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CreativityTranscript
00:00:00I will talk about this issue, etc.
00:00:02But I will discuss this issue
00:00:06so I will deal with it.
00:00:08If you look at the language,
00:00:10there is a normal language.
00:00:13If you say a term,
00:00:15it will be a completely legal term.
00:00:18I will deal with the term.
00:00:21So, we talk about the language and the legal
00:00:24terminology is very different.
00:00:27Especially certain definitions.
00:00:29In the definitions,
00:00:31one has to be common to all the topics.
00:00:33All the topics and all the acts are very common.
00:00:35If you follow up,
00:00:37you will follow up.
00:00:39In the definitions,
00:00:41what are common?
00:00:45For example,
00:00:47if I say a doctor,
00:00:49who is a doctor?
00:00:51Who treats a baby?
00:00:53Okay.
00:01:01So,
00:01:02who is a doctor?
00:01:03Who is a doctor?
00:01:05Who is a doctor?
00:01:07Who is a doctor?
00:01:09Who is a doctor?
00:01:11Who is a doctor?
00:01:13Who is a doctor?
00:01:14Who is a doctor?
00:01:15Who is a doctor?
00:01:17He is a qualified person under the act.
00:01:19Who is a charter accountant?
00:01:21He is a qualified person under the ICA act.
00:01:23He is a qualified person under the ICA Act.
00:01:25That's what he said.
00:01:27So, there are definitions throughout all the Act.
00:01:32That's why we have one definition.
00:01:35That's why we have one definition.
00:01:36For example, if a company is an act,
00:01:38we have one definition.
00:01:40That's why we have one definition.
00:01:42That's why the gender clauses act,
00:01:45the terms are mean.
00:01:47We use the name clause in MOA.
00:01:50So, the terms are used.
00:01:52So, in terms of the terminology,
00:01:54we have one definition.
00:01:56The gender clauses act,
00:01:59this is very long back.
00:02:02It's very long back.
00:02:04If you say this,
00:02:06it's law of all losses.
00:02:08Okay, law of all losses.
00:02:10So, the topic on the topic,
00:02:12not only definitions,
00:02:16all the definitions,
00:02:18in the act,
00:02:20we have a different angle.
00:02:21See,
00:02:22we have copyright laws.
00:02:24So,
00:02:25let's look at the example of the law.
00:02:29Okay.
00:02:30Act,
00:02:31specifically,
00:02:32bad act,
00:02:33what are the provisions,
00:02:34what is what,
00:02:35the act.
00:02:36Law,
00:02:37what is the law?
00:02:38It's not a law.
00:02:39It's not a law.
00:02:40It's not a law.
00:02:41It's not a law.
00:02:42It's not a law.
00:02:43It's not a law.
00:02:44Okay.
00:02:45So,
00:02:46it's not a major difference.
00:02:47That's why,
00:02:48we have a law.
00:02:50For a law in case law,
00:02:52we have a law law.
00:02:53Okay.
00:02:54So,
00:02:55on the matter,
00:02:56apply it,
00:02:57and can be applied to
00:02:59company's act.
00:03:01The company's act
00:03:02on whatever act
00:03:03we can use,
00:03:04the base is on the topic.
00:03:07And here's the title of the topic,
00:03:08interpretation of statutes.
00:03:09status. As I discussed in the topic, I am maybe having some small small deviations on the topic.
00:03:18So you need not worry. Why do I need to study this specific act? It gives a general definition.
00:03:24It's very simple. It's a dictionary. What do you say? Oxford dictionary. The first thing is
00:03:31English to Tamil meaning. It's a general definition. It's applied to all central acts. See, this material is available on the website and you just enjoy everything. Everything is there in the chapter and material.
00:03:54So it's applicable to all central acts and regulations. All has a very strong meaning.
00:04:07Central acts and regulations. What do you mean by central acts? Some acts are applicable throughout our India.
00:04:14We have two types of government. Central government and state government. State government is the state laws or state act is the same state. For example, GST is the state and central GST. State GST is the same state.
00:04:29Regardless, they may have followed
00:04:45So here's a central acts of demands and regulations, unless it's certainly binding on a subject.
00:04:51So, if you look at the word, you will see the word in the word.
00:04:58So, unless you go to the right, usually, you will see the word in the right.
00:05:07Effective?
00:05:09Why is it effective?
00:05:10There is no clear definition.
00:05:12Come and refer here.
00:05:14Sometimes, there is a conflict.
00:05:16Post and Pre-Constitution law.
00:05:19Post and Pre-Constitution law.
00:05:211950's will say, Constitution of India.
00:05:241950's will say, Pre-Loss.
00:05:281950's will say, Pre-Loss.
00:05:32Pre- and Post-Loss.
00:05:35Pre-Loss.
00:05:37The independence of 1950's will be in the same constitution.
00:05:43That's why you celebrate the Republic Day.
00:05:46There are many laws,
00:05:48but we don't have to do anything in the Constitution.
00:05:52That's why the Post-Laws is the Post-Laws.
00:05:55In the Constitution of India,
00:05:58you have to make a law,
00:06:00and you have to make a law in the 1950s.
00:06:03Which means,
00:06:04the 1950s act,
00:06:06without any other act,
00:06:08we will do the 1950s.
00:06:10So, overriding, affecting return,
00:06:13or overriding,
00:06:14that's what we have to do.
00:06:16So, there is a conflict
00:06:18in the pre- and post-Constitution laws.
00:06:20What does it do?
00:06:21I will refer this to you.
00:06:22In the 1956 act,
00:06:24there is a conflict.
00:06:26In the 1956 act,
00:06:28there is a conflict.
00:06:30Generally, if you follow in the 2013 act,
00:06:32but in the 2013 act,
00:06:34there are 457 sections,
00:06:36there are many sections.
00:06:38So, if you follow in the 1956 act,
00:06:41there is a conflict.
00:06:42If you follow in the post- and pre-Constitution laws,
00:06:44there is a conflict,
00:06:45then you have to make a general clause.
00:06:47Which is effective,
00:06:48and which is not effective.
00:06:50And,
00:06:51the main purpose of this is,
00:06:52you have to avoid the answer.
00:06:54You don't know what you do,
00:06:55you don't know what you do,
00:06:56you don't have to make a confusion.
00:06:57You don't have to follow.
00:06:59And,
00:07:00definition,
00:07:01shortening of language.
00:07:03You agree with me?
00:07:04if you are a qualified person,
00:07:05the person,
00:07:06under the Act of Parliament,
00:07:07you have to tell the details.
00:07:09You have to tell the details.
00:07:11You have to tell the details.
00:07:13C.A.M.
00:07:14So,
00:07:15you have to ask them.
00:07:16Now,
00:07:17definition,
00:07:18is shortening of language.
00:07:20and moreover
00:07:21it is understood
00:07:25now
00:07:25probably in the first page
00:07:28last page
00:07:3015th page
00:07:32which means what
00:07:34it is all CA
00:07:35it is not the same person I am talking
00:07:38it is the same
00:07:39chartered accountant I am talking about
00:07:42designation I am talking about
00:07:43repetition avoid
00:07:45so it is a superfluid
00:07:50it is a superfluid
00:08:141887 act
00:08:16which means, in the Act, we have
00:08:38So, if you want to consolidate the 1897 act, sometimes 1897 or 1868, 1868 gives the base of the general process act, do you agree with me?
00:08:53So, if you want to look at the content, you will need to look at the Cybri Tenis.
00:08:58If you want to make a note, you can make a note somewhere.
00:09:01If you want to make a note and write the script, you can use the alphabet, the 1897 act, and you can follow each of the two.
00:09:14The first chapter material is numbering that.
00:09:18So, you can find the details on that.
00:09:22You can always read a chapter material. That is always safe.
00:09:25If you want to read a chapter material you can read.
00:09:29So please make a note here, this is one case law, case law now, one person in one person
00:09:36on the case is called the lawyer upman versus mother and mother, even one case is called
00:09:43the case.
00:09:44Okay.
00:09:45What case is it?
00:09:46What case is it?
00:09:47What case is it?
00:09:48What case is it?
00:09:49What case is it?
00:09:50What case is it?
00:09:51One of the examples.
00:09:52The court may appoint receiver.
00:09:55What do you understand from this line?
00:10:00What case is it?
00:10:01Receiver appoints.
00:10:02Receiver for example bankrupt.
00:10:05So court is power, receiver appoints power.
00:10:16but we will have that power to appoint
00:10:18that matter is there
00:10:20in these expressions
00:10:22for example
00:10:24there is a very simple word
00:10:26fraud
00:10:28what do you know?
00:10:30you have a fraud
00:10:32you have a booze
00:10:34you have a fraud
00:10:36that person is
00:10:38related to criminal activity
00:10:40I am like
00:10:42this is what you call uniformity of expressions
00:10:44if you call a judge
00:10:46if you call a judge
00:10:48what do you call a judge
00:10:50what do you do?
00:10:52uniformity of expressions
00:10:54what is your expression
00:10:56smile
00:10:58smile
00:11:00smile
00:11:02laugh
00:11:04so when I say
00:11:06an expression
00:11:08that expression can be any type
00:11:10but they can be uniformity
00:11:12rules
00:11:14that is a proper construction and interpretation
00:11:16this is a little bit of interpretation
00:11:18a little bit of interpretation of statues
00:11:20construction and interpretation
00:11:22for example we will look at it
00:11:24this is a vishayat
00:11:26how do we call construction and interpretation
00:11:28how do we call it
00:11:30to guard against slips and oversize
00:11:32one of theck
00:11:34this is a very important part of the act
00:11:36here
00:11:38so this is what
00:11:40the main object of the act is
00:11:42ok
00:11:44part is
00:11:46read in every statute
00:11:47over act
00:11:48statute
00:11:50с
00:11:52statute
00:11:54statute
00:11:55The Chief Inspector of Mines vs Karamchand Tappar case we refer to a single statute and there are different provisions.
