Le Super-Volcan du lac Toba Fait Pâlir Yellowstone en Comparaison

Sympa

Imaginez vivre l'une des éruptions volcaniques les plus massives de l'histoire : la superéruption du Toba, il y a environ 74 000 ans. Pour nos anciens parents, c'était comme si le monde s'était renversé, avec des cendres recouvrant le ciel et des températures chutant brutalement. L'éruption a créé un "hiver volcanique" qui a probablement rendu la nourriture rare et la survie incroyablement difficile. Certains scientifiques pensent que cet événement a même pu pousser nos ancêtres au bord de l'extinction. Mais ceux qui ont survécu sont devenus plus résilients, s'adaptant aux conditions rigoureuses. Ce fut une véritable épreuve d'endurance, qui a façonné le cours de l'évolution humaine.  Animation créée par Sympa. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Musique par Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com   Pour ne rien perdre de Sympa, abonnez-vous!: https://goo.gl/6E4Xna​ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nos réseaux sociaux : Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sympasympacom/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sympa.officiel/  Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Si tu en veux encore plus, fais un tour ici:  http://sympa-sympa.com

Transcript

00:00The last super-eruption of Yellowstone occurred about 640,000 years ago, long before the Homo Sapiens appeared.

00:09However, we were already present at another natural disaster just as devastating.

00:15This super-eruption occurred on the island of Sumatra about 74,000 years ago.

00:21At that time, a super-volcano erupted and ravaged huge areas,

00:26throwing debris and ashes scattered over thousands of kilometers,

00:31causing a significant drop in global temperatures.

00:36The effects of this cataclysmic eruption were felt all the way to Australia,

00:41and experts estimate that it could have had a considerable impact on the first humans.

00:46At the time of the eruption, our ancestors already used stone tools and probably knew how to produce wire.

00:53Some even suggest that the super-eruption of Yellowstone would have been of such intensity

00:59that it could have threatened the very survival of our ancestors, bringing them closer to the threshold of extinction.

01:04According to scientists, the eruption of Yellowstone could be the largest eruption on Earth in the last two million years.

01:12It expelled a colossal amount of pyroclastic rock,

01:17enough to cover the entire United States of a layer as thick as a house on a floor.

01:22About a third of these deposits have accumulated in the north of Sumatra,

01:26while a large part has been taken under the ocean floor of the Indian Ocean.

01:31This eruption left behind an elliptical crater lake about 100 kilometers long.

01:36The caldeira is so vast that it is difficult to realize that we are on a volcano.

01:41The sand deposits from the eruption are still visible in the walls of the canyons,

01:46sinking deeply underground.

01:49Although the volume of sand and ash involved in this disaster is the subject of a consensus,

01:55experts remain uncertain as to the exact amount of sulfur that was released into the atmosphere.

02:02Certain layers of sulfur present in polar ice could well be the result of such a release.

02:08But so far, no correlation has been established between it and the eruption of Yellowstone.

02:15Let's go back to the profound impact of this eruption on the first humans.

02:19It seems that some have not only survived, but have even prospered after this natural disaster.

02:25At least, judging by the remains they left during and after the eruption.

02:29It is possible that the disaster was not a serious threat to those of our ancestors who found refuge along the coasts.

02:37Genetic evidence indicates that modern humans descend from a group of a few thousand people

02:43who left Africa about 60,000 years ago.

02:47Why such a small group?

02:49According to some specialists, most of our ancestors could have been destroyed by the eruption of Yellowstone.

02:56Indeed, the supervolcano projected 4200 cubic kilometers of dust and rocks in an instant,

03:02leaving a large terrestrial scar several dozen kilometers wide.

03:06The dust and sulfur released into the atmosphere by the Toba probably helped to cool the surface of the earth,

03:13thus causing the formation of glaciers and a decrease in sea level.

03:17Given the potential importance of the role of Toba in human evolution,

03:21researchers have intensified their efforts to understand precisely how the first humans reacted to this disaster.

03:28In 2011, several researchers discovered a sample of mysterious soil at Pinnacle Point in South Africa,

03:35an archaeological site overlooking the Indian Ocean.

03:38This sample contained traces of volcanic ash.

03:41After analyzing this layer, they discovered more than 400,000 artifacts left by the first humans,

03:47stone tools carved with signs of fire mastery and animal bones.

03:52Based on these discoveries, the research team hypothesized that the first inhabitants of the South African coast

03:58not only survived, but prospered after the eruption,

04:01inhabiting this region for millennia and perfecting their tools.

