffing.
33:45Really, what the mob was doing was picking up a marker, knowing that the United States might prosecute them one day.
33:52The Mafia Dons wanted to pick up an IOU.
33:56How much President Eisenhower actually knew about the assassination plot was investigated in 1975 by Senator Frank Church's committee.
34:07No conclusion was ever reached.
34:10The question remains under debate to this day.
34:15My own hunch on this is that he did not.
34:20Now, that may be because he didn't want to.
34:22He may have felt he'd given enough guidance by saying, this guy's got to go, or we've got to get rid of this guy.
34:29They use euphemisms that don't come out and say, let's assassinate him, but could be interpreted by the ever eager CIA to be a hit order.
34:37By the end of 1960, the covert operation had escalated into a secret paramilitary assault plan on Cuba, with a budget of $44 million.
34:50The plan called for the CIA to land a force of about 1,000 armed men in the coastal city of Trinidad.
35:01Eisenhower stipulated that it would only be launched in support of a popular uprising.
35:06in case one was to occur in Cuba.
35:11But aides close to President Eisenhower were alarmed.
35:15I recall I had an exchange with him, rather sharp exchange, in fact.
35:21And I said on one occasion, there's always the risk that if this force is set up, it will develop a momentum of its own.
35:32General Goodpaster worried that such an invasion might be given the green light without Ike's express approval.
35:41And he snapped at me, in fact.
35:45And he said, not while I'm here.
35:48And I said, well, sir, that's just the problem. You're not going to be here much longer.
35:51Contrary to General Goodpaster's version of events, there is evidence that during his last days in office, Eisenhower bequeathed the plot to President-elect Kennedy, with an unequivocal recommendation that he proceed.
36:07Kennedy, for his part, did not want to be seen as the man who overruled an operation that the famous D-Day commander had authorized.
36:17I don't think the history books have fully reflected the degree to which the Eisenhower administration really set this train in motion.
36:27And then made it very, very difficult for the young incoming president to stop it since it had already left the station.
36:34The momentum proved irresistible. Four months later, President John Kennedy authorized an amphibious invasion now known by the ignominious name, the Bay of Pigs.
36:48The debacle would stain Kennedy's record and end the careers of several in the CIA, including its director, Alan Dulles.
37:02And while Ike managed to dodge the Bay of Pigs, he was not able to escape blame for another CIA fiasco, which caught him in his own web of secrecy.
37:13During his presidency, Dwight D. Eisenhower, the famous general, wanted to be remembered more as a man of peace than a man of war.
37:27As he entered the final years of his term, his primary objective was to limit the arms race.
37:34He knew from the U-2 photos that Soviet missiles were not a threat.
37:38And he believed there was a real possibility that he could effect a test ban treaty before he left office.
37:48By 1958, Ike was beginning to establish a rapport with the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and did not want anything to jeopardize that relationship.
37:57He knew the Soviets were tracking the U-2 with radar, and now there was evidence that they were also firing surface-to-air missiles at the aircraft.
38:08In 1959, Ike invited Khrushchev to America for a 10-day visit.
38:14He wanted the volatile Russian to see the town where he was born, and to understand that Americans also knew the value of hard work.
38:29By the end of the visit, Ike was optimistic that he and Khrushchev could put the worst of the Cold War behind them.
38:35By April of 1960, Ike was preparing for a peace summit with Khrushchev to be held in Paris.
38:45He ordered the U-2 flights to stop.
38:48But the CIA wanted a good look at the Soviet missile installation at Churitum and pleaded for one more flight.
38:55Ike relented.
39:01The flight was delayed several days because of weather.
39:05Finally, on April 30th, the U-2 took off from a base in Peshawar, Pakistan.
39:12I got a call during the night that the plane was missing and not reported.
39:19And I, of course, called him. He was up at Gettysburg.
39:27And I had a secure phone to him and said the plane was down somewhere in the Soviet Union.
39:37Ike's advisors issued the cover story that a weather plane had flown off course and was missing.
39:42Then, four days later, Khrushchev shocked the world with the news that the wreckage of an American spy plane was in his possession.
39:55When Khrushchev announced he had the pilot in custody, Ike knew it was time to take full responsibility for the spy mission.
40:04Eisenhower said, well, of course, once it came out, we had to confess it.
40:10If you got caught with your hand in the cookie jar, you can't say I was in another room.
40:14Ironically, Ike's approval rating jumped, mainly because the American people were relieved their commander was not asleep at his watch.
40:24Ike's relationship with Khrushchev, however, suffered an irrevocable blow.
40:30Khrushchev had promised his colleagues in the Politburo that Eisenhower could be trusted and the U-2 had proven him wrong.
40:41It was a personal affront.
40:43There would be no nuclear test ban treaty.
40:47Even more bitter was the unforeseen legacy left behind by the Central Intelligence Agency.
40:54At the time, Ike believed his use of covert operations to overthrow foreign governments could be justified on the basis of national security.
41:05But in the years to come, these activities also left a long trail of blood.
41:11In hindsight, it's clear that Eisenhower gave too much power to the CIA.
41:20He gave a wild horse its head and allowed them to run amok around the world in ways that were destructive to U.S. interests.
41:28In Iran, the coup that put the Shah on the throne led to a protracted reign of terror.
41:36The Shah and his secret police earned themselves one of the worst human rights records in the world.
41:42And by the 1970s paved the way for the Ayatollah Khomeini to establish his anti-American Islamic revolutionary state.
41:55In Guatemala, the coup that vaulted Castillo Armas into power spawned a brutal military regime and unending civil unrest.
42:04By the 1970s, right-wing death squads were sweeping the country, kidnapping and killing tens of thousands of Guatemalans.
42:15And in South Vietnam, the CIA's puppet regime of Ngo Dinh Dinh Dinh would crumble, ending in a bloody coup in 1963.
42:27Soon after, American soldiers began fighting the longest war in American history.
42:32By war's end, tens of thousands of Americans and millions of Vietnamese, Cambodian and Laotian citizens had been killed in the struggle.
42:45It's a terrible legacy, and Eisenhower, if he could look down or up from wherever he is, would certainly regret that.
42:56Ike's great intelligence coup was the U-2, but it also proved to be his greatest disappointment.
43:05A secret plane that did so much to ensure world peace put an end to his hopes for nuclear disarmament.
43:13And dashed his dream of leaving a lasting legacy of peace.
43:17Dwight Eisenhower knew the horrors of war perhaps better than any man elected to the office of president.
43:26He used tactics of deception, covert operations and intelligence gathering to wage peace in a world where war, as he had come to know it, was no longer imaginable.
43:38And while Eisenhower and his operatives enjoyed several stunning successes, they also found that deception is a sword that can cut both ways.
43:50He used to much for fighting for gold-like, a force of sword that can cut both cold-like NBA, as he had come up with war.
43:55And there was only one of the worst-like weapons in an army that has been discovered by the world of war.
43:59And there was one in front of the world, as he took the rest of the world, and lands by the world that can't full-like,
44:03and there was one in front of the world that has beenabloots.
44:05And there's a force of power to be no longer and live in the world that can't come to us.
44:07In the world of America, the world that has been released.
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51:58
44:57
2:05
51:58
49:58
53:47
49:58
1:50
46:34
1:36
2:05
58:38