00:12:05Statute is RACT. For example, you have Mines companies act.
00:12:09One is RACT. What is the provisions?
00:12:12And over act, over regulations, we apply one more.
00:12:17But definition may be common. But over there is one more.
00:12:20And to avoid superfluity of language.
00:12:24One is guarding against it.
00:12:27We use the main purpose.
00:12:31Importance is applicable to all acts.
00:12:35It is applicable for whole of India.
00:12:39So all India application.
00:12:41Law of all laws.
00:12:43Deseret importance is its purpose itself.
00:12:47And one beautiful example here.
00:12:58A right to catch a caddy fish.
00:13:00It is movable or immobile.
00:13:02Movable property or immobile property.
00:13:06Goods.
00:13:08What is movable property?
00:13:09What is movable property?
00:13:11Okay.
00:13:12For example, a car.
00:13:16A car is very simple.
00:13:19What is movable property?
00:13:21What is movable property?
00:13:23What is movable property?
00:13:25Because it has a move Right now.
00:13:26What is a move?
00:13:27Where you can use the market?
00:13:28For example, shares
00:13:30Company shares, Mobile property property.
00:13:31What is movable property?
00:13:32What is magic?
00:13:33What is movable property?
00:13:34Normally mobility it is a capability.
00:13:37It says that it is mobile.
00:13:38If it is move, if it is immobile.
00:13:41If it is immobile property.
00:13:43So here is property.
00:13:47But if you catch fish or carry it, it is movable or immobile.
00:13:53If you want to move it, then you can get it.
00:13:57Because I am talking about shares.
00:13:59Shares is a company or something that we have to sense.
00:14:04If fish is movable, then you can say it or it is immobile.
00:14:09If there is a problem, then you will have a definition.
00:14:12What kind of land, what kind of benefits land?
00:14:18What kind of earth is attached?
00:14:22What kind of attach is immobile?
00:14:29I understand.
00:14:32Land.
00:14:34Do you think you can do it?
00:14:36If you can do it, you can do it.
00:14:40For example, if you have an apple or orchard.
00:14:46There are different variety of flowers.
00:14:49There are flowers.
00:14:51There are land attached.
00:14:52What kind of benefits are there?
00:14:54Immobile.
00:14:56Okay.
00:14:57What kind of things are attached?
00:15:00Immobile.
00:15:02G gauge.
00:15:03Okay.
00:15:04Permanently fastened.
00:15:05For example, in factories, when you look at the factory, you can say gotta be missionaries.
00:15:08That's why you can say the b Rifle free.
00:15:11The ovle is not very bad.
00:15:15So it's the b Rifle free.
00:15:17So if you will find the obling, what happens is, it can do it with a cement.
00:15:21It is completely set, which means it is permanently fastened.
00:15:28Fastened and you can move it.
00:15:31That means it is not movable or immobiles.
00:15:37Promises of Property Act, standing timber, growing crops, grass,
00:15:45This means it is immobiles.
00:15:51Benefits arising out of land.
00:15:54I have a land, a green land.
00:15:57I have a top.
00:15:59What is the top?
00:16:00Coconut.
00:16:01I have a coconut.
00:16:03What is the coconut?
00:16:05It is coconut.
00:16:08Land is immobiles.
00:16:11The coconut tree is immobiles.
00:16:15What is the benefit?
00:16:17What is it?
00:16:18Immobiles.
00:16:20What is the level?
00:16:22Immobiles.
00:16:24What is the coconut tree?
00:16:27You are detaching that relationship with the land.
00:16:31You know if you do this plant?
00:16:32You know if it is noteworthy.
00:16:33Then, this plant will usually be a leaf.
00:16:36You know it?
00:16:37What is the leaf.
00:16:40If it goes to this leaf, the leaf will grow up and著 the leaf.
00:16:46The leaf will inevitably detach it.
00:16:49Then, the coconut tree must be immobiles.
00:16:53The tree is immobiles, which means if you grow up,
00:16:56This would be immobiles.
00:16:58that is going to be done.
00:17:00You can compare the law in this way.
00:17:02How do you compare the fish in this way?
00:17:04Where is the fish?
00:17:06In the pond, the earth, the earth?
00:17:08Where is the pond?
00:17:10It is attached to earth.
00:17:12If you can understand that the pond is water,
00:17:14or the land is mobile.
00:17:16You can say that the land is mobile.
00:17:18If you say that the land is mobile,
00:17:20you can say that the goods are mobile.
00:17:22If you say that the land is mobile.
00:17:24If you say that the land is mobile,
00:17:26the pond means that it is water.
00:17:28There is a fish in the water.
00:17:30There is fish in the water.
00:17:32If there is fish in the water,
00:17:34there is a fish in the water.
00:17:36There is fish in the water.
00:17:38You can detach this fish.
00:17:40You can detach this fish.
00:17:42What is the point of time?
00:17:44Now look at the right to catch a canny fish.
00:17:50It is mobile or immobile.
00:17:52You can take fish from the water,
00:17:54you can get right.
00:17:55You can put leases and license to the water.
00:17:57Actually, it says leases.
00:17:58It is license.
00:17:59It is license.
00:18:00Leases means the food is the food.
00:18:02what we say is the food.
00:18:04If it is the food, nós tapes in the water,
00:18:06the food is the first place.
00:18:08When we say the things,
00:18:09we call the food.
00:18:10When we say the food is the first place,
00:18:12we call the befins.
00:18:14Which means the food is the right to catch a fish.
00:18:17So a right to catch or carry fish, it is not movable.
00:18:22It is detached.
00:18:24It is called in the name.
00:18:27The definition of General Process Act is the one.
00:18:31The definition of Transfer of Property Act is the one.
00:18:37The standard timber bamboo, growing crops, grass is the one.
00:18:46It is excluded from the land.
00:18:49This is the exclusive definition.
00:18:53Which means you can see acts as well.
00:18:56We can see goods, shares, stocks and goods.
00:19:02Companies like that.
00:19:04So if you look at the act, you can follow that.
00:19:08So benefits arising from land is concluded as immode.
00:19:15If you eat fish in the market, fry them and fry them?
00:19:20If you eat fish in the market, go to the market.
00:19:25If you order online, go to Google.
00:19:28This is your thing.
00:19:29You may put on the card, keep on the card and read it.
00:19:34Just make sure it's illegal.
00:19:39Then you should do something here.
00:19:41If you click on a stamp of paper and sign it out then you will need fish,
00:19:45If you sign the stamp, you can sign the seal and use the figure prints.
00:19:52If you sign the stamp, you can sign the seal.
00:19:58The fact is that if you sign the e-mobile, you can sign the stamp pack.
00:20:03You can sign the registration.
00:20:06The mobile is not a registration stamp.
00:20:11If you sign the stamp pack, you can sign the stamp pack.
00:20:20If you sign the stamp pack, you will sign the stamp pack.
00:20:24If you design the stamp pack, you can sign the stamp pack.
00:20:33So, the new set is the immobile property.
00:20:39How is this?
00:20:40I think we are following the apps.
00:20:42That's why we are discussing the issues in the act.
00:20:46You see, this is Kamal dialogue.
00:20:50This is not Kamal.
00:20:52This is not Kamal.
00:20:53This is not the case.
00:20:55This is not the case.
00:20:57This is an Indy-based doctor.
00:20:59If someone said something,
00:21:01he would have to do something.
00:21:03He would have to do something.
00:21:05He would have to do something.
00:21:07He would have to do something.
00:21:09He would have to do something.
00:21:11See, that's a fact.
00:21:13Actually, just a joke sake.
00:21:17That's a fact.
00:21:18Why is this?
00:21:19In the three issues,
00:21:21we have to form a committee.
00:21:23Usually, if there is a bad act,
00:21:25there is a draft in a bad act.
00:21:29If there is a committee,
00:21:31there is a bill.
00:21:33Usually, there is an act.
00:21:35If there is an act,
00:21:37we will form a committee.
00:21:38For example,
00:21:39in the 2013 act,
00:21:40we will have to form a committee.
00:21:42The committee will do a draft work.
00:21:45This isn't enough.
00:21:47It is not enough.
00:21:48He will do a draft work.
00:21:49If we tell a draft work.
00:21:51We ask a bill.
00:21:53If we leave the law and government,
00:21:55it is a parliament.
00:21:57Do you know Parliament?
00:22:04That is a curve shape building.
00:22:08Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, President.
00:22:11What is the three Parliament?
00:22:13If we have a round building in the news,
00:22:17it is actually not a Parliament building.
00:22:20That is the final register.
00:22:22Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and President.
00:22:25That is the final register.
00:22:29That is the third kingdom rule.
00:22:31In 1950, it is the third kingdom rule.
00:22:34In the kingdom rule, the king is one person.
00:22:37If we say that person is one person,
00:22:39if we have a king or a person,
00:22:42then we will die.
00:22:44That is what it is.
00:22:45There are laws and laws,
00:22:47but we completely give the full respect to the king.
00:22:51In the 1950s, when the constitution is one person,
00:22:54the British is one person,
00:22:55and the independence is one person.
00:22:57Actually, whom do you call as president?
00:22:59Who do you call as president?
00:23:01Who do you call as president?
00:23:07The third kingdom rule.
00:23:09He is the first citizen of India.
00:23:13He is the president.
00:23:14He is the king.
00:23:15He is the king.
00:23:17Whatever the laws are coming out,
00:23:19he has given the assent.
00:23:21Assent is signed.
00:23:23He is the king.
00:23:24Then the bill comes,
00:23:26He is the king and king.
00:23:28He is the king.
00:23:29ժ魔кий鋒
00:23:53If you want to include any of this, I will be able to get it from the committee.
00:23:58Okay. Fine.