04:05This region could have served as a refuge during and after the eruption of Toba.

04:09A 2009 study suggested that it could have caused the world's temperatures to drop by ten degrees,

04:15making survival extremely difficult elsewhere in Africa.

04:18But if a volcanic winter occurred, it is likely that the coastal temperatures were less rigorous.

04:24On the other hand, more recent studies suggest that Toba released so much sulfur in the atmosphere

04:30that the formed aerosols could have accumulated, thus limiting their cooling effect in the long term.

04:36In other words, temperatures would have dropped drastically just after the eruption, but only in certain regions.

04:42After about three years, these effects would have disappeared and would no longer be a threat to man.

04:48However, it seems that additional research is still necessary to confirm these hypotheses.

04:56In the meantime, let's see if it is convenient to monitor certain volcanoes nowadays.

05:00Last year, thousands of seismic shocks hit the ground near the geothermal power plant of Svartsengi in Iceland.

05:08The magma surfaced in this region, causing large fractures across the small town of Grindavik.

05:14The ground continues to rise there, and an eruption could occur without warning.

05:20But it does not stop there.

05:22All over the world, 45 other volcanoes continue to show signs of activity.

05:27Let's take the example of Vesuvius in Italy,

05:30this volcano sadly famous for having destroyed the city of Pompeii in 79 AD.

05:37During the last 17 millennia, Vesuvius has experienced eight explosive eruptions,

05:42followed by devastating pyroclastic flows.

05:45Dense ash flows, fragments of lava and overheated gas moving at high speed.

05:51The last eruption of this volcano dates back to 1944.

05:57Mount Rainier, located in the United States, is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the country.

06:03Its high altitude, its chemical composition, its proximity to the suburbs of Seattle and Tacoma in the state of Washington,

06:10as well as its ability to produce massive pyroclastic flows, make this volcano a serious threat.

06:17The heat released by Mount Rainier could melt the ice and snow covering it,

06:22causing rapid flows of debris, mud and rocks into the surrounding valleys.

06:27The Novarupta volcano, located in the National Park of Katmai in Alaska,

06:31was formed during an eruption in 1912, the largest in the 20th century.

06:37This eruption projected nearly 30 km3 of ash and debris into the atmosphere,

06:42generating such an intense ash flow that it gave birth to the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokers.

06:49The Pinatubo, located in a densely populated region of the Philippines,

06:53became sadly famous after a terrible eruption in 1991, the second largest in the 20th century.

07:00More than 700 people perished during this natural disaster.

07:04Today, more than 21 million people live less than 100 km from Pinatubo.

07:11Mount Agung, an active Indonesian volcano, experienced its last major eruption in 1963.

07:19This event was one of the most tragic eruptions in the history of the country.

07:23For 11 months, the volcano spilled pyroclastic ashes and flows,

07:28causing the deaths of more than 1,000 people and significant material damage.

07:32Ashes and debris were observed above the volcano throughout 2018,

07:38following the eruption in November 2017.

07:42Mount Fuji, in Japan, has not experienced an eruption since 1707.

07:47This year, a powerful earthquake would have triggered volcanic activity.

07:51In 2014, experts warned of an increased risk of eruption of Mount Fuji,

07:56following the magnitude 9 earthquake that shook Japan in 2011.

08:01According to them, this earthquake would have increased the pressure under the mountain.

08:05During the eruption of 1707, such an amount of ash and debris

08:10was projected into the air that Tokyo was affected.

08:14If Mount Fuji were to erupt again,

08:16it could affect more than 25 million people in the surrounding regions.

08:23The eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington state in 1980

08:27was one of the most devastating volcanic events in the history of the United States.

08:3157 people and thousands of animals perished in this natural disaster.

08:36The eruption also ravaged about 520 square kilometers of forest.

08:41Experts estimate that the historical massive eruptions of Mount St. Helens

08:46make future disasters inevitable.

08:48Another explosive eruption could scatter large amounts of ash

08:53across the northwestern Pacific.

08:55This is why this volcano is closely monitored.

09:00Mount Merapi, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia,

09:04has been erupting for centuries.

09:06According to NASA, the main danger of this volcano

09:09lies in its pyroclastic flows, which can spread over vast areas

09:13and put many lives at risk.

09:16The last eruption of Merapi took place in January 2024,

09:20projecting smog into the atmosphere.

09:23Today, more than 24 million people live in the vicinity of this volcano.

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