00:24:00What do we say? Application of the General Clauses Act.
00:24:04Territorial Extent.
00:24:05If there is a short title, commencement, or a short title,
00:24:08what is applicable, what is applicable, what is applicable.
00:24:10But what is applicable, what is applicable, what is applicable,
00:24:13what is applicable, what is applicable, what is applicable.
00:24:15What do you say?
00:24:16Central Act, All India is applicable.
00:24:19If there is a State Act, the State Act is applicable.
00:24:21Central Act is applicable.
00:24:23Territorial Extent is not applicable.
00:24:25That Act is applicable.
00:24:29Is it okay?
00:24:31Applicability to all Central Acts,
00:24:33that Act is applicable.
00:24:35Rules, regulations, everything is applicable.
00:24:37Deeply Territorial Applications,
00:24:39particular Companies Act,
00:24:41it is applicable to the whole of India.
00:24:43General Clauses Act is applicable to the whole of India.
00:24:47In case, if I go for State GST,
00:24:49State GST,
00:24:51State GST,
00:24:52State GST is applicable to the Act.
00:24:54So, State GST is applicable to the State,
00:24:56State GST is applicable to the Central Act.
00:24:58But State GST is applicable to the Act.
00:25:01Okay.
00:25:02If you look at that Act,
00:25:03if you look at the Gender Clauses Act,
00:25:05the State is applicable to the State.
00:25:07What is the State?
00:25:08Okay.
00:25:09So, Deemed Territorial Application.
00:25:11It is applicable to the Act.
00:25:12It is applicable to the Act.
00:25:13It is applicable to the Act.
00:25:14It is applicable to the Act.
00:25:15It applies to the Act of the Indian Parliament.
00:25:18So, in 1950,
00:25:19we have a Central Act.
00:25:21We have a Central Act.
00:25:22We have a little important thing.
00:25:24Throughout the Act,
00:25:25we have a Central Act.
00:25:26We have a Central Act.
00:25:27We have a Dominion Legislation.
00:25:29We have independence from 1947.
00:25:33So, if I go for the year line like.
00:25:35So, in the date,
00:25:36I have independence.
00:25:37My year is 1947.
00:25:39My year is 1947.
00:25:40My year is our constitution.
00:25:42Our Prime Minister.
00:25:44Our India is a Prime Minister.
00:25:45Our Chief Minister.
00:25:46Our President is a Ministry of...
00:25:48MPs and MLAs.
00:25:51We have a structure in 1950.
00:25:55So, in the in-between period,
00:25:58we have independent India.
00:26:01Do you agree with me?
00:26:02It is independent India.
00:26:04So, India,
00:26:05Indian Parliament,
00:26:06that time used.
00:26:07In this period,
00:26:08in-between independence and constitution,
00:26:10that period,
00:26:11there is Dominion Legislation.
00:26:13Let me write in short,
00:26:14DL.
00:26:15Before the constitution,
00:26:16we have to use the Governor General.
00:26:20Now, we have to use the Governor General.
00:26:22Now, we have to use the Governor General.
00:26:27Is it okay?
00:26:28In 1950,
00:26:30we have to use the Governor General.
00:26:32We have to use the Governor General.
00:26:34We have to use the Governor General.
00:26:36General Clauses Act and Constitution of India.
00:26:39So, Constitution of India,
00:26:40we have discussed the pre- and post-constitutional laws.
00:26:44Post-constitutional laws are valid.
00:26:46It is not valid.
00:26:47It is not valid.
00:26:48Pre- and inconsistent.
00:26:49It is not valid.
00:26:50It is not valid.
00:26:51It is not valid.
00:26:52So, we have to use the Governor General.
00:26:53General Clauses Act.
00:26:54It is not valid.
00:26:55It is not valid.
00:26:56It is not valid.
00:26:58It is non-estab taberniy.
00:27:02We have to use it as a cast.
00:27:04That should have to be seen,
00:27:05for expert,
00:27:07And the law of the Statement Board is the constitutional law.
00:27:10If we look at Hendian 당시 música,
00:27:12we have to use the條 rule.
00:27:14Let's say Article 1 and Article 2.
00:27:16In Article 367, we will say General Clauses are applicable.
00:27:21Can you tell us?
00:27:26If we don't have an exam, we will study the exam.
00:27:30It's applicable to us.
00:27:32For Section 8 companies, we will see a license and central government.
00:27:39This is applicable to us.
00:27:46If you look at this, you can do some mode.
00:27:51If you do the tax act, you will see the provisions.
00:27:53If you look at the accounts, you will see the provisions.
00:27:56If you look at the provisions, it's the rules of interpretation.
00:28:01If you apply this to each and every case.
00:28:07Which is very common.
00:28:08If you apply these accounts in North India, it will be correct.
00:28:16If you are correct, it will be correct.
00:28:18If you are correct, it will be correct.
00:28:20If you look at other countries, you will say that.
00:28:23Other countries' Interpretation Act is not available.
00:28:26General Clauses Act is not available.
00:28:28If you look at the General Clauses Act,
00:28:31they will say the Interpretation Act.
00:28:33They are not available.
00:28:34Is it okay?
00:28:35So, there is a case law, again,
00:28:37Karam Chan Thapparman case is Mines case.
00:28:39More or less, a few cases, we will apply.
00:28:42If you look at the case law for a certain case law,
00:28:44if you look at the case law as you are works,
00:28:46give them an example.
00:28:48Then, if you apply the case law for example,
00:28:50if you look at the case law.
00:28:51And more or less,
00:28:52if you look at the case law at least,
00:28:54you will take the case law.
00:28:55If you compare the case law,
00:28:56you can use the case law.
00:28:58There will be a type of reading.
00:29:00So, what do you see in the case law?
00:29:11Whatever the Gender Clause's Act says, whether it has regards the meaning of the words or
00:29:16another principles, it has to be read into every act to which it applies.
00:29:22One or another, one or another, one or another, one or another, the Gender Clause's Act
00:29:28or the Supreme Court or the observation.
00:29:31Is it okay?
00:29:33Scope.
00:29:34Scope. Scope and effect depends upon the particular section. For example, difference in the applicability.
00:29:41One other thing, one other thing, one other thing.
00:29:43Let's say, example three.
00:29:45Definition clause is known.
00:29:47Usually, section two is not the definition.
00:29:49Section three, section four is not the definition.
00:29:52If you look at what is applicable, section three is not the definition of the act.
00:30:00Central Act is applicable, rules are applicable.
00:30:061987 is not the definition of the definition.
00:30:10Section four is not the definition of the previous enactment.
00:30:151968 is not the definition of the 1887.
00:30:21Okay.
00:30:22The last one, some are through 12!
00:30:23It was first, it was second.
00:30:26Yeah, it is also proper 3rd, advantage to 1997.
00:30:28So, Limit on the definition of the different отно, I get in the definition of
00:30:3438 article 2.
00:30:37It is applicable.
00:30:41And at the allocation of 15 Glad.
00:30:43In 1887, there are regulations that are applicable, if you want to note this, let's say this is a twist.
00:30:51The definition of this particular definition is a inquiry exam.
00:30:56The definition clause is applicable to all the people.
00:30:591856 is applicable to all the people.
00:31:03Foregoing definition is not.
00:31:05Foregoing is not considered.
00:31:08In 1868, there are regulations that are applicable to all the people.
00:31:17In 1887, there are regulations that are applicable to all the people.
00:31:23Language is referred, certain class of instruments, enactments, etc.
00:31:29If you apply it, the court will decide.
00:31:34The judge is king, lawmaker.
00:31:37The court applies the general principles of that.
00:31:43The general principle is natural justice.
00:31:46If we are democratic country, we will be equal to all the people.
00:31:51We will be equal to all the people.
00:31:52We will be equal to all the people.
00:31:54We will be applicable to all the people.
00:31:55This person is applicable to all the people.
00:31:57Okay?
00:31:58So, if we look at the application, we will look at the central act.
00:32:04When the state act?
00:32:06Then, how do you compare it?
00:32:08State General Process Act is different.
00:32:10If the general process act is different,
00:32:11If the general process act is different,
00:32:14we can consider the model.
00:32:16So it confers to that,
00:32:18divergent rules of constructions and interpretation may apply.
00:32:21If you apply any state, you can apply Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
00:32:28Exactly, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
00:32:32You can apply Kerala and Kerala.
00:32:36If you apply Kerala and Kerala, you can apply all over India.
00:32:39What is the problem?
00:32:41Kerala and Tamil Nadu are selling.
00:32:43You can buy and sell.
00:32:45If you apply Kerala and Tamil Nadu, you can apply Kerala.
00:32:48You can apply that.
00:32:51When they look at Kerala, you can apply Kerala andiantly 12222.
00:32:54Often, we phone like Kerala cases, we offer thegger general process.
00:32:59So this is the third heading.
00:33:13How do you say dismiss the employees fromjournal Directors?
00:33:17Legislation. Statute and act.
00:33:21Preamble.
00:33:23Tell the trail.
00:33:27How long do you see the trail?
00:33:33How long do you see the trail?
00:33:37See, the trail comes in three hours of movie.
00:33:43The trail comes in three hours of movie.
00:33:50Action, horror, thriller, crime, etc.
00:33:54If you start a trail, tell what you see in the act.
00:34:01Okay?
00:34:03Now, you go to the trail.
00:34:05Go to the trail.
00:34:07Go to the trail.
00:34:09You will find the trail.
00:34:11If you do the trail, you will find the trail.
00:34:15So, the trail is like this.
00:34:17Then you will find the trail.
00:34:19The trail is like this.
00:34:21The trail is like horror based.
00:34:23For example, we will start the RTI Act.
00:34:25What is the RTI Act?
00:34:27Right to Information Act.
00:34:29As a democratic citizen,
00:34:31I have rights to the nation.
00:34:36Right to information.
00:34:38Right to information.
00:34:39This is the trail.
00:34:41If you say the trail,
00:34:43we will disclose the exception case.
00:34:46You will go to the military-related case.
00:34:48If you say the exception case,
00:34:50you will have a military-related case.
00:34:52You will have a list of secrets.
00:34:55You will have a list of points.
00:34:57You will disclose it.
00:34:58You should not be disclosed.
00:35:00You will not be disclosed.
00:35:01You will not say anything.
00:35:03Noodije came to travel.
00:35:05Is he going to travel to VrING겁ate
00:35:06These, any ministers are those who have the Optimistone.
00:35:07Actually, he is not going for his personal work.
00:35:09As a Prime Minister,
00:35:10The Bureau of coverage reached how many ministers are on the seja willenIPahum.
00:35:14But
00:35:26we will not given the名 eines but not give the ministers.
00:35:30Since this time it was been reported to be 4-5 years before
00:35:36one person could tell RTI people at some time
00:35:40one person came out, he did travel
00:35:42he said they did spend, he did who he had gone
00:35:47and he said he had gone
00:35:50so far and against all the country
00:35:52he went to RTI people
00:35:55so this is the way he travelled
00:35:57So, when he says that the number of ministers will not be disclosed, the name of the ministers
00:36:03will not be disclosed.
00:36:05Okay.
00:36:06Why?
00:36:07If you look at the preamble, it is the right for each and every citizen of India to get
00:36:13the information.
00:36:14And if you look at the exception, the item, the item, the item, the item, the exception
00:36:20is the exception.
00:36:21So, what do you say?
00:36:22If you look at that, you can say it.
00:36:24So, preamble, if you give that overall theme over the act, and act is full on.
00:36:31So, you have to get a difference between preamble.
00:36:34So, if you look at the preamble, if you look at the preamble, it will match the act.
00:36:39Okay.
00:36:40Preamble, if you look at the gist.
00:36:42And definitions are what?
00:36:44Sometimes definitions are what means in return include, includes, means in return include,
00:36:51and include, and renews or renews.
00:36:54Okay.
00:36:55If you look at the means, includes definition, sometimes means and includes, sometimes means or includes
00:37:07definitions.
00:37:08And shall, may.
00:37:10And shall and may.
00:37:11What it actually means.
00:37:13So, preamble.
00:37:14Preamble.
00:37:15Preamble.
00:37:16How do we see a preamble?
00:37:17Every act will have a preamble.
00:37:18So, if you look at the fourth content, then, is there a very important content.
00:37:21So, what is the preamble?
00:37:22Where is the trailer?
00:37:23What is the definition?
00:37:24What is the definition?
00:37:25We look at the shortening of language, uniformity of expression.
00:37:27And definitions all means, includes, what is the validity and shall and may.
00:37:32What is the actual means.
00:37:33May not exist.
00:37:34May not exist.
00:37:35What is the compulsory.
00:37:36Okay.
00:37:37So, preamble.
00:37:38so preamble preamble every act will have a preamble this preamble will express the scope object and purpose of the act
00:37:54it is the main source for understanding the intention of the lawmaker
00:38:00lawmaker is one of those who go to lawmaker and they don't know how to get it
00:38:08they don't know how to get it
00:38:11they don't know how to get it
00:38:13they don't know how to get it
00:38:15so lawmaker or lawmaker is one of those who have to do the committee of persons
00:38:19what you mean by ambiguity is confusion
00:38:22in understanding any provisions of the act preamble is accepted as an aid to the construction which means it is just supporting
00:38:38so when act prevail or preamble prevails it is just the act it creates the preamble
00:38:44then the preamble is not possible
00:38:47so in the act as a preamble, if we run the preamble for the act
00:38:50then we will take the preamble
00:38:52we can see that
00:38:53in this instance
00:38:54there is a preamble for the gender clause Act
00:38:58after we try to examine how to do what you want to do
00:39:00we will consider gender clause Act
00:39:02so now you know how to do the gender clause Act
00:39:04we will say dictionary
00:39:06in the word name is this word okay in the act on the preamble is it okay it's a part of the enactment
00:39:20use for legitimate construction legitimate and legal we use it does not override the plain provisions
00:39:33it's useful for proper constructions probably you may be getting some doubts over the words or phrases sometimes one or more meanings
00:39:52it will disclose the primary intention of the legislation and it's an aid only if the language is not clear you just take this as a supportive one
00:40:01okay so this is about preamble general process act preamble patholia upon the original example example
00:40:11example four and five negotiable act preamble okay and companies order preamble yes can you please go through
00:40:22pain by act so there will be a bill it will be passed it will be passed by both houses of parliament and it will be assented by the president
00:40:31assented by the he is confirming and it will be notified on the official gazette of india once it comes to the notification
00:40:39it's not every person it's not every person okay okay in the statement you respond
00:40:44ignorance of law is no excuse ignorance of law is no excuse ignorance of law is no excuse
00:40:50ignorance of law is no excuse it's no excuse okay once you are born here
00:40:56another minor and major categorize once you are a major
00:41:01Professorafical Guest of India
00:41:02Political Guide does look for the notification of the official gazette of India
00:41:04official gazette of India again
00:41:05this is a printing press
00:41:08Opinjaya can you sign up on the website
00:41:09this is a printing press
00:41:12I don't know
00:41:13so that is what they are notified
00:41:16so that they know it's intimate
00:41:18so that they are notified
00:41:20this is applicable
00:41:21and they are notified
00:41:22and they are notified
00:41:24are the date
00:41:26and the date is applicable.
00:41:28One is applicable.
00:41:30This is applicable.
00:41:32If you say,
00:41:34retrospective
00:41:36Retrospective
00:41:38Retrospective
00:41:40Retrospective
00:41:42This is applicable.
00:41:44Usually,
00:41:46Prospective
00:41:48Prospective
00:41:50That is the date
00:41:52Okay?
00:41:54So, Companies Act
00:41:56Now,
00:41:58Concept Paper
00:42:002004
00:42:02Last Act
00:42:04Almost 10 years work
00:42:06MCA
00:42:08Concept Paper
00:42:10That is the expert committee
00:42:12Worked
00:42:14This committee
00:42:16Constitute
00:42:18December
00:42:20Report
00:42:222005
00:42:24Almost 6 months
00:42:26May 31st
00:42:28This is okay. Drag
00:42:30One bill
00:42:32That is the company
00:42:342008
00:42:36When we introduced
00:42:38October
00:42:40That is the 10th
00:42:42That is the 2009
00:42:44That is the people
00:42:46In August 2009
00:42:48That is the
00:42:50Ministry of
00:42:52The people
00:42:54Act
00:42:56That is the
00:42:58Standing committee
00:43:00Better
00:43:02So,
00:43:03In this year
00:43:04Almost
00:43:06One year
00:43:08How is it?
00:43:10In 2011
00:43:12There is a bill
00:43:14There is a bill
00:43:16That is the
00:43:44is now the long term from 13-16.
00:43:46We will hear this date.
00:43:48So the movie is on the date.
00:43:51So the type of date is on the date.
00:43:54So the date is the date.
00:43:57So we can see the definition of any section.
00:44:00There are definitions.
00:44:02Section 2 is the definition of definition.
00:44:05And in general whether the act is on the section 2.
00:44:08Section 3 is sometimes in case of section 3.
00:44:12and it is the initial section for example Indian contact act
00:44:17if you look at the fraud or the consideration
00:44:21the consideration is not the definition
00:44:26which means definition is uniformity of expression
00:44:31if you say that Indian contact act
00:44:34if you look at the consideration is essential
00:44:36so you look at the contact act
00:44:39it is defining the act itself
00:44:41why it is necessary
00:44:43if you look at the line by line repeat
00:44:49and the act
00:44:51if you look at the caps
00:44:53if you look at the act
00:44:55the has a specific meaning
00:44:57the teacher
00:44:59if you look at the teacher
00:45:01if you look at the act
00:45:03if you look at the specific act
00:45:05the definition
00:45:07if you look at the act
00:45:09then you look at the officer
00:45:10who is officer
00:45:11who is officer
00:45:13ok
00:45:15how is office
00:45:17you are in the court
00:45:19then you say the court
00:45:21and you say the court
00:45:23and your court
00:45:25say NCLTA
00:45:27that is the normal language
00:45:29Tribunal for the Tribunal.
00:45:30Then we will go for example 6, 7 and 8.
00:45:42This is related to definitions.
00:45:44Yes, why don't you go for company now?
00:45:46Section 2 is meant for general section for definitions.
00:45:53That is a cross term.
00:45:59Section 2 is the 20th definition of company.
00:46:02Usually definitions are alphabetical order.
00:46:05A, B, C, E, C.
00:46:07So companies act in 2013.
00:46:09What is company incorporated as per this act?
00:46:13We will go for it.
00:46:15What do you do with securities?
00:46:19What do you do with securities contract regulation act?
00:46:23Section 2 is defined by H-Clause.
00:46:25That is the definition of company's act.
00:46:29This is the case.
00:46:31This is the general term of security.
00:46:33This is the application of companies act.
00:46:35As per securities contract regulation act.
00:46:39Okay.
00:46:40Next one is the digital signature.
00:46:42This is the information technology act.
00:46:44Section 2 is the clause 1 is the teeth point.
00:46:48This is the companies act.
00:46:50Okay.
00:46:51Use 10.
00:46:52Use 10.
00:46:53That is legal.
00:46:54Okay.
00:46:55And also the definition will be taken for reference.
00:46:59Companies act.
00:47:01Shares.
00:47:02Demand shares.
00:47:04Demand shares.
00:47:05Demand shares.
00:47:06Demand shares.
00:47:07Demand shares.
00:47:08Depositories.
00:47:09Applicable.
00:47:10And listed companies.
00:47:11Sebi.
00:47:12Act.
00:47:13Applicable.
00:47:14It is the reference.
00:47:15Okay.
00:47:16Affidavit.
00:47:17Defined here.
00:47:18Defined here.
00:47:19Defined here.
00:47:20Companies act.
00:47:21Section 7.
00:47:22Incorporate.
00:47:24Declaration.
00:47:25In terms of affidavit.
00:47:27Affidavit.
00:47:28So there are example.
00:47:30Defined here.
00:47:31One set of definitions over.
00:47:33Second one.
00:47:34Means and includes detail.
00:47:36Means exhaustive definition.
00:47:40Exactly.
00:47:41Defines the term.
00:47:43Company.
00:47:44Means a company.
00:47:46Incorporated under this act.
00:47:48Under any previous company.
00:47:50That is very simple.
00:47:51What is it?
00:47:52What is it?
00:47:53Okay.
00:47:54In school studies.
00:47:56The definition.
00:47:57Means.
00:47:58Means.
00:47:59Start.
00:48:00So.
00:48:01Company.
00:48:02Means.
00:48:03Company.
00:48:04Means.
00:48:05Company.
00:48:06Okay.
00:48:07You know.
00:48:08You know.
00:48:09Defined.
00:48:10M.M.
00:48:11Means.
00:48:12Incorporated.
00:48:13So.
00:48:14Companies act.
00:48:15Chapter 2.
00:48:16Incorporation.
00:48:17There are related provisions.
00:48:18That is.
00:48:19Okay.
00:48:20And.
00:48:21Direct.
00:48:22Means.
00:48:23Appointed.
00:48:24To the board of the company.
00:48:25Actually.
00:48:26Companies act.
00:48:27Board of directors.
00:48:28Separate management.
00:48:29And.
00:48:30The board of directors.
00:48:31Yeah.
00:48:32You know.
00:48:33That means.
00:48:34Director appointed the board of a company.
00:48:36So.
00:48:37Means.
00:48:38Exact term.
00:48:39Exhaustive definition.
00:48:40It is.
00:48:41It is.
00:48:42It is.
00:48:43It is.
00:48:44Follow up.
00:48:45Means.
00:48:46And.
00:48:47Inclusive.
00:48:48List.
00:48:49Okay.
00:48:50So.
00:48:51Easy.
00:48:52Means.
00:48:53Inclusive.
00:48:54Unlisted.
00:48:55If you.
00:48:56Know.
00:48:57Define.
00:48:58The board.
00:48:59Define.
00:49:00Panna.
00:49:01It is.
00:49:02A.
00:49:03Prima.
00:49:04Face.
00:49:05Extensive.
00:49:06It is.
00:49:07It is.
00:49:08It is.
00:49:09Not.
00:49:10Restrictive.
00:49:11It is.
00:49:12Extensive.
00:49:13Okay.
00:49:14Vegetables.
00:49:15What can we do?
00:49:16Tomato.
00:49:17Vegetable.
00:49:18There is.
00:49:19Tomato.
00:49:20Vegetable.
00:49:21Fruit.
00:49:22Coconuts.
00:49:23Fistical.
00:49:24Common.
00:49:25Toil.
00:49:26Use.
00:49:27Tomato.
00:49:28Termini.
00:49:29Termini.
00:49:30Is.
00:49:31Cooking.
00:49:32No.
00:49:33Coconut.
00:49:34Toil.
00:49:35Mhmm.
00:49:36Landers.
00:49:37In the.
00:49:38Firmish.
00:49:39Toil.
00:49:40Toil.
00:49:41Calfee.
00:49:42vocal.
00:49:43Toil.
00:49:44Toil.
00:49:45Toil.
00:49:46Toil.
00:49:47Toil.
00:49:48Video.
00:49:49Toil.
00:49:50Toil.
00:49:51If you go to Tamil and other states, they will use hair oil.
00:49:57In supermarkets, there are two varieties of coconut oil.
00:50:05Extensive meaning, this is not an extreme meaning.
00:50:12Demention is a term.
00:50:15It is of inclusive nature.
00:50:17Where should they identify?
00:50:21Includes.
00:50:26Defination means means means means.
00:50:31This is the instrument.
00:50:41What do you say?
00:50:43Listing is a legitimate thing
00:50:45Listing is a legitimate thing
00:50:47Listing is a legitimate thing
00:50:49Condition based on a particular condition
00:50:51Debt related
00:50:53Company is a charge create
00:50:55That is a debt
00:50:57That is a lot
00:50:59And that is a dimension
00:51:01Okay
00:51:03Bonds
00:51:05Body
00:51:07Corporate
00:51:09It includes a company incorporated outside India also
00:51:13Okay
00:51:15It does not define but states apart from other entities
00:51:19Where include? Companies include
00:51:21But outside India also include
00:51:23Foreign companies
00:51:25Foreign companies is a company incorporated outside India
00:51:27Place of business
00:51:29In India
00:51:31If you are worried about body corporate definition
00:51:33Open is okay
00:51:35Means
00:51:37Means
00:51:39Include
00:51:41Include
00:51:43Means
00:51:45Means
00:51:47Includes
00:51:49Share
00:51:51Share means a share
00:51:53In the share capital of the company
00:51:55And include stock
00:51:57Very simple
00:51:59Means
00:52:01Exactly
00:52:03Include
00:52:04Include
00:52:05Include
00:52:06Include
00:52:07Include
00:52:08Share
00:52:10So it is applied actually
00:52:11And
00:52:12Include
00:52:13Include
00:52:14Include
00:52:15Include
00:52:16Include
00:52:17Okay
00:52:18When stock
00:52:19Meaning
00:52:20I said
00:52:21Stock
00:52:22Issue
00:52:23Use
00:52:24It is a pool of shares
00:52:25Shares
00:52:26Shares
00:52:27Shares
00:52:28Include
00:52:29Include
00:52:30Include
00:52:31Is it okay
00:52:32So it is an extensive definition
00:52:33Shall
00:52:34And may
00:52:35Shall
00:52:36It is a presumption
00:52:37You remember the term presumption
00:52:38Actually we are discussing this term presumption
00:52:40Presumption
00:52:41Is it okay
00:52:42Shall and may
00:52:43Shall
00:52:44And may
00:52:45Shall
00:52:46It is a presumption
00:52:47You remember the term presumption
00:52:48Actually we are discussing this term presumption
00:52:49Is it okay
00:52:502 term
00:52:51Presumption
00:52:52Is it okay
00:52:53Assumption
00:52:54Is it okay
00:52:55Assumption
00:52:56Is it okay
00:52:57Assumption
00:52:58Is it okay
00:52:59Assumption
00:53:02Assumption
00:53:03Assumption
00:53:04Is it here
00:53:05If you write
00:53:06So in case you have 21
00:53:07Presumption
00:53:09It is not
00:53:10Presumption
00:53:11This is true or false
00:53:12Because you can prove
00:53:13Assumption
00:53:14Assumption
00:53:15This is true or false
00:53:16That means you can prove
00:53:17Assumption
00:53:18Assumption
00:53:19Assumption
00:53:20Assumption
00:53:21Assumption
00:53:23The presumption is the true or false.
00:53:26This is all truth. It's the evidence.
00:53:28If you want to get away from the support of the evidence,
00:53:31that's why I'm presumed.
00:53:33It's easy to say that
00:53:35if you have any other thing about your brother or sister or sibling
00:53:39that is usually your daughter and son,
00:53:41you want to ask them to care.
00:53:43If I come in the hospital, we can understand what I want to tell you.
00:53:47We can't understand what we are trying to do.
00:53:49The reason is presumption.
00:53:51She doesn't need any evidence.
00:53:53She guessed.
00:53:54And she comes to a conclusion.
00:54:00And the conclusion, which requires no evidence.
00:54:04Is it okay?
00:54:06Presumption, it is correct, tough, and analyze it.
00:54:10It is correct.
00:54:12Which means it is mandatory, it is imperative.
00:54:16That's how you follow up on the media.
00:54:18If you can't learn evidence, witness, it is not a thing.
00:54:21That's what presumption.
00:54:23This is presumption of knowledge.
00:54:26I don't know MOA.
00:54:27You can't read it correctly.
00:54:30Read it correctly.
00:54:31Understand what you do.
00:54:33That's what it is.
00:54:34May, the usual is not mandatory, optional or directed.
00:54:38But we may say it is compulsory.
00:54:41A company may be formed for any lawful purpose.
00:54:46May not be formed for lawful purpose.
00:54:49Not to be formed for your company.
00:54:52If you do a company form, you will have no lawful purpose.
00:54:55Then the main word for lawful meaning is not meant for lawful.
00:54:58But the main word is not meant for any lawful meaning.
00:55:00You can do anything.
00:55:03It is the same thing.
00:55:03What is it?
00:55:04What is it?
00:55:05Or what is it?
00:55:05If you are making a company, start a company, ice cream, uniform, uniform...
00:55:07You can do anything.
00:55:08Then the main term is optional and directly.
00:55:09May is treated as shallowny. Okay? For example, who can be a director? May be a major?
00:55:28A director may be a major? Minor? Minor? Major?
00:55:33If we discuss a director, we will discuss two categories of directors.
00:55:38You have 18 days complete and you have 21 days complete.
00:55:43Private company has 18 days complete. Public company is a turnover.
00:55:49The company's act provides documents, proceedings, and requires authentication.
00:55:56If you sign the documents, you will submit the documents, the marks, the greening signature.
00:56:08You will submit the original documents. It is not submitted.
00:56:10It is not submitted. It is been authenticated.
00:56:13Which means it is treated as a true copy.
00:56:15It is treated as an original copy.
00:56:17It is authenticated document. It is the true original document.
00:56:21So, on the cases or contracts, it may be signed.
00:56:26It may be signed by any KMP.
00:56:31It may be signed by any KMP.
00:56:35Or any officer, duly authorized by the board in this behalf.
00:56:38It is a few seconds time for a glance.
00:56:41What you understand?
00:56:43What you understand?
00:56:44Normal?
00:56:45Understand?
00:56:46Understand?
00:56:47Understand?
00:56:48Understand?
00:56:49Yes, please?
00:56:50Yes, please?
00:56:51Yes, please?
00:56:52Yes, please?
00:56:53Yes, please?
00:56:54Yes, please.
00:56:55Yes, please.
00:56:56That is not the case.
00:56:57It is a case of directors.
00:56:58That is the case of directors.
00:56:59If you sign the case of directors.
00:57:00Let us understand more about key managerial personnel personnel.
00:57:02For example.
00:57:03He may be a CEO.
00:57:04Chief Executive Officer.
00:57:07He may be a CFO.
00:57:08Chief Financial Officer.
00:57:10He may be a company secretary.
00:57:13A managing director can be a KMP.
00:57:17Actually, KMP appoints..
00:57:19Director from board of directors.
00:57:21He may appoints the director and director.
00:57:23KMP is a very special person, it's a key manager person.
00:57:27So, CEO, CAFO is a director.
00:57:32Who is a director?
00:57:34Who is a managing director?
00:57:37CEO, CAFO is a director.
00:57:40I'm a major person.
00:57:42I'm a key manager person.
00:57:45So, who is a key manager person?
00:57:47I'm a key manager person.
00:57:49My documents may be signed by any KMP.
00:57:53Or an officer.
00:57:55Usually, R9 is a key manager.
00:57:57This is a key manager.
00:57:59KMP sign.
00:58:01Officer sign.
00:58:03KMP sign.
00:58:05Officer sign.
00:58:07That's why people look at it.
00:58:09And you use it.
00:58:11That's clear.
00:58:13Who sign?
00:58:15This is a general definition.
00:58:17I'm talking about a general case.
00:58:19All companies are KMP.
00:58:21No, no.
00:58:23One company must be KMP.
00:58:25One company must be KMP.
00:58:27One company must be KMP.
00:58:29One company must be KMP.
00:58:31And one company must sign.
00:58:33Get my point?
00:58:35Now, the main part is compulsory meaning.
00:58:37Now, KMP is not KMP.
00:58:39Who is KMP?
00:58:41Now, if you want to sign on-line, KMP or officer.
00:58:45Now, if you want to sign on-line,
00:58:47you can make legal meaning.
00:58:49KMP is not KMP.
00:58:51Now, KMP is compulsory company.
00:58:53KMP is compulsory company.
00:58:55Is it okay?
00:58:57Hope it is clear.
00:58:59Okay.
00:59:00So, case laws are there.
00:59:01So, two case laws are here.
00:59:03For your reference, please.
00:59:05If you want to sign on-line,
00:59:07this section is the first one.
00:59:11This act may be called the general clauses act.
00:59:15If you want to sign on-line,
00:59:19it's an introductory part.
00:59:21Short title, extent, comments,
00:59:24where it is applicable,
00:59:25where it is applicable,
00:59:26where it is applicable.
00:59:27This is the details.
00:59:28The act contains only the short title.
00:59:31If you want to sign on-line,
00:59:33the company's act is not a short title.
00:59:35The act may be called as company's act.
00:59:37Do you want to sign on-line,
00:59:38any other story?
00:59:39but could you sign on-line?
00:59:40The act may be called as civil procedure code,
00:59:41criminal procedure code,
00:59:42Indian penal code,
00:59:43IP scenario,
00:59:44RTI act.
00:59:45These are the days which will be usual.
00:59:47If you are asking the title,
00:59:48please,
00:59:51the act may have left you on-line.
00:59:53If you find a movie's name,
00:59:55you become a hero or character.
00:59:58If you ask the character character,
01:00:00if you ask a character or character,
01:00:02it will start.
01:00:04So, it will carve out the own identity.
01:00:11So, if we have a name, it will be the same.
01:00:14Here are five headings complete.
01:00:17The next heading is the definitions.
01:00:19It is very important for the general classes act.
01:00:22We will talk about this in general classes act.
01:00:25We will talk about this in chapter material.
01:00:28So, you can also follow your own chapter material.
01:00:31Often repeat and use the definition is the maximum.
01:00:34We will talk about this in 5 exams and 3 exams.
01:00:37So, 60% expect and requested.
01:00:40You should know section 2 is meant for definition.
01:00:43But now section 3 is meant for section 4.
01:00:45The first thing is section 3.
01:00:48There are three sections.
01:00:50Section 3 is in section 4.
01:00:52Section 4 is in section 4.
01:00:55Section 3 is the general definitions.
01:00:57Section 4 is the foregoing definitions.
01:01:00The previous enactment in 1897.
01:01:03What is applicable?
01:01:04Conflation is the foregoing definition.
01:01:06And in Indian laws, the definition is applicable.
01:01:11This is the foregoing definition.
01:01:13This is the foregoing definition.
01:01:14So, section 3 is the principle section.
01:01:17It is meant for defining the terms.
01:01:19section 3 is the foregoing definition.
01:01:21And the actual clause process is the foregoing definition.
01:01:22While they will have the foregoing definition,
01:01:24first look at the foregoing definition.
01:01:25applicable and 1897 post central lexicon regulations applicable in case act is separate definitions
01:01:37follow up and then it is not section 3 in section 65 phrases and terms there are clauses
01:01:45definitions so normally dictionary act is okay so general clauses act is in the dictionary
01:01:53so dictionary name class is not a dictionary
01:01:57generally general clauses act is not a dictionary
01:02:01in this definition is explained
01:02:05that it is restrictive or extensive
01:02:09includes means means
01:02:11so what is actually section 3 is
01:02:15in this act act applicable here itself in all central acts and regulations made after the commencement of this act
01:02:21it is not the commencement of this act
01:02:23it is not the rebundancy
01:02:25it is not the controversy
01:02:27it is not controversy
01:02:29rebundant is outdated
01:02:31old
01:02:33meaning also
01:02:35so exactly
01:02:37controversy
01:02:39it is not the case
01:02:41it is not the case
01:02:43what do you mean by act
01:02:45company's act
01:02:47it is not the act
01:02:49action
01:02:51okay
01:02:53action
01:02:55what do you say
01:02:57act is not the case
01:02:59you say it is not the case
01:03:01you say it is a case
01:03:03you say it is a case
01:03:05civil wrong
01:03:07criminal wrong
01:03:09okay
01:03:11what do you say it is a case
01:03:13cc
01:03:33in the definition
01:03:35and criminal law. So act includes. You understand the meaning of include? Include
01:03:42is not illegal. Listing. Illegal omissions as well but it does not include an omission
01:03:48which is not illegal. Please make a note. Illegal omission is omission which is not illegal.
01:03:54If you know what you're doing, you can talk about. An omission is illegal.
01:04:00If you say that you have done it, you can do it. If you do it, you can do it.
01:04:06If you have done it, you can do it. What is illegal omission?
01:04:10If you have passed on your own 1 lakh rupees. If you have passed on your own 1 lakh rupees,
01:04:16if you have passed on your own 1 lakh rupees, then it is illegal.
01:04:30See, omission is an act. Positive angle and negative angle is omission.
01:04:39So that is illegal omission that we are doing this act.
01:04:43If you have passed on your own 2 lakh rupees, then you can say that it is illegal.
01:04:49It is not an act.
01:04:51This is one example.
01:04:54Indian Penal Code in section 32 and 33 is covered in Indian Penal Code.
01:04:57We will discuss it in general and discuss it in particular.
01:05:00If you look at the Indian Penal Code in the 36th of Indian Penal Code,
01:05:04how does A cause a Z instead?
01:05:10How does A cause a Z instead of a series of acts and tell them.
01:05:14We doze, if you sign and write and ask them people...
01:05:20what saying would a scene is was about how big the A is so sad.
01:05:24If you don't recognize anything either.
01:05:25Who did a crime?
01:05:26I do have to talk to this series of acts and I'm worried about it actually happens to talk about an actual action.
01:05:33So, the blow is given and the beating him, plus a series of illegal omissions, it is wrongfully neglecting or refusing supply of food at proper times, yes it is also omission, correct?
01:05:51This is right, this is another one, act, different examples of meaning, next one, affidavit, how many have gone through, how many have gone through?
01:06:16How many have gone through, but the affidavit can be defined. It is an affirmation or declaration.
01:06:23In the case of persons by law, allow to affirm or declare instead of swearing, they are confused, swearing is promising, swearing means that you can use this term, it is understood.
01:06:37So, then the point note, affirmation and declaration, you can use swearing means that you can use this term, you can promise, you can use this term, you can use this term, you can use this term, you can use this term.
01:06:50So, it is inclusive in nature, so it has some listings like, actually the definition of affidavit is defined, generally it is a statement, a return format, it is confirming an oath, I pledge, I oath, what you can say.
01:07:05So, it is why you use it, if you use it, if you use it, if you use it, for court, you can use evidence of treatment, authority or something that is authentic.
01:07:13For example, if you register for a company, we will have an affidavit, we will discuss it.
01:07:17If you register for a company, we will have an affidavit, what is authentic, you can register for a company.
01:07:20If you incorporate a company, then as a subscriber, I am willing to do this one, you have to submit a submission, or a declaration, or an affidavit.
01:07:31Is it okay? Central Act, yes, there is some definition, it is not. It is an act of dominion legislation,
01:07:38Dominion legislation, you know, in between 1947 to 1950, there is dominion legislation, or probably,
01:07:45in 1950, we can govern the government and government terms, we can use it.
01:07:49So, if we have all comments, we can say the central act. So, it is an act of parliament, okay,
01:07:56mean and share, mean and include. So, what is our central act? It means an act of parliament.
01:08:03Act of parliament, that is, the people of the government, the government, the government, the president, the president, the assent, the president of the government,
01:08:07and the includes. That is, I think it is an outdated.
01:08:13It means that it is outdated. It means that it is outdated. It means that it is outdated.
01:08:18What is the date of the comments? It means that it is 26th Jan.
01:08:22Okay, the constitution is 26th Jan 1950. That is why we have to celebrate the Republic Day.
01:08:27Next is the central government. Yes, the central government is not a good definition.
01:08:31But the central government is not a good definition. So, everything is done before the commencement of the constitution,
01:08:37or after the commencement of the constitution.
01:08:41Before the commencement of the constitution, we have the acts on the path.
01:08:45At that time, we have the government. At that time, we have the government,
01:08:49we use the government of India Act in 1935. So, the president and chief minister,
01:08:57the prime minister, the terms are used. They are used to the government.
01:09:02So, they are not going line by line. In case, it is an exam,
01:09:06you can do this. You can do this definition. Especially the general law.
01:09:12You can do this. You can do this.
01:09:14And after the constitution, you can do the president.
01:09:17The governor general, the president. Is it okay? So, you can look at this.
01:09:22And the lieutenant governor, do you know?
01:09:26In the last state, you have to be a governor.
01:09:28You can do the same.
01:09:29From the next state.
01:09:31From the next state, the governor of India is to be a governor and to be a governor.
01:09:34So, you can do the lieutenant governor for the neighboring state.
01:09:41Okay.
01:09:43So, how do you decide to be frustrated with the states?
01:09:45Part A, Part B and Part T states.
01:09:48So, in Part A, different states, there are nine parts A states.
01:09:53So, Asan, Behar, Bombay, Uttra Pradesh are covered in Part B.
01:09:58In Part B, Raj Pramukhuna term is used for the king.
01:10:06Actually, the kingdom rule is not because we use the kingdom rule.
01:10:10They are appointed for president of India.
01:10:14So, in the 8 Part B states, Raj Pramukhuna is used for the main role of play.
01:10:20So, Haidabha, Jammu and Kashmir and other cases.
01:10:23And Part C is covered in the chief commissioner provinces.
01:10:27If you want to appoint the chief commissioner, you will have 10 states.
01:10:33So, these are the 10 states.
01:10:35So, in this case, Part A, Part B and Part C, Part B is completely meant for territories.
01:10:41In the territories, there are many other governors, Lithuanian governors.
01:10:46If you want to appoint the government, you will have to appoint the government.
01:10:50Commencement. What do you mean by commencement?
01:10:52It is the date of the start.
01:10:54If there is an act, you will be applicable.
01:10:56How do you know the date of the commencement?
01:10:58So, shall mean the day on which the act of regulation comes into force.
01:11:04Coming into force or entering into force is applicable.
01:11:09What is applicable?
01:11:11Legislation, regulations, treaties, legal instruments, etc.
01:11:14What is related to that, is the legal force.
01:11:17Which is coming into forces.
01:11:19Which is coming into forces always.
01:11:22This force will still be дела.
01:11:24Law will still be.
01:11:25It is not a law.
01:11:26Not a crypto currency related.
01:11:27It is not a law.
01:11:29That is the law.
01:11:31At first it is a law.
01:11:33The official notification and enforcement will be.
01:11:35Is it okay?
01:11:37This has been stated in State of Orca.
01:11:40This is Chandrasekar case.
01:11:41Next one, document.
01:11:43Document.
01:11:44Document, very simple definition. Return, expressed, registered, any substance, okay,
01:11:54you have a table, you have a table, okay, you have a screen, you have a mark, you have a meaning,
01:12:05document. Is it okay? Document or instrument? Where do you know the difference? Document
01:12:13You have a script. What do you know the difference? What do you know the difference?
01:12:19Okay, what do you know the difference in the slate or what you write in the paper,
01:12:25okay, that's the document. But it doesn't have the difference. That's not the instrument.
01:12:31So, instrument is, any relationship, any right or liability link, that's the instrument.
01:12:38Document, any content, any subject, any matter, it can be anything. It can be returned,
01:12:44it can be expressed, one photo of the document, okay.
01:12:48Okay, paper is not a document, but it is not a document. Okay, so expressed or described upon
01:12:53any substance, it's not only in paper form, it can be in e-form, it can be in any form, okay.
01:12:59Vimings of letters, it can be figures, it can be in a combination of figures, pictures,
01:13:05which is intended to be used, used to be used, which may be used to be for the purpose of recording.
01:13:11That's the one's documents. Okay, okay. Enactment, do you know the difference?
01:13:20Commencement and enactment are different?
01:13:23Commencement is at the end of the statement.
01:13:25Attentment is at the end of the statement.
01:13:26So, enactment shall include a regulation or any regulation where we follow Bengal, Madras or Bombay code,
01:13:36in a union parliament, so, central-wise, parliament is all over state-wise, state-wise, state legislation is all over.
01:13:48Sometimes sections repeal and repeal make that, which means you need not follow.
01:13:56That is repeal. Repeal means that it is no more. That is repeal.
01:14:02That is why there are particular sections that are repeal.
01:14:05If you are repeal, you will need to re-cindle it.
01:14:10You cannot say that it is removing.
01:14:16You cannot say that it is removing or deleting.
01:14:20It is not effective.
01:14:22You cannot say that it is repeal.
01:14:26We will not see that it is repeal.
01:14:28We will not see that it is repeal.
01:14:30Section-3, section-4 and section-4 is a comparison of important points of questions, exam points of people.
01:14:37Section-6 is also important.
01:14:39Repeal related.
01:14:41Section-6 is repealed.
01:14:44Complete repealed.
01:14:46the, so, the section of appeal.
01:15:06Next is financial year. So, you know the financial year?
01:15:09Do you want to see the financial year?
01:15:14Good faith?
01:15:16What do you mean by good faith?
01:15:19I will tell you, good faith.
01:15:22I believe it will be that too.
01:15:24A and B are both contracts.
01:15:28Probably, there is a car for A.
01:15:32That will sell to B.
01:15:33There is a car for A.
01:15:37B is a car for A.
01:15:41What do you mean by good faith?
01:15:42B is a good faith.
01:15:44Because B is a doubt.
01:15:48If it is a threat or a threat or a threat or a threat,
01:15:51it is a doubt or a threat or a threat.
01:15:55What do you mean by a term?
01:15:57Once B is a property,
01:15:59this is a property,
01:16:01it is not a property, it is B.
01:16:04Then, what do you mean by a car?
01:16:06It is a big deal.
01:16:08If you do a smuggling with a car,
01:16:09who will do it?
01:16:10Who will do it?
01:16:11A car owner, B.
01:16:12That is why you can register it in the document.
01:16:15You can't register it in the document.
01:16:17You can't register it in the document.
01:16:18You can't register it in the document.
01:16:19You can't register it in the document.
01:16:21This is a good rule.
01:16:22You can register it in the document.
01:16:24Get out of the document.
01:16:25You can register it in the document.
01:16:25You should register it in the document.
01:16:27So, if you have good faith,
01:16:30you might ask yourself,
01:16:31if you need any doubt about it.
01:16:33You may ask yourself,
01:16:35Why do you have doubts like this?
01:16:37Why do you have doubts like this?
01:16:39If you don't have doubts like this, you don't have doubts like this.
01:16:42If you don't have doubts like this, you don't have doubts like this.
01:16:45But once you get it, it is completely transferred in your name.
01:16:49That's why they use the term good faith.
01:16:51They all use it.
01:16:53What in good faith, good faith, good faith.
01:16:55If you look for agreements and documents, good faith.
01:16:58Good faith is a very general term.
01:17:01Okay, so good faith, it is in fact done honestly.
01:17:06Whether it is done negligently, you don't know.
01:17:09You don't know, you don't know, you don't know.
01:17:11You don't know, you don't know, you don't know.
01:17:13Honest, I believe.
01:17:15Honestly, it is done.
01:17:17So, the question of good faith.
01:17:19Generally, it is clear to you.
01:17:22How do you explain it?
01:17:25This is the explanation.
01:17:28So, an authority is not acting honest.
01:17:31He has some suspicion.
01:17:34Okay, it is not in good faith.
01:17:37You don't have to suspect it.
01:17:39So, that is what the understanding is about.
01:17:41That is what the good faith means.
01:17:43If you look for general definition,
01:17:46if you look for the results of good faith,
01:17:48you don't have to suspect it.
01:17:49You don't have to suspect it.
01:17:50There is nothing in good faith.
01:17:51Which means what?
01:17:52There is nothing in good faith.
01:17:54And if you look for this case,
01:17:55Monggong-poo versus Mongseemong.
01:17:57This is the case.
01:17:58Okay.
01:17:59So, good faith is not defined in Indian contract act.
01:18:01Indian contract act and the definition on the act line, what do you do with the dictionary?
01:18:06What do you do with the dictionary?
01:18:07What do you do with the dictionary?
01:18:08General Cossess Act.
01:18:09General Cossess Act, what do you do?
01:18:10We didn't discuss.
01:18:11That's okay.
01:18:12If you say car example, second hand goods sale, then contract act.
01:18:17Okay.
01:18:22Government, so include state government, central government both.
01:18:26So we are going to skip.
01:18:28Government securities, so probably you might be aware of it.
01:18:31Tears, treasury bills, government securities.
01:18:34Okay.
01:18:35And these are party states.
01:18:37Normally party states.
01:18:38And immobile property.
01:18:40Land benefits to arise out of land.
01:18:45Things attached to the earth.
01:18:47Permanently fastened.
01:18:48Okay.
01:18:49It's an inclusive definition.
01:18:50Land included.
01:18:51It is included.
01:18:52It is included.
01:18:53It is included.
01:18:54But it has a general meaning.
01:18:55That is a very interesting.
01:18:56That is an inclusive definition.
01:18:58General and land.
01:18:59General and benefits.
01:19:00General and benefits.
01:19:01General and benefits.
01:19:02General and benefits.
01:19:03One or two.
01:19:04Now there is a building.
01:19:06Okay.
01:19:07Yeah.
01:19:08Great.
01:19:09Here is inside, this rent It was powinien.
01:19:10Mobile or immobile, one is a home.
01:19:11This rent is immobile or immobile, two is immobile.
01:19:17Immobile.
01:19:18Benefits arising out of land and building.
01:19:21Okay.
01:19:22Okay, now what do I do?
01:19:26I'm getting a little further.
01:19:29I can't get a little further.
01:19:31How do I get a little further?
01:19:33So, I have to get a little further,
01:19:35I'll get a little further.
01:19:36Now, it's mobile or not?
01:19:37It's not mobile.
01:19:40You can see the rent here.
01:19:42You can't get a little more.
01:19:44You can't get a little more.
01:19:47You understand?
01:19:48If it is detached, then it becomes mobile.
01:19:55I can't repay it.
01:20:00I have a building on my own.
01:20:03So, you have to pay the rent twice a week.
01:20:07You have to pay the rent twice a week.
01:20:11Okay.
01:20:15Actually, this is the definition of CS.
01:20:18Let's talk about these examples.
01:20:20Okay.
01:20:21So, trees.
01:20:22Let's discuss this.
01:20:23Example 17 is beautiful.
01:20:28Write the way to access from one place to another.
01:20:33This is an immobile.
01:20:37If you go to a place, you can talk about it.
01:20:41There are flats.
01:20:45Flat system.
01:20:46At least there is.
01:20:47Flat system.
01:20:48There will be a common area.
01:20:49So, probably, there is a structure.
01:20:54There are five houses.
01:20:56First floor, second floor.
01:20:58There are steps.
01:21:00This area is common.
01:21:02You can go to a place.
01:21:03You can go to a place.
01:21:04You can go to a place.
01:21:05You can go to a place.
01:21:06In case this person is selling this property.
01:21:09It is understood he is selling this property also.
01:21:11That's why.
01:21:12Why don't you go to a place?
01:21:15If you go to class, you can go to the house.
01:21:18Where do you go?
01:21:19No.
01:21:20What?
01:21:21The plan is not.
01:21:23On the other hand, you can go to the place.
01:21:25You can go to the house.
01:21:27See, in this common area, this is the right to access.
01:21:29In the right of way.
01:21:30Right to access the place.
01:21:32This one is the same.
01:21:33And in this area, the flat system is common.
01:21:38Dailing the water is common.
01:21:42water common.
01:21:43Alright, this one is immobile.
01:21:45Okay, yeah.
01:21:46That's a new system.
01:21:49Any missionary fixed to soil.
01:21:51So, there is a oobling.
01:21:56Okay, imprisonment.
01:21:59Jail.
01:22:00In Indian penal code, again, describe.
01:22:05The punishment to which offenders are liable under that code,
01:22:09So, there is a description, vigorous and simple.
01:22:14So, what punishment means?
01:22:16There is a waste money.
01:22:17There is a 3 months imprisonment.
01:22:19For 14 years imprisonment,
01:22:21I will tell you.
01:22:23Indian law.
01:22:26Longer term.
01:22:28Very gentle term.
01:22:30Act specific law.
01:22:32What is an ordinance?
01:22:34You need to know what is an ordinance.
01:22:38What is an ordinance?
01:22:39What is an ordinance?
01:22:40What is an ordinance?
01:22:41What is an ordinance?
01:22:43What is an emergency?
01:22:45Immediate act passed.
01:22:47Who will follow up immediately?
01:22:49Prime Minister and Chief Minister will follow up.
01:22:52See, Prime Minister is saying that there are powers.
01:22:54Okay.
01:22:55That is the chief minister.
01:22:56In the Covid pandemic.
01:22:57Decision making power.
01:22:59How does the Prime Minister and Chief Minister will follow up.
01:23:02In this case,
01:23:03one of the conditions of constitution is not a power making.
01:23:07In the time of emergency,
01:23:09one of the acts passed.
01:23:11That is the ordinance.
01:23:12Which means,
01:23:14the bill will be directly taken as an act.
01:23:19Anah it is the act.
01:23:20Anah it is the act that will follow up.
01:23:21Act is the one that is the bride and bride and bride.
01:23:22Let's say,
01:23:23the President goes through it.
01:23:24That is the act.
01:23:25That is the act.
01:23:26Anah it is the images that it is the appearance.
01:23:28Anah it is the act that the ordinance is the first thing.
01:23:30Where the If the people have the first or the bride and bride,
01:23:34the person has the first thing.
01:23:36Which means two ways.
01:23:37This means two ways to go through it.
01:23:39And that image situation immediately,
01:23:41and then the president signed the case.
01:23:45Normally Indian law is where the parliament is.
01:23:51The parliament is the president.
01:23:53If parliament is the president,
01:23:55the president is the president.
01:23:57The president is the president.
01:24:01Which means what?
01:24:03It is a temporary matter.
01:24:05It is not permanent.
01:24:07Since we passed the president two months,
01:24:09we have received the pre-mittent annual Moltist beğen
01:24:32after that,
01:24:33even in the Foreign Affairs,
01:24:35This is an emergency case.
01:24:38In the case of an emergency case, the president has full powers in the Indian constitution.
01:24:42That's why we have to name an act and name an audience.
01:24:46So, you can refer to this.
01:24:48Companies Act will have an audience later.
01:24:51In 2018-19, there was an audience.
01:24:55Why?
01:24:56Why?
01:24:57Why?
01:24:58Why?
01:24:59Why?
01:25:00Why?
01:25:01Why?
01:25:02Why?
01:25:03Why?
01:25:04Why?
01:25:05Why?
01:25:06Why?
01:25:07Why?
01:25:08Why?
01:25:09Why?
01:25:11Why??
01:25:12Why?
01:25:13Why?
01:25:14Why?
01:25:15Why?
01:25:16Why?
01:25:17Why?
01:25:18Why do you want to refer to this program.
01:25:20Everything is planned for us in India.
01:25:22What can be for events?
01:25:24New.
01:25:25Then, what?
01:25:26So, we usually follow up on the English calendar or British calendar.
01:25:32We discuss what we have discussed about mobile property.
01:25:34Oath is the same.
01:25:36This is the same as the Affidavit.
01:25:39Affidavit is the same as the Affirmation or Declaration.
01:25:43Or the oath is the same as the Swear.
01:25:46This is the same issue.
01:25:48We will use the Affidavit.
01:25:51Offense is not correct.
01:25:55It is an any act or omission.
01:25:57As per the law, it is not followed.
01:25:59Any law.
01:26:01Official Gazette, yes.
01:26:05It is a public journal.
01:26:07It is an authorised legal document.
01:26:09It is published weekly by the Department of Publication Ministry of Housing and Urban FIS.
01:26:14So, official notices government related allah inga na voro.
01:26:17And it is printed by the Government of India Press.
01:26:19So, printing press allah.
01:26:21That's the same as the definition.
01:26:23Example, what are you doing?
01:26:25Example, what are you doing?
01:26:27What are you doing?
01:26:29That's why you stay here.
01:26:31Only thing you have to reproduce it.
01:26:33How do you reproduce it?
01:26:35How do you reproduce it?
01:26:37Now, if you have a problem with the accounts, there is an account.
01:26:41There will be a challenge.
01:26:43If you have a challenge, you can prepare it.
01:26:45If accounts or tax papers, you will try to do an exam.
01:26:50The same way that it is not online.
01:26:52You can go to the street and prepare it for an exam.
01:26:55And if you are really, really well prepared, it looks like as if you are copying from the mind.
01:27:00If you want to use official guesser, you can tell me what is going on.
01:27:03If you are online, what is going on?
01:27:06It's a very common definition.
01:27:09Person, yes it's a very common definition.
01:27:13Usual person, we mean individual person, company, association, body of individuals.
01:27:22If you want to incorporate it, you can't do it.
01:27:25Actual person, it's persons.
01:27:28Income tax act, you can use persons.
01:27:31If you want to use a branch office, you can use a branch office.
01:27:36Gender person, it's covered.
01:27:40As per the gender classes.
01:27:42If we have persons, we refer to IT act.
01:27:45Okay.
01:27:47Registered.
01:27:51So it's actually registered in India.
01:27:53Registration of documents.
01:27:55We can use rule, schedule.
01:27:58There is no MOA, NAOE.
01:28:01If you have an act, you can use the act of schedule.
01:28:04You can refer to it.
01:28:05Section, we can use all sections.
01:28:08We can use all sections.
01:28:10We can use alphabetical order.
01:28:12Almost M, N, O, P, Q, R, S.
01:28:16And swear.
01:28:17So swear.
01:28:18So swear.
01:28:19Affirming.
01:28:20Declaring.
01:28:21Okay.
01:28:22Writing.
01:28:23Expressions referring to writing shall be.
01:28:26Including references related to printing.
01:28:28Writing.
01:28:29Writing.
01:28:30Printed version.
01:28:31Lithography.
01:28:32Photography.
01:28:33Visible forms.
01:28:34Conclude.
01:28:35And year.
01:28:36We have British calendar year.
01:28:40Month, year.
01:28:41As people say, calendar year.
01:28:43British calendar.
01:28:44Financial year.
01:28:45April to March.
01:28:46Okay.
01:28:47I will just stop over here.
01:28:50Next class.
01:28:51We will talk about section 4 and 4A.
01:28:53And rest of the topics will be completed in the next class.
01:28:56Okay.
01:28:57So.
01:28:58One hour to one hour to one hour to one hour step.
01:29:02So.
01:29:03I will continue.